Writing in English as an Additional Language at Key Stage 2

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Writing in English as an Additional Language at Key Stage 2 59 The big day everyone was waiting for had finally arrived. Through the past perfect tense, the writer captures the idea of the narrator, writing about a time in the past, reaching even further back in the past to describe an event - the arrival of the big day. Similar past perfect tense forms are needed later in the text in lines 5, 7 and 24, to describe events that occurred or began further back in the past than the event in the other part of the same sentence: it was the magnificent game everyone was (had been) longing for ever since last month! Peter was becoming extremely tired waiting there; since he queued (had joined the queue) there at seven in the morning. His family were not as wealthy as others… Nevertheless, he saved (had saved / had been saving) up his birthday money ever since he was seven. High achieving EAL learners can be helped to extend their language resources still further, for example through the use of more advanced tenses that show the relative times of events. 5.4.3 Articles We counted the errors with missing or incorrectly used articles in the 100 word blocks of texts and tested the results statistically. • A significant difference was found in the number of articles (a, an, the) used incorrectly between writing by EAL and EMT learners achieving level 4 (mean number in 100 word blocks = 0.09 and 0.00 respectively). • Writing by EAL learners achieving level 5 contains more errors with articles, with a difference in means approaching significance. In writing by pupils achieving level 3, there was no significant difference between EMT writing and EAL writing. • However, the total number of errors is very small. In the detailed study of twenty EAL stories from pupils achieving level 3, incorrectly used articles accounted for only 2% of errors, and there were no missing articles. • The KS2 writing contained fewer errors with articles than the high EAL achieving KS4. We conclude that children’s attention should be drawn to errors with articles to help them correct them over time, but that this is not a major problem.
Writing in English as an Additional Language at Key Stage 2 60 5.4.4 Prepositions We counted the numbers of prepositions missing or used incorrectly in the 100 word blocks, and tested the results statistically. We also examined in depth a sample of twenty EAL stories from pupils achieving level 3. • There were not huge numbers of errors with prepositions but there were interesting patterns across language backgrounds and levels. • As can be seen in Figure 14, errors with prepositions showed different patterns for EAL and EMT writing. No. per 100 word block 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 EAL3 EAL4 EAL5 EMT3 EMT4 EMT5 Omitted prepositions Incorrect preposition Figure 14 Mean numbers of omitted and incorrect prepositions in 100 word blocks • Omitting prepositions where they were needed was characteristic of EAL writing by pupils achieving levels 3 and 4, but not of EMT writing. • Using the wrong preposition was characteristic of EAL and EMT writing by pupils achieving level 3, and EAL, but not EMT, writing by pupils achieving level 4. • The number of omitted prepositions in the 100 word blocks was found to be significantly higher in EAL writing overall (mean = 0.11) than in EMT writing (mean = 0.04). • Broken down by levels, there was: • a significant difference between the mean number of omitted prepositions in the 100 word blocks of EAL writing by pupils achieving level 3 (0.18) and the mean for EMT achieving the same level (mean = 0.02) • a significant difference between the mean number of incorrectly used prepositions in EAL writing by pupils achieving level 4 (mean = 0.17) and the mean for EMT achieving the same level (mean = 0.04) • no significant differences in the use of prepositions in EAL and EMT writing by pupils achieving level 5. • There was a significant difference in the mean numbers of incorrect prepositions in EAL writing between pupils achieving levels 4 (mean = 0.17) and those achieving level 5 (mean = 0.03).
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Writing in English as an Additional Language at Key Stage 2

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