International Conference on Disaster Management
International Conference on Disaster Management
International Conference on Disaster Management
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS<br />
Janaka Ruwanpura and Amarjit Singh (eds.)<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, November 15 -16, 2010<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and<br />
Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)
<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
Table of C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
Preface<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal<br />
and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
Organizing Committee<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g>s, Mini- Symposiums, Meetings and Workshops<br />
List of Abstracts<br />
ii<br />
iii<br />
iv<br />
v<br />
vi<br />
Abstracts<br />
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<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
An “unusual” world event occurred when the massive<br />
December 26, 2004 tsunami struck several Indian Ocean<br />
countries. That caused several researchers from four countries<br />
and eight universities to form the <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for<br />
Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR) to study<br />
natural disasters and how their impact could be mitigated. Work undertaken so far by the IIIRR<br />
group includes various studies of floods, tsunamis and earthquakes. Given the situati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
global warming, envir<strong>on</strong>mental interference by humankind, possible pandemics, various known<br />
unknown risks, and other emerging risks, our interest in a multidisciplinary approach to the<br />
related problems is timely.<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong>s, whether small or large, have significant adverse effects <strong>on</strong> communities and<br />
ecosystems. Large-scale disasters hugely impact the resources of local communities and<br />
central governments. Return to normalcy is typically a slow process that depends <strong>on</strong> the<br />
severity of the disaster. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong> (ICDM), hosted<br />
by the College of Engineering, University of Hawaii, Manoa, and co-sp<strong>on</strong>sored by the American<br />
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) with support from IIIRR and University of Calgary, will be<br />
attended by researchers, and government and industry practiti<strong>on</strong>ers from three c<strong>on</strong>tinents. The<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ference aims to discuss critical issues related to natural disaster management. This booklet<br />
carries the extended abstracts of the papers to be presented at the symposium.<br />
We acknowledge the speakers who will deliver the technical presentati<strong>on</strong>s, as well as all<br />
delegates from local, nati<strong>on</strong>al and internati<strong>on</strong>al destinati<strong>on</strong>s, our sp<strong>on</strong>sors, and volunteers of the<br />
organizing committee from the the University of Hawaii and the University of Calgary for their<br />
support for the c<strong>on</strong>ference. We also thank Professor Peter Crouch, Dean of the College of<br />
Engineering at UH, for his leadership and assistance in hosting the c<strong>on</strong>ference in Hawaii.<br />
Best wishes for the c<strong>on</strong>ference, and have a w<strong>on</strong>derful stay in Hawaii!<br />
Dr. Amarjit Singh (<str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chair) and Dr. Michelle Teng (<str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> Co-Chair)<br />
Department of Civil & Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, University of Hawaii, Manoa<br />
Dr. Chan Wirasinghe and Dr. Janaka Ruwanpura<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary<br />
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<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and<br />
Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR) is a multi-university internati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>sortium<br />
whose mandate is to provide overall leadership in research, educati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
planning, design and implementati<strong>on</strong> for infrastructure renewal and<br />
rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> projects in disaster affected or underdeveloped regi<strong>on</strong>s,<br />
including for all natural disasters in Canada and overseas, covering, for example, earthquakes,<br />
floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, and landslides.<br />
Partners of IIIRR (2005-2009)<br />
www.iiirr.ucalgary.ca<br />
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<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
Organizing Committee<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chair : Dr. Amarjit Singh, UH<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> Co-Chair : Dr. Michelle Teng, UH<br />
Technical Chair : Dr. Janaka Ruwanpura, UC<br />
Logistical Support : Gina Kanekoa, UH<br />
Margo Alvillar, UH<br />
Dr. Sanjeewa Wickamaratne, UC<br />
Samanthi Walawe Durage, UC<br />
Tharindu Weerasinghe, UC<br />
UH: University of Hawaii<br />
UC: University of Calgary<br />
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<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
1. IIIRR kick-off meeting and workshop (University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, May 2005)<br />
2. Mini-symposium <strong>on</strong> “Physics, Mechanics and Impact of Tsunamis” (University of<br />
Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Oct. 2005)<br />
3. IIIRR 2 nd meeting and training workshops (University of Moratuwa, Colombo, Galle and<br />
Kandy, Sri Lanka, Dec. 2005)<br />
4. Mini-symposium <strong>on</strong> “Hazard Mitigati<strong>on</strong> and Infrastructure Renewal Related to Natural<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong>s” and 3 rd IIIRR Meeting (Bangkok, Thailand, Aug. 2006)<br />
5. IIIRR 4 th meeting and workshop (University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, Oct. 2006)<br />
6. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> “Mitigati<strong>on</strong> of the Risk of Natural Hazards” and IIIRR 5 th<br />
meeting (University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka, March 2007)<br />
7. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Symposium <strong>on</strong> “A Dynamic Approach to the Mitigati<strong>on</strong> of Natural <strong>Disaster</strong>s”<br />
and IIIRR 6 th meeting and workshop (University of Calgary, Canada, April 2008)<br />
8. Workshop <strong>on</strong> “Natural <strong>Disaster</strong> Risk Reducti<strong>on</strong> and Planning” funded by the Canadian<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Development Agency (University of Calgary and University of Moratuwa,<br />
Colombo, Sri Lanka, July 2008)<br />
9. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> “Impact of the Mitigati<strong>on</strong> of the Natural Hazards and<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong>s <strong>on</strong> Social and Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Infrastructure Development” (University of Moratuwa,<br />
Ahungalla, Sri Lanka, July 2009)<br />
10. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> “<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong>” (University of Hawaii, Manoa,<br />
Hawaii, USA, November 2010)<br />
Future Activities:<br />
11. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> “Building Resilience: Interdisciplinary Approaches to<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong> Risk Reducti<strong>on</strong> and the Development of Sustainable Communities” (University<br />
of Salford(UK), Dambulla, Sri Lanka, July 2011<br />
v
<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
List of Abstracts<br />
Plenary Sessi<strong>on</strong> 1: Emergency Preparedness<br />
1. Overview of joint task force homeland defense<br />
A. Abdmishani 1<br />
2. Preparedness and mitigati<strong>on</strong> strategies using DIMSUS:<br />
disaster impact mitigati<strong>on</strong> support system<br />
E. H. Oh, A. Deshmukh, and M. Hastak 2<br />
3. A preliminary network for tornado warning in Alberta<br />
S. Durage, S.C. Chan Wirasinghe, and J.Y. Ruwanpura 3<br />
4. Earthquake preparedness: A case study of public training in Iran<br />
F. Sadeghpour and M. Andayesh 4<br />
Plenary Sessi<strong>on</strong> 2: Hazard Analysis & Planning<br />
1. Empirical study <strong>on</strong> dynamic change of flood risk curve in Kosen<br />
town, Kumamoto<br />
T. Fujimi, R. Kakimoto, and F. Yamada 5<br />
2. Mapping underground utilities integrating GPS and laser<br />
technologies<br />
A. Chasey and A. Patel 6<br />
3. Numerical and experimental study <strong>on</strong> the effect of coral reef and<br />
beach vegetati<strong>on</strong> as natural barriers <strong>on</strong> reducti<strong>on</strong> of l<strong>on</strong>g wave<br />
run-up<br />
R. Mohandie and M. Teng 7<br />
4. Mitigating seismic hazards in Hawaii through the use of an expert<br />
system<br />
H.M. Greenway, K. Miyagi, K. Edwards, and D. Thomas 8<br />
vi
<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
Plenary Sessi<strong>on</strong> 3: Risk <strong>Management</strong><br />
1. Methodology to locate the optimum locati<strong>on</strong> for new facilities<br />
and server systems for disaster risk reducti<strong>on</strong><br />
K.P.H. Perera, S. Bandara, and S.C. Chan Wirasinghe 9<br />
2. Implementati<strong>on</strong> of disaster mitigati<strong>on</strong> in mountainous area through<br />
risk communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
R. Kakimoto, F. Yamada, and T. Fujimi 10<br />
3. Less<strong>on</strong>s learned from the California safety assessment program:<br />
Organizati<strong>on</strong> and performance<br />
T. Korman 11<br />
4. Network modeling for reliability assessment of tsunami warning and<br />
evacuati<strong>on</strong> systems<br />
S. Wickramaratne, J.Y. Ruwanpura, and S.C. Chan Wirasinghe 12<br />
Plenary Sessi<strong>on</strong> 4: C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> <strong>Management</strong> and Structures<br />
1. Sustainability impact <strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> management in developing<br />
countries: Iraq as a case study<br />
B. Mohamed 13<br />
2. Post-disaster water supply in Peru<br />
J. Foster, G. El-Swaify, J. Tyler, and A. Singh 14<br />
3. Assessment and retrofitting of structures<br />
R. Dissanayake 15<br />
4. Less<strong>on</strong>s learned from the February 27, 2010 magnitude 8.8 Chilean<br />
earthquake<br />
I. N. Roberts<strong>on</strong> 16<br />
vii
<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
Plenary Sessi<strong>on</strong> 5: Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and Infrastructure<br />
1. 200 houses in 30 days after disaster<br />
S. Patel and M. Hastak 17<br />
2. Socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of post c<strong>on</strong>flict housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
K. Seneviratne, and D. Amaratunga, and R. Haigh 18<br />
3. Private c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> sector engagement in post-disaster<br />
rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
R. Sutt<strong>on</strong> and R. Haigh 20<br />
4. Improving Infrastructure in Nicaragua<br />
J. Tyler, G. El-Swaify, J. Foster, and A. Singh 21<br />
5. The Malik SuperSyntegrati<strong>on</strong> as the most effective and efficient tool<br />
for immediate disaster resp<strong>on</strong>se coordinati<strong>on</strong><br />
A. Reissberg 23<br />
Plenary Sessi<strong>on</strong> 6: Tsunami and Weather Analysis and Mitigati<strong>on</strong><br />
1. Tsunami damage survey after the February 27, 2010 8.8 Chilean<br />
Earthquake<br />
I. N. Roberts<strong>on</strong> 25<br />
2. Failure Modelling of tsunami warning and evacuati<strong>on</strong> systems<br />
S. Wickramaratne, J.Y. Ruwanpura, and S.C. Chan Wirasinghe 26<br />
3. Human body flowing experiments by tsunami<br />
T. Arikawa 27<br />
4. Tsunami mitigati<strong>on</strong> planning for Sri Lanka – A decisi<strong>on</strong> theoretic<br />
approach<br />
S. Wickramaratne, J.Y. Ruwanpura, and S.C. Chan Wirasinghe 28<br />
viii
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
ABSTRACTS
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
OVERVIEW OF JOINT TASK FORCE HOMELAND DEFENSE<br />
A. M. Abdmishani, Joint Task Force- Homeland Defense, Amir.abdmishani@us.army.mil<br />
The Joint Task Force Homeland Defense (JTF-HD) briefing will provide an overview of the organizati<strong>on</strong><br />
and missi<strong>on</strong> of Joint Task Force Homeland Defense. The briefing will highlight JTF-HD‟s role in assisting<br />
partner nati<strong>on</strong>s and U.S. territories in their preparati<strong>on</strong> for an All Hazards event, as well as dem<strong>on</strong>strate<br />
the tools used to track disasters and share informati<strong>on</strong> with interagency partners. The briefing will also<br />
outline JTF-HD‟S support to civil authorities in a HA/DR event, highlighting JTF-HD‟s support of FEMA in<br />
domestic disasters and support to USAID during an internati<strong>on</strong>al crisis. The briefing will also offer an indepth<br />
look at JTF-HD„s resp<strong>on</strong>se to the September 2009 American Samoa tsunami and explore the<br />
challenges encountered during the resp<strong>on</strong>se.<br />
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
A PRELIMINARY NETWORK ON TORNADO WARNING FOR ALBERTA<br />
S.W.Durage, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of<br />
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada, swalawed@ucalgary.ca<br />
J.Y.Ruwanpura, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of<br />
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada, janaka@ucalgary.ca<br />
S.C.Wirasinghe, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada, chan.wirasinghe@ucalgary.ca<br />
Tornadoes are nature‟s most violent storms with rotating columns of high velocity wind capable of<br />
creating incredible amount of damage and significant numbers of fatalities and injuries. Canada<br />
experiences more tornadoes than any other country with the excepti<strong>on</strong> of the USA, with approximately an<br />
average of 80 occurrences reported annually. Alberta is a province in the Canadian Prairies located <strong>on</strong><br />
the fringe of tornado alley in North America. Although the frequency and the impact of tornadoes have not<br />
been high in Alberta compared to the rest of the tornado alley, in the recent past Alberta has experienced<br />
two major events in 1987 and 2000. These two events are am<strong>on</strong>g the country‟s top ten deadliest<br />
tornadoes. Effective communicati<strong>on</strong> of tornado warnings to the public plays a major role in reducing the<br />
risk of death and injury during such events. This presentati<strong>on</strong> includes a recent investigati<strong>on</strong> to explore<br />
the impact of past tornadoes and to understand the tornado warning and communicati<strong>on</strong> procedures<br />
adopted in Alberta. C<strong>on</strong>tent analyses of the web pages of Envir<strong>on</strong>ment Canada and Public Safety<br />
Canada and other related literature were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to understand the nati<strong>on</strong>al level tornado watch and<br />
warning services. Discussi<strong>on</strong>s were carried out with the officials of the Alberta Emergency <strong>Management</strong><br />
Agency and the Calgary Emergency <strong>Management</strong> Agency to learn how they are associated with tornado<br />
warning communicati<strong>on</strong> at both regi<strong>on</strong>al and local levels. Based <strong>on</strong> this informati<strong>on</strong>, the sequence of<br />
major comp<strong>on</strong>ents from the process of tornado detecti<strong>on</strong> to evacuati<strong>on</strong> of vulnerable communities was<br />
determined and the informati<strong>on</strong> flow was developed as a network. This research provides useful insights<br />
into strengths and weaknesses of the existing tornado warning and communicati<strong>on</strong> systems in Alberta.<br />
The researchers plan to investigate the development of a more efficient tornado warning and<br />
communicati<strong>on</strong> system for Alberta to mitigate the impact of tornadoes to public and property.<br />
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES USING DIMSUS:<br />
DISASTER IMPACT MITIGATION SUPPORT SYSTEM<br />
E. H. Oh, C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Engineering & <strong>Management</strong>, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West<br />
Lafayette, IN, USA, ohe@purdue.edu<br />
A. Deshmukh, C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Engineering & <strong>Management</strong>, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University,<br />
West Lafayette, IN,USA, deshmukh@purdue.edu<br />
M. Hastak, C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Engineering & <strong>Management</strong>, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Dr., West<br />
Lafayette, IN, hastak@purdue.edu<br />
Impacts caused by natural disasters, such as the earthquake in Ichuan, China, and the recent floods in<br />
Indiana and Iowa damaged residents and main infrastructure destructively, as well as, functi<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
services of associated industries in the affected areas. A comm<strong>on</strong> observati<strong>on</strong> in the analyses of these<br />
natural disaster events is the inadequacy of critical infrastructure to withstand the forces of natural<br />
calamities and the lack of mitigati<strong>on</strong> strategies when they occur <strong>on</strong> the part of emergency-related<br />
organizati<strong>on</strong>s, industries, and communities. If the emergency-related agencies thus could identify and<br />
fortify the vulnerable critical infrastructure ahead of time, the damage and impacts can be significantly<br />
reduced.<br />
This paper introduces the framework of a decisi<strong>on</strong> support model, disaster impact mitigati<strong>on</strong> support<br />
system (DIMSUS), which was established based <strong>on</strong> inter-relati<strong>on</strong>ships between infrastructure and<br />
associated industries. The inter-relati<strong>on</strong>ships are defined in terms of the dependency of activities of local<br />
industries and communities <strong>on</strong> associated critical infrastructure. Data for disaster impact analysis in terms<br />
of the social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic, and technical aspects were collected from the Midwest areas that were severely<br />
affected by the 2008 Midwest floods.<br />
Measurement factors, such as social and ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>, the potential damage of the critical<br />
infrastructure, and the probability of occurrence, were identified in order to establish the network system<br />
of the DIMSUS, which uses Bayesian network theory and the system dynamics simulati<strong>on</strong> method. The<br />
main functi<strong>on</strong>s of DIMSUS are criticality, vulnerability, and severity assessments in order to identify critical<br />
and vulnerable infrastructure, timeline of being vulnerable and the level of severity of damaged<br />
infrastructure. DIMSUS allows the development of customized strategies and plans for preparedness,<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se, and recovery of communities and industries. Eventually, a better understanding of the impact<br />
of disasters <strong>on</strong> infrastructure and associated industries and communities would assist emergency-related<br />
agencies in identifying appropriate disaster mitigati<strong>on</strong> strategies.<br />
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS: A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC<br />
TRAINING IN IRAN<br />
M. Andayesh, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Calgary, Canada,<br />
m.andayesh@ucalgary.ca<br />
F. Sadeghpour, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Calgary,<br />
Canada, farnaz@ucalgary.ca<br />
Iran is located <strong>on</strong> the World earthquake belt. Several shakes are recorded every year all over the country.<br />
The 2003 Bam earthquake, with more than 25,000 casualties and 25,000 injuries, was the most<br />
destructive earthquake in the current century in Iran. This earthquake played the role of an eye opener<br />
and became the start point for various mitigati<strong>on</strong> and preparedness activities in several major cities all<br />
over the country. Tehran, the capital of Iran, is the main social, ec<strong>on</strong>omical and political center in the<br />
country with a populati<strong>on</strong> of more than 7.7 milli<strong>on</strong> people. With four main faults and several previous<br />
sever shakes in its history, Tehran is c<strong>on</strong>sidered as <strong>on</strong>e of the most vulnerable cities in the country.<br />
Following the Bam earthquake, the need for preparedness became an obvious matter for the city of<br />
Tehran. Several preparedness activities such as creating evacuati<strong>on</strong> plans and training professi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
rescue teams took place as part of these efforts. Am<strong>on</strong>g these activities, public training is regarded very<br />
challenging since it involves training and communicating with regular citizens who may not even have<br />
relevant backgrounds. As <strong>on</strong>e of the main outcomes of public training is self survival during earthquake, it<br />
will have a direct impact <strong>on</strong> reducing human casualties, and therefore, deserves more attenti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
earthquake preparedness plans.<br />
As part of planning for earthquake preparedness and mitigati<strong>on</strong>, The City of Tehran has assigned an<br />
internal unit, Tehran <strong>Disaster</strong> Mitigati<strong>on</strong> and <strong>Management</strong> Organizati<strong>on</strong> (TDMMO), to coordinate disaster<br />
management issues, namely: Mitigati<strong>on</strong>, Preparedness, Resp<strong>on</strong>se and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> in Tehran. Under<br />
preparedness activities, TDMMO defined a public training project for regular citizens. In January 2008<br />
this project was assigned to a local NGO, Nahal Future Studies Center for executi<strong>on</strong>. During the 8-m<strong>on</strong>th<br />
executi<strong>on</strong> period of this project, 60 public seminars were held and more than 2500 citizens were trained.<br />
Calibrating tests were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to compare the participants‟ knowledge before and after the training.<br />
The results showed a great improvement in participants understanding of earthquake preparedness as a<br />
result of these trainings. This paper shares the experience of this successful case study <strong>on</strong> earthquake<br />
preparedness public training. It presents details of teaching packages, instructor preparati<strong>on</strong>, and seminar<br />
organizati<strong>on</strong>. In the end less<strong>on</strong>s learned and best practices from this project that can be used in similar<br />
projects in the future are presented.<br />
4
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
EMPIRICAL STUDY ON DYNAMIC CHANGE OF FLOOD RISK CURVE<br />
IN KOSEN TOWN, KUMAMOTO<br />
T. Fujimi, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, fujimi@kumamoto-u.ac.jp<br />
R. Kakimoto, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, kakimoto@kumamoto-u.ac.jp<br />
F. Yamada, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, yamada@kumamoto-u.ac.jp<br />
In Japan, the large number of flood c<strong>on</strong>trol facilities has been c<strong>on</strong>structed since 1950‟s, which can reduce<br />
the number of flood. However, ir<strong>on</strong>ically, the decrease of the number of flood makes us feel safe even in<br />
potentially flood vulnerable area and attracts more populati<strong>on</strong> and properties there. Ec<strong>on</strong>omic damage is<br />
thought to be more severe if flood happens. Thus, we can make a hypothesis that flood risk structure is<br />
changing from high frequency, low damage type to low frequency, high damage type. We verify it by<br />
observing the dynamic chance of flood risk curves. Our research subject area is Kosen town in<br />
Kumamoto city in Japan where inland water flood frequently occurs <strong>on</strong>ce or twice every year. We plot<br />
flood risk curves in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005, respectively by the following steps. First, the<br />
subject area is divided into 5m * 5m meshes. We input land-use, buildings, and land elevati<strong>on</strong> data into<br />
each meshes by reference to paper map and laser profiler data. Sec<strong>on</strong>d, we predict each amount of<br />
participati<strong>on</strong> corresp<strong>on</strong>ding to 5, 10, 50 years return period and simulate the inundati<strong>on</strong> areas and depths<br />
corresp<strong>on</strong>ding to them. Third, the ec<strong>on</strong>omic loss is estimated each year and each return period by<br />
following the guideline of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportati<strong>on</strong>. Finally, we plot 8 risk<br />
curves. On the whole, the risk curve gradually shift to left, which means flood risk is getting small. This is<br />
because the populati<strong>on</strong> in Kosen town has been decreasing since 1980. On the other hand, the ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
damage has been increasing since 2000 if we focused <strong>on</strong> 100 and 200 years return period cases. This is<br />
caused by the increase of people living surrounding the flood c<strong>on</strong>trol basin. These results empirically<br />
verify that the flood risk basin triggered to change risk structure from high frequency, low damage type to<br />
low frequency, high damage type.<br />
5
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
MAPPING UNDERGROUND UTILITIES INTEGRATING GPS AND<br />
LASER TECHNOLOGIES<br />
A. D. Chasey, Ariz<strong>on</strong>a State University, AZ, USA, achasey@asu.edu<br />
A. Patel, Ariz<strong>on</strong>a State University, AZ, USA, Alpeshkumar.patel@asu.edu<br />
The U.S. c<strong>on</strong>tinues to face the challenge of correctly identifying underground utilities. Records of utility<br />
locati<strong>on</strong>s are rarely available and if available, much of the data is located relative to ground level or<br />
physical features which may no l<strong>on</strong>ger be in existence or have been altered. Having accurately mapped<br />
utilities and knowing their locati<strong>on</strong> will not <strong>on</strong>ly improve c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> efficiency but will also reduce<br />
accidental damage to utility services which cause interrupti<strong>on</strong>s and loss of service.<br />
A methodology to integrate Global Positi<strong>on</strong>ing System (GPS) and laser technology will be outlined. This<br />
process will assist collecting underground utility field locati<strong>on</strong> data, accurately and c<strong>on</strong>sistently, in a<br />
minimal amount of time, with less effort, while maintaining maximum safety. It will also form a framework<br />
to develop a permanent database in which data collected regarding utility locati<strong>on</strong>s can be stored and<br />
retrieved in a three dimensi<strong>on</strong>al geo-referenced map for future use.<br />
This research focused <strong>on</strong> utilities which were installed using an open trench method. The integrated<br />
technology was tested under c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> field c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s and the preliminary results indicate that utility<br />
data can be collected quickly and cost effectively using these integrated technologies. The positi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
accuracy of the underground utilities was mapped in three dimensi<strong>on</strong>s (3D) within ± 0.45m accuracy.<br />
6
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF<br />
CORAL REEF AND BEACH VEGETATION AS NATURAL BARRIERS<br />
ON REDUCTION OF LONG WAVE RUN-UP<br />
R. Mohandie, School of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,<br />
rmohandi@hotmail.com<br />
M. H. Teng, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa,<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, HI, USA, teng@eng.hawaii.edu<br />
A joint numerical and experimental study was carried out to examine the mitigating capabilities of coral<br />
reefs and vegetati<strong>on</strong>s as natural barriers <strong>on</strong> tsunami and storm surge run-up. N<strong>on</strong>linear wave equati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
were solved numerically to simulate wave propagati<strong>on</strong> over variable water depth such as that over a reef<br />
and to predict the wave run-up <strong>on</strong>to coastal land with different types of vegetati<strong>on</strong>. The experiments were<br />
performed in a wave tank at the University of Hawaii and also in the large NSF funded tsunami basin at<br />
the Oreg<strong>on</strong> State University.<br />
In this study, l<strong>on</strong>g waves with various amplitudes and wavelengths propagating over coral reefs of<br />
different lengths and heights were investigated to quantify under which c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s a coral reef may be<br />
effective in reducing wave run-up. We found that for reefs to be effective as a barrier for l<strong>on</strong>g waves such<br />
as tsunamis and storm surges, the reefs must be sufficiently l<strong>on</strong>g in the wave propagati<strong>on</strong> directi<strong>on</strong>, for<br />
example, its length shall be at least of the same magnitude as the wavelength or l<strong>on</strong>ger. In this study, it<br />
was shown that an effective reef can reduce the l<strong>on</strong>g wave run-up by as much as 50% by the combined<br />
reef-induced effects of wave separati<strong>on</strong> and wave breaking.<br />
Three types of vegetati<strong>on</strong>, namely, grass, shrub and coc<strong>on</strong>ut trees, were modeled and investigated to<br />
examine each particular type‟s effectiveness in reducing wave run-up. All three types of vegetati<strong>on</strong> were<br />
found to be effective in reducing wave run-up especially <strong>on</strong> mildly sloped beaches with a reducti<strong>on</strong> rate<br />
ranging from 20% to more than 50%. A numerical simulati<strong>on</strong> that incorporated the effects of coral reef<br />
and the combined vegetati<strong>on</strong> types showed that <strong>on</strong> a 5 degree slope the reducti<strong>on</strong> in run-up was 61% as<br />
compared to an unprotected scenario (no vegetati<strong>on</strong> or coral reef).<br />
7
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
MITIGATING SEISMIC HAZARDS IN HAWAII THROUGH THE USE OF<br />
AN EXPERT SYSTEM<br />
M. Greenway, Computer Science Department, University of Hawaii-Hilo, HI, USA,<br />
mtgreenway@gmail.com<br />
K. Miyagi, Computer Science Department, University of Hawaii-Hilo, Hilo, HI , USA, mkohei@gmail.com<br />
H. K. Edwards, Computer Science Department, University of Hawaii-Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA,<br />
hedwards@hawaii.edu<br />
D. Thomas, Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes, University of Hawaii-Hilo, Hilo, HI , USA,<br />
dthomas@soest.hawaii.edu<br />
The Kiholo Bay earthquake in 2006 resulted in extensive damage to post and pier homes <strong>on</strong> the Big<br />
Island of Hawaii. Post and pier is <strong>on</strong>e of the most prevalently used methods for residential c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> in<br />
Hawaii and thus a large amount of homes are at risk from future earthquakes.<br />
In order to help mitigate the potential for future damage from earthquakes to these homes, FEMA<br />
commissi<strong>on</strong>ed a report <strong>on</strong> how to increase the earthquake resistance of post and pier c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>. The<br />
result was a suite of engineered retrofits designed to be suitable for a range of post and pier c<strong>on</strong>structed<br />
homes. The report generates individual retrofits based up<strong>on</strong> several parameters such as square footage,<br />
post height, post spacing, and home locati<strong>on</strong>. Depending <strong>on</strong> the values of these factors, the report guides<br />
the homeowner to <strong>on</strong>e or more appropriate retrofit recommendati<strong>on</strong>s selected from a matrix c<strong>on</strong>sisting of<br />
more than 2130 possible c<strong>on</strong>figurati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
While sound from an engineering perspective, the volume of the report had the potential to be difficult for<br />
the comm<strong>on</strong> home owner to understand. In order to make the results of this report more accessible to the<br />
general public, this research group developed a web-based expert system. This expert system makes the<br />
recommendati<strong>on</strong>s from the report more accessible to homeowners in Hawaii. The system also assists<br />
them with performing these retrofits by producing a detailed instructi<strong>on</strong> and parts list document. Finally,<br />
this system can be extended through a software product line architecture in order to address other types<br />
of hazards with their own unique regi<strong>on</strong>s, factors, and recommendati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
8
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
METHODOLOGY TO SELECT THE OPTIMUM LOCATION FOR NEW<br />
FACILITIES AND SERVER SYSTEMS FOR DISASTER RISK<br />
REDUCTION<br />
K.P.H. Perera, Road Development Authority, Sethsiripaya, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka,<br />
piyaruwan@gmail.com<br />
J.M.S.J. Bandara, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka,<br />
Bandara@civil.mrt.ac.lk<br />
S.C. Wirasinghe, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada,<br />
Chan.Wirasinghe@ucalgary.ca<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong> or <strong>Disaster</strong> Risk Reducti<strong>on</strong> is known as preparing for unavoidable disasters before<br />
they occur, disaster resp<strong>on</strong>se, and supporting& rebuilding society. <strong>Disaster</strong> that may demolish emergency<br />
facilities will have a higher impact <strong>on</strong> human life. At the same time requirement to establish new service<br />
facilities will increase to satisfy the demand. Therefore, determinati<strong>on</strong> of the number and the locati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
emergency facilities / server systems that maximizes the operating efficiency to reduce disaster impacts<br />
and manage the risk will be very important.<br />
In this paper, a methodology is presented to find the optimum locati<strong>on</strong>s for new facilities where there are<br />
existing demands points to be found. To explain this research the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 can be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sidered as a case study. Due to the tsunami, many people lost their residences. Internally Displaced<br />
Pers<strong>on</strong> (IDP) Camps were located to protect such victims. The IDP Camps had several necessities such<br />
as food and water. So the operati<strong>on</strong>al requirements are storage facilities, efficient distributi<strong>on</strong> and<br />
minimizati<strong>on</strong> of the transportati<strong>on</strong> cost. IDP Camps were c<strong>on</strong>sidered as demand points, and supply points<br />
can be c<strong>on</strong>sidered as emergency storages for the required facilities. The key elements are the<br />
transportati<strong>on</strong> between demand points and supply points but there may also be some internal<br />
transportati<strong>on</strong> between supply points/emergency facilities which also need to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered.<br />
The objective is to find the most suitable locati<strong>on</strong> for a particular facility by minimizing transportati<strong>on</strong> cost<br />
and also minimizing the delivery time. The optimum facility locati<strong>on</strong> that minimize the total delivery time<br />
was found by an iterative process that uses multi index transportati<strong>on</strong> problem soluti<strong>on</strong> al<strong>on</strong>g with center<br />
of gravity c<strong>on</strong>cept of locating facilities.<br />
9
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISASTER MITIGATION IN MOUNTAINOUS<br />
AREA THROUGH RISK COMMUNICATION<br />
R. Kakimoto, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, Graduate School of Science and<br />
Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, kakimoto@kumamoto-u.ac.jp<br />
F.Yamada, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, Graduate School of Science and<br />
Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, yamada@kumamoto-u.ac.jp<br />
T. Fujimi, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, Graduate School of Science and<br />
Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, fujimi@kumamoto-u.ac.jp<br />
The greater part of Japanese country is mountainous area and is exposed to a landslide disaster due to a<br />
heavy rain. It is very difficult for local government to order an evacuati<strong>on</strong> against the landslide disaster<br />
because of a complex mechanism of a landslide and being not able to forecast a local-scale severe<br />
squall. Furthermore, an aging society and depopulati<strong>on</strong> are rapidly became in the most part of the<br />
mountainous area. Therefore, the residents need to organize the voluntary evacuati<strong>on</strong> system.<br />
The aim of this study is to test the applicati<strong>on</strong> of the proposed community-based disaster-risk<br />
management to a disaster mitigati<strong>on</strong> in mountainous area. The frame of the proposed risk management is<br />
based <strong>on</strong> the risk communicati<strong>on</strong> with PDCA cycle. As for the case study, risk communicati<strong>on</strong> for a<br />
landside disaster due to heavy rain was implemented at Suge-community in Yamato Town, Japan.<br />
As a result of two years of the risk-communicati<strong>on</strong> activities that means two cycles of PDCA, the<br />
workshops for a disaster mitigati<strong>on</strong> were held eight times and the voluntary evacuati<strong>on</strong> drill for the<br />
landside disaster was carried out twice. The workshops were managed smoothly and the participants<br />
raised awareness about the disaster-risk.<br />
Two custom-made supporting informati<strong>on</strong> systems for the voluntary evacuati<strong>on</strong> were also developed<br />
through discussi<strong>on</strong> at the workshops. One is an informati<strong>on</strong> system of the rainfall-level in order to judge<br />
an evacuati<strong>on</strong> by themselves. Another <strong>on</strong>e is an informati<strong>on</strong> system of evacuati<strong>on</strong> status of the local<br />
community in order to reduce the c<strong>on</strong>firmative time of evacuees. The informati<strong>on</strong> networks of both<br />
systems are c<strong>on</strong>structed by radiotelegraphy because of a poor infrastructure of informati<strong>on</strong> networks and<br />
a moderate price to make them.<br />
10
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FEBRUARY 27 TH 2010 MAGNITUDE 8.8<br />
CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE<br />
I. N. Roberts<strong>on</strong>, University of Hawaii, UH COE, 2540 Dole Street, H<strong>on</strong>olulu, HI, USA, ianrob@hawaii.edu<br />
The 8.8 moment magnitude earthquake that struck Chile at 3:34AM <strong>on</strong> February 27 th , 2010, was the<br />
seventh largest earthquake in recorded history. It caused significant structural damage to buildings,<br />
bridges and industrial facilities throughout central Chile. However, thanks to the quality of design and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> practices in Chile, <strong>on</strong>ly 500 lives were lost, many of which were due to the subsequent<br />
tsunami. The vast majority of buildings, bridges and other structures survived intact, providing valuable<br />
less<strong>on</strong>s about the performance of current structural design and c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> practices during a major<br />
ground-shaking event.<br />
This presentati<strong>on</strong> will provide an overview of the damage caused to buildings, bridges and port facilities<br />
by the Chile earthquake. These observati<strong>on</strong>s are based <strong>on</strong> a 5 day survey as part of an EERI<br />
rec<strong>on</strong>naissance team of 30 engineers, performed three weeks after the earthquake. Because Chilean<br />
structural design is based <strong>on</strong> the American C<strong>on</strong>crete Institute, ACI318 building code, and c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
practices are generally very good, the less<strong>on</strong>s from this event can be applied directly to design and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> in the US and around the World.<br />
11
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
NETWORK MODELLING FOR RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF<br />
TSUNAMI WARNING AND EVACUATION SYSTEMS<br />
S.Wickramaratne, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada. swickram@ucalgary.ca<br />
J.Y.Ruwanpura, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of<br />
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada. janaka@ucalgary.ca<br />
S.C. Wirasinghe, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada. chan.wirasinghe@ucalgary.ca<br />
The threat of tsunamis has been known since ancient times; yet the severity is increasing with higher<br />
death tolls and larger property damages owing to the increase of the global populati<strong>on</strong> and higher<br />
densities closer to the seashore.. The 2004 mega tsunami that killed nearly 300,000 people in the Indian<br />
Ocean countries was an eye opener that has caused the internati<strong>on</strong>al community to c<strong>on</strong>template <strong>on</strong><br />
providing better coverage for endangered nati<strong>on</strong>s. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) and<br />
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will provide interim service in the Indian Ocean until 2011 when a<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>al tsunami watch provider/s (RTWP) are expected to take over. Ind<strong>on</strong>esia, India and Australia,<br />
being the top three candidates for being an RTWP, have shown c<strong>on</strong>siderable progress in terms of<br />
deploying more detecti<strong>on</strong> systems, nurturing capacity building exercises and improving communicati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Given this dynamic envir<strong>on</strong>ment, it is a necessity to evaluate the current provisi<strong>on</strong>s for tsunami warning<br />
and evacuati<strong>on</strong> (TWE) for a given country. The Indian Ocean tsunami warning and mitigati<strong>on</strong> system was<br />
tested <strong>on</strong> World <strong>Disaster</strong> Reducti<strong>on</strong> Day, October 14, 2009, by launching an internati<strong>on</strong>al drill titled<br />
“Exercise Indian Ocean Wave 2009 (IOWave09)” (UNESCO, 2009). The IOWave09 has been the <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
drill so far to jointly test the internati<strong>on</strong>al warning process and local evacuati<strong>on</strong>s. The exercise was a<br />
success in many countries although the expense for the preparati<strong>on</strong> and executi<strong>on</strong> was c<strong>on</strong>siderable.<br />
This paper proposes an alternative with a practical and comprehensive methodology for estimating the<br />
durati<strong>on</strong>s of TWE processes utilizing the network modelling c<strong>on</strong>cept (Fernando et al, 2008).<br />
The entire TWE process can be schematized in the form of an activity network (Ruwanpura et al, 2009).<br />
Sri Lanka, being the sec<strong>on</strong>d worst hit country from the 2004 tsunami event, is selected for modelling the<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al warning and evacuati<strong>on</strong> comp<strong>on</strong>ents. The activity durati<strong>on</strong>s obtained from estimates quoted by<br />
the experts attached to the stakeholder instituti<strong>on</strong>s provide numerical input for the network, which in turn,<br />
could be simulated to derive a stochastic estimate for the total durati<strong>on</strong> of the TWE process. Numerous<br />
scenarios including tsunamis originating from different source locati<strong>on</strong>s: Sunda Trench and Makran Fault,<br />
differences in daytime and nighttime tsunamis, and impact of the failure of stakeholder organizati<strong>on</strong>s have<br />
also been modelled. With knowledge of the projected tsunami arrival times in Sri Lankan coastal cities,<br />
the probability of successful evacuati<strong>on</strong> could readily be estimated from this simulati<strong>on</strong> exercise.<br />
12
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
SUSTAINABILITY IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN<br />
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IRAQ AS A CASE STUDY<br />
B. K. Mohamed, School of Civil and C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Engineering, Oreg<strong>on</strong> State University,<br />
mohamed@engr.oreg<strong>on</strong>state.edu<br />
Sustainable development c<strong>on</strong>tributes to the ec<strong>on</strong>omic and social advancement of c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> projects.<br />
Ignoring sustainability during the cost estimating process associated with evaluati<strong>on</strong> phase develops<br />
many problems of c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al decisi<strong>on</strong> methodology used in c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> industry in the most of<br />
developing countries. This research focuses <strong>on</strong> sustainability which is the key factor in all decisi<strong>on</strong><br />
making in design and c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> processes. Therefore, Iraqi c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> industry should resp<strong>on</strong>d to<br />
sustainability as a leading indicator of its competitiveness. The c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> management and<br />
sustainability could help to manage the rebuilding of the destroyed public infrastructure during the<br />
disaster wars periods passed thru thirty years ago and also to modernize of private buildings and plants.<br />
Field study has been carried out by adopting pers<strong>on</strong>al interviews and questi<strong>on</strong>naires c<strong>on</strong>ducted with<br />
experts, experienced c<strong>on</strong>sultants and designers working in many design organizati<strong>on</strong>s. The data<br />
collected has been analyzed and the results obtained show a clear weakness in c<strong>on</strong>trolling the project<br />
cost during design stage in the field of project price forecasting and sustainability moreover, the design<br />
work in Iraq is suffering from a lack of scientific techniques and a lack in experience in the domain of<br />
sustainability field. This will take an integrated approach to c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> management which<br />
encompasses both public and private sector perspectives for building and engineering c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and<br />
the roles played by all the participants in the c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> team (owners, c<strong>on</strong>tractors, design<br />
professi<strong>on</strong>als, and other supporting professi<strong>on</strong>als).<br />
The research investigates the most important factors of sustainable building projects and aims to describe<br />
a comprehensive and explicit framework for sustainable c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and to explore and evaluates the<br />
factors which have the most cost impact <strong>on</strong> the setting of reliable sustainable c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> project budget<br />
estimated at the early stages of the design process creative approaches to building performance<br />
assessment with general sustainability characteristics.<br />
13
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
POST-DISASTER WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL PERU<br />
J. Foster, Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
G. El-Swaify, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
J. Tyler, Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
A. Singh, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
On August 15, 2007, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Peru. Most of the<br />
approximately 519 casualties occurred in the city of Pisco, which was at least 80% destroyed. Located<br />
roughly 18 km north of Pisco, the small farming community of La Garita del Carmen suffered damage or<br />
collapse of 95% of the homes during the earthquake. Due to the relatively small populati<strong>on</strong> of La Garita<br />
(1,412), immediate assistance in the community was limited to temporary housing and the installati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
latrines. However, no l<strong>on</strong>g-term relief plans had been initialized m<strong>on</strong>ths after the earthquake. In<br />
December 2007, student members of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) -University of Hawai„i (UH)<br />
chapter traveled to La Garita to determine the post-earthquake needs of the community and begin to<br />
develop a plan for l<strong>on</strong>g-term assistance.<br />
Approximately 60% of the water distributi<strong>on</strong> tanks used for water supply in the community were destroyed<br />
by the earthquake. Since then, residents of La Garita have relied <strong>on</strong> fifty-five gall<strong>on</strong> drums of water being<br />
trucked into the community to meet their fresh water needs. However, due to resource scarcity, each<br />
family is limited to two drums (110 gall<strong>on</strong>s) per week. This presentati<strong>on</strong> will discuss the findings of EWB-<br />
UH as well as present a holistic, multi-disciplinary, l<strong>on</strong>g-term assistance plan for mitigating effects of<br />
future disasters <strong>on</strong> a rural developing community. Am<strong>on</strong>g the feasible soluti<strong>on</strong>s is digging new wells,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>structing pipelines from wells at a distance, purifying water from streams, and creating a system of<br />
regular supply by truck from another city.<br />
As determined by the initial site visit, a potable water distributi<strong>on</strong> system is the most crucial comp<strong>on</strong>ent to<br />
the recovery of the community. This system will be designed by EWB-UH and c<strong>on</strong>structed by residents of<br />
La Garita as well as members of EWB-UH. This presentati<strong>on</strong> will discuss plans and challenges facing the<br />
design and implementati<strong>on</strong> of this system. Challenges include minimizing costs while incorporating<br />
disaster resilience, coordinati<strong>on</strong> of efforts across internati<strong>on</strong>al boundaries, and raising m<strong>on</strong>ey for the<br />
project.<br />
14
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
ASSESSMENT AND RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES<br />
R. Dissanayake, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, ranjith@civil.pdn.ac.lk<br />
Numerous structures require retrofitting due to various reas<strong>on</strong>s such as ageing, envir<strong>on</strong>mental attack,<br />
increase of load, change of functi<strong>on</strong>, design or c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> errors and etc. Retrofitting is also required to<br />
mitigate effects of a disaster. In order to determine retrofitting schemes and methods that are most<br />
desirable in terms of costs and technical advantages, it is essential to do a structural assessment to<br />
understand its actual structural c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>. This study introduces and discusses the principles of assessing<br />
and retrofitting of structures and also the relevant modern retrofitting techniques. A few examples of<br />
retrofitting structures with materials such as steel and c<strong>on</strong>crete, prestressed c<strong>on</strong>crete and fibre reinforced<br />
polymer (FRP) composites are included. Practical applicati<strong>on</strong>s of seismic structural retrofitting are also<br />
discussed. The structural c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> assessment procedures and guidelines includes preliminary<br />
investigati<strong>on</strong> and planning, c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> surveys, material testing (destructive and n<strong>on</strong>-destructive testing)<br />
and field load testing. Using the data obtained from the above menti<strong>on</strong>ed procedures, a structural<br />
analysis is performed. Based <strong>on</strong> the above results the final c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s are made. Once it is decided to<br />
retrofit, a detailed structural analysis is required to be performed. Based <strong>on</strong> the results of structural<br />
assessment and the detailed structural analysis, the method(s) and material(s) of the retrofitting is<br />
proposed. The structural analysis of a proposed retrofitting scheme is usually based <strong>on</strong> loads and<br />
stresses specified by the client. A detailed structural analysis should have two objectives: (a) to take<br />
advantage of the methods available today with emphasis <strong>on</strong> structural behaviour and (b) to identify those<br />
elements that need retrofitting. Where deficiencies are observed, retrofitting should be combined with the<br />
necessary level of repairs. If the structural analysis is satisfied, the proposed retrofitting will be<br />
implemented. Otherwise the structure is re-analysed c<strong>on</strong>sidering some more improvement of retrofitting<br />
method(s) or material(s) until it satisfies the required improvement of the structure.<br />
15
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE CALEMA SAFETY ASSESSMENT<br />
PROGRAM: ORGANIZATION AND PERFORMANCE<br />
T. M. Korman, California Polytechnic State University, CA, USA, tkorman@calpoly.edu<br />
Following the occurrence of a natural disaster, such as flooding, hurricanes, and earthquakes, local<br />
building officials have often struggled in the effort to evaluate building safety of hundreds or thousands of<br />
damaged structures under their jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>. Recognizing the lack of ability of local building officials to<br />
perform multitudes of inspecti<strong>on</strong>s in short periods of time and the need to have a cadre of trained<br />
professi<strong>on</strong>als available to assist local governments, the California Emergency <strong>Management</strong> Agency<br />
(CalEMA) developed the Safety Assessment Program (SAP) which utilizes volunteers and mutual aid<br />
resources to provide professi<strong>on</strong>al engineers, architects, and certified building inspectors to assist local<br />
governments in safety evaluati<strong>on</strong> of their built envir<strong>on</strong>ment in an aftermath of a disaster. The SAP<br />
provides experienced professi<strong>on</strong>als who can quickly evaluate damaged structures, identifying those that<br />
are safe for occupancy to which people can return, while marking those that are unsafe or have restricted<br />
use. The SAP is managed by CalEMA with cooperati<strong>on</strong> from professi<strong>on</strong>al organizati<strong>on</strong>s. SAP produces<br />
two resources, SAP Evaluators and Coordinators, which are local government representatives that<br />
coordinate the program. SAP has been used successfully in resp<strong>on</strong>ding to disasters, such as the<br />
Northridge, Napa, and San Sime<strong>on</strong> earthquakes in California, as well as in resp<strong>on</strong>se to Hurricane Katrina<br />
in 2005. The program has three trainings associated with it: Evaluator Training, Coordinator Training,<br />
and Evaluator Train-the-Trainer. This presentati<strong>on</strong> will focus <strong>on</strong> the less<strong>on</strong>s learned regarding the<br />
organizati<strong>on</strong> and performance of the SAP during several of the most recent disasters.<br />
16
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
200 HOUSES IN 30 DAYS AFTER DISASTER<br />
S. Patel, C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Engineering and <strong>Management</strong>, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University,<br />
West Lafayette, IN, USA, smpatel@purdue.edu<br />
M. Hastak, Divisi<strong>on</strong> of C<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Engineering and <strong>Management</strong>, Purdue University, West Lafayette,<br />
IN, USA, hastak@purdue.edu<br />
<strong>Disaster</strong>s, both manmade and natural, are the extreme events that have low probability of occurrence and<br />
high c<strong>on</strong>sequences that affect individuals and communities. Emergency agencies have developed<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se plans to alleviate the adverse effects of these catastrophes that have diverse intensities and<br />
broader impact area. However, These events have also entailed c<strong>on</strong>stricti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> planners who are then<br />
forced to develop resp<strong>on</strong>se plans that address all varied issues and requirements of victims in spite of all<br />
the uncertainties after disaster. These comprehensive resp<strong>on</strong>se plans have fallen short in providing good<br />
quality temporary shelters and alternatives for permanent homes after recent disasters. As a<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sequence of extended stay in temporary homes, victims have experienced unfavorable health<br />
problems. Therefore, deliberate plans are required that provide guidelines to emergency planners in<br />
presenting post disaster housing assistance in short period of time to reduce resp<strong>on</strong>se time and thus<br />
sufferings of victims.<br />
A strategic framework is proposed through this research to develop a set of guidelines for emergency<br />
agencies to c<strong>on</strong>struct two hundred homes in thirty days after disaster. The main objective of this research<br />
was to perform feasibility study of implementing such a strategy that would enable agencies to provide<br />
better soluti<strong>on</strong>s for post disaster housing assistance. The first two of four phases in the framework carry<br />
out pre disaster planning and establish relati<strong>on</strong>ships am<strong>on</strong>g the participating entities. Whereas, third<br />
phase includes simulating post disaster processes identified in the previous phases to execute<br />
optimizati<strong>on</strong> studies. The last phase is about the real implementati<strong>on</strong> of this strategy after disaster that<br />
also incorporates its outcomes and experiences into previously planned strategy. This would help in<br />
improving the strategy for future disasters. Successful executi<strong>on</strong> would facilitate opportunities to reduce<br />
stress of victims and encourage them to participate in the redevelopment process.<br />
17
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF POST CONFLICT HOUSING<br />
RECONSTRUCTION<br />
K. Seneviratne, School of the Built Envir<strong>on</strong>ment, University of Salford, UK,<br />
T.K.K.Seneviratne@pgr.salford.ac.uk<br />
D. Amaratunga, School of the Built Envir<strong>on</strong>ment, University of Salford, UK,<br />
r.d.g.amaratunga@salford.ac.uk<br />
R. Haigh, School of the Built Envir<strong>on</strong>ment, University of Salford, UK, r.p.haigh@salford.ac.uk<br />
C<strong>on</strong>flicts c<strong>on</strong>tinue in many parts of the world and they often cause huge impacts such as death and injury<br />
to much of the populati<strong>on</strong>, massive displacement of people as refugees and Internally Displaced Pers<strong>on</strong>s<br />
(IDPs), widespread destructi<strong>on</strong> of properties, poor instituti<strong>on</strong>al capacity and vulnerability to disease and<br />
crime.<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>cept of post c<strong>on</strong>flict refers to the period following the end of a c<strong>on</strong>flict in a given country. The<br />
focus of the post-c<strong>on</strong>flict period varies from emergency relief, development of policies to implementati<strong>on</strong><br />
of policies. In practice these activities are likely to overlap and do not occur in a straightforward process.<br />
The ability for the development and implementati<strong>on</strong> of policy will depend <strong>on</strong> the extent to which peace<br />
can be maintained. Emergency activities focus <strong>on</strong> establishing basic governance and providing<br />
humanitarian services. Activities for the development of policy focus <strong>on</strong> the planning of necessary<br />
administrative and physical infrastructure and these occur when emergency activities are being<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cluded and when more c<strong>on</strong>crete plans can be made for the future. Activities for the implementati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
policy tend to be c<strong>on</strong>centrated later in the post-c<strong>on</strong>flict period when there is a return to a reas<strong>on</strong>able<br />
degree of political and social stability.<br />
Post-c<strong>on</strong>flict rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> refers to the rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of enabling c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for a functi<strong>on</strong>ing peace time<br />
society. Post c<strong>on</strong>flict rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> is seen as a l<strong>on</strong>g term comprehensive project that requires<br />
unremitting effort by the governing regime, ex-rivals and the internati<strong>on</strong>al community<br />
Reintegrati<strong>on</strong> of displaced people claims the need of repair and rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of housing and this can<br />
lead a country towards development, followed by peace. Post c<strong>on</strong>flict housing is asserted as <strong>on</strong>e of the<br />
most important problems to be dealt with in the period of rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>. By the end of most c<strong>on</strong>flicts<br />
there was a huge housing shortage in affected countries. In the wake of a c<strong>on</strong>flict, housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong><br />
may be a crucial incentive to repatriati<strong>on</strong> and resettlement, and the rebuilding of communities as part of<br />
wider efforts towards peace. Investment in the social capital of disaster affected communities is identified<br />
as the key to building sustainable recovery.<br />
18
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
Housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> is a complex process which faces significant challenges, and success typically<br />
requires a good deal of time and preparati<strong>on</strong>. In the immediate aftermath of an emergency, this may not<br />
be available. The urgent need to do something within a short space of time is not c<strong>on</strong>ducive to good,<br />
sustainable housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>, nor is the tendency of d<strong>on</strong>ors to set short timeframes for the<br />
disbursement of emergency funds. Housing interventi<strong>on</strong>s after c<strong>on</strong>flicts are often planned and<br />
implemented rapidly, and in isolati<strong>on</strong> from their political, ec<strong>on</strong>omic or social envir<strong>on</strong>ment. Local skills,<br />
preferences and needs tend to be marginalised for the sake of speed, and little effort is made to<br />
document the philosophies, methods and processes underpinning housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Projects that overlook users‟ needs and local variati<strong>on</strong>s in physical and socio ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s lead<br />
to dissatisfacti<strong>on</strong> in the residents and remodelling by themselves or rejecti<strong>on</strong> and aband<strong>on</strong>ment (Barakath<br />
et al., 2004). Socio ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s account for age, gender, marital status, educati<strong>on</strong>, average<br />
family size, family structure, income, occupati<strong>on</strong> etc. (El-Masri and Kellett, 2001; Barakath et al., 2004).<br />
Socio ec<strong>on</strong>omic features of the users are important for planning development policies (El-Masri and<br />
Kellett, 2001; Barakath et al., 2004). El-Masri and Kellett (2001) emphasize the understanding of socioec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of the victims for achieving comprehensive rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> as so many aspects of the<br />
dwellings are bound up with socio ec<strong>on</strong>omic factors. Accordingly, it is important to address beneficiaries‟<br />
socio ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in post c<strong>on</strong>flict housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>. This necessitates understanding their<br />
socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in the c<strong>on</strong>text of post c<strong>on</strong>flict rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and how these c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s are<br />
linked with post c<strong>on</strong>flict housing. In this c<strong>on</strong>text, the objective of this presentati<strong>on</strong> is to discuss the findings<br />
of beneficiaries‟ socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in the c<strong>on</strong>text of post c<strong>on</strong>flict rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and how these<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s are linked with housing, based <strong>on</strong> a comprehensive literature review carried out <strong>on</strong> post<br />
c<strong>on</strong>flict rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and post c<strong>on</strong>flict housing rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
19
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR ENGAGEMENT IN<br />
POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION<br />
Sutt<strong>on</strong>, R. University of Salford, UK<br />
Haigh R., University of Salford, UK, R.P.Haigh@salford.ac.uk<br />
Post-disaster recovery presents an opportunity to create more resilient communities but resource<br />
c<strong>on</strong>straints often prevent effective rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of damaged buildings and infrastructure. The task of<br />
rebuilding is complex, challenging, and fraught with potential pitfalls. Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> is threatened by<br />
instituti<strong>on</strong>al limitati<strong>on</strong>s, and a lack of access to professi<strong>on</strong>al skills and knowledge to support local efforts.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sequently, there are many reports of ineffective management and poor building standards during the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> process.<br />
Despite this demand for appropriate skills and knowledge, traditi<strong>on</strong>ally, the private sector is treated with<br />
suspici<strong>on</strong> in humanitarian efforts. This is due to the c<strong>on</strong>cern that business is an unreliable development<br />
partner and is not c<strong>on</strong>ducive to l<strong>on</strong>g range planning.<br />
This is an account of a study to examine the extent to which the private c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> sector should be<br />
engaged to help alleviate the resource gap frequently encountered following a disaster. This qualitative<br />
study involved interviews with a stratified purposeful sample of resp<strong>on</strong>dents representing stakeholders<br />
involved in post-disaster rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> activities in Sri Lanka, including government, n<strong>on</strong>-state and<br />
private sector organisati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The results suggest that the private sector can c<strong>on</strong>tribute effectively through providing project<br />
management and engineering expertise. Current private sector support examples are identified and the<br />
different methods of engagement explained. The key motivati<strong>on</strong>s for the private sector include:<br />
philanthropy, market understanding, human resource development, sustainability and a focus <strong>on</strong><br />
communities. The rati<strong>on</strong>ale for rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> stakeholders to engage with the private sector includes:<br />
access to technology, expertise and knowledge sharing. Both sectors refer to the benefits of financial<br />
support, the expertise of people, and of forming l<strong>on</strong>g term links between organisati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
20
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE IN AN INTERIOR REGION OF<br />
NICARAGUA<br />
J. Tyler, Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
J. Foster, Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
G. El-Swaify, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
A. Singh, Department of Civil and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
The community of La Pita, Nicaragua, is a relatively remote area, northeast of the capital, Managua. La<br />
Pita is a coffee-growing, farming community in a hilly regi<strong>on</strong>, and so has traditi<strong>on</strong>ally lacked road and<br />
bridge being used. Nevertheless, farmers need to take their coffee produce to Managua to sell, but find<br />
themselves inc<strong>on</strong>venienced owing to the lack of road access. Moreover, the Tourist ministry of Nicaragua<br />
c<strong>on</strong>structed eco-housing in La Pita with an aim to attracting tourists, but tourists are unable to get to the<br />
La Pita side of the river in their busses or cars, resulting in the eco-housing not being used for its intended<br />
purpose.<br />
A group of student members bel<strong>on</strong>ging to the Engineers without Borders (EWB) -University of Hawaii<br />
(UH) chapter c<strong>on</strong>ducted an assessment tour of La Pita, and were subsequently approved by the nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
EWB to undertake the design and c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of this bridge. The cornerst<strong>on</strong>e of this project is that the<br />
local community will provide c<strong>on</strong>tributory labor, logistics, and local management. A c<strong>on</strong>tact pers<strong>on</strong> in La<br />
Pita, a former mayor of the community, is leading the effort in La Pita. He is assisted by a Nicaraguan<br />
architectural engineer with experience in bridge work.<br />
The design of the bridge, however, is being coordinated by members of the EWB-UH chapter, assisted by<br />
the professi<strong>on</strong>al EWB chapter in H<strong>on</strong>olulu (EWB-HI). The design must not <strong>on</strong>ly be approved by EWB, but<br />
has some complicati<strong>on</strong>s, as attempts are made to ec<strong>on</strong>omize <strong>on</strong> costs and use as much of the existing<br />
bridge as possible while maintaining safety. Specifically, the superstructure is unusable and has to be<br />
totally replaced; <strong>on</strong>e mas<strong>on</strong>ry abutment has to be totally demolished owing to tree roots growing into it<br />
and water erosi<strong>on</strong>, though the other abutment is usable. The first phase of design, complete with<br />
calculati<strong>on</strong>s and drawings, and a health and safety plan, has been approved by EWB, and now a revised<br />
design for the rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>on</strong>e abutment is being drawn up.<br />
Challenges <strong>on</strong> this project include using American standards for design and safety, finding good bearing<br />
rock at the local site, and coordinati<strong>on</strong> of the manufacture and erecti<strong>on</strong> of bridge girders in Managua. The<br />
c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> management for resource allocati<strong>on</strong> decisi<strong>on</strong>s also poses a challenge owing to language<br />
barriers. However, EWB-UH is providing all c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> planning and scheduling for the project. The<br />
21
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
use of free design, free local labor, free c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> planning, and free labor c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> by EWB-UH<br />
students when they get down to Nicaragua will greatly minimize total c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> Professi<strong>on</strong>als from<br />
EWB-HI are busy preparing a definitive cost estimate, which is expected to not exceed $75,000, which<br />
sounds quite reas<strong>on</strong>able for a 20 ft span.<br />
This paper will describe the challenges and efforts, the design and c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> plans, the collaborative<br />
teamwork across cultural boundaries that unite people for a comm<strong>on</strong> purpose in a bridge project in a<br />
developing country, and efforts at raising the funds required to complete this project. But, even though<br />
EWB has approved the project, perhaps the biggest challenge is raising m<strong>on</strong>ey for the project.<br />
22
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
THE MALIK SUPER SYNTEGRATION AS THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND<br />
EFFICIENT TOOL FOR IMMEDIATE DISASTER RESPONSE<br />
COORDINATION<br />
A. Reissberg, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
My proposal is to use the Malik SuperSyntegrati<strong>on</strong> (MSS) as a tool to set up the most efficient and<br />
effective disaster resp<strong>on</strong>se for catastrophic events – in as short as 2,5 or 3,5 days, organized right after<br />
the event.<br />
MSS is a revoluti<strong>on</strong>ary highly innovative tool based <strong>on</strong> our 30 year research traditi<strong>on</strong> in cybernetic<br />
management. This method is an extremely effective and efficient problem-solving tool with<br />
groundbreaking superlative results to deal with high complexity and solve the biggest challenges and the<br />
most pressing decisi<strong>on</strong>s of the top management level. It uses the power of up to 40 key players and their<br />
collective knowledge in the intelligence-enhancing, brain-interlinking architecture of the Syntegrati<strong>on</strong>. It<br />
has three parts:<br />
- an innovative cybernetic communicati<strong>on</strong> process for knowledge and intelligence enhancement<br />
- our holistic management systems for effective and efficient functi<strong>on</strong>ing of organizati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
- a menu of simultaneously implemented cybernetic instruments to c<strong>on</strong>trol complexity<br />
The decisi<strong>on</strong> process is speed up 100-fold and the people effectiveness is enhanced 80-fold. It is holistic<br />
and integrates 4 dimensi<strong>on</strong>s: technical, cultural, management/c<strong>on</strong>trol and time level.<br />
Right after a catastrophic event, as seen during Katrina and in Haiti, resources poor in and much<br />
efficiency and effectiveness is lost in the beginning due to coordinati<strong>on</strong> and informati<strong>on</strong> failures. This<br />
unique tool comes to soluti<strong>on</strong>s with enormous speed and implementati<strong>on</strong> power to coordinate<br />
organizati<strong>on</strong>al networks. MSS has proven successfully in over 500 applicati<strong>on</strong>s without failures, in the<br />
business and n<strong>on</strong>-business sector. I am proposing to use this tool as a setup to coordinate disaster<br />
management efforts and enhance resource (time, m<strong>on</strong>ey, manpower) efficiency by a great deal to help<br />
victims more quickly.<br />
A more interlinked world needs more effective organizati<strong>on</strong>s. Cybernetic tools entail completely different,<br />
innovative and creative soluti<strong>on</strong>s for the business and n<strong>on</strong>-business sector that the methods used today<br />
cannot provide.<br />
23
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
TSUNAMI DAMAGE SURVEY AFTER THE FEBRUARY 27 TH 2010<br />
MAGNITUDE 8.8 CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE<br />
I. N. Roberts<strong>on</strong>, University of Hawaii, UH COE, 2540 Dole Street, H<strong>on</strong>olulu, HI, USA, ianrob@hawaii.edu<br />
The 8.8 moment magnitude earthquake that struck Chile at 3:34AM <strong>on</strong> February 27 th , 2010, was the<br />
seventh largest earthquake in recorded history. It generated a large local tsunami and a Pacific-wide<br />
tsunami warning. C<strong>on</strong>siderable damage resulted when a series of three major tsunami waves inundated<br />
the central Chilean coastline.<br />
Thanks to a past history of tsunamis following major earthquakes, the affected communities were almost<br />
entirely evacuated before the first wave struck. Thousands of lives were saved by this community<br />
awareness and rapid resp<strong>on</strong>se.<br />
Light-framed coastal c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> was generally destroyed by the hydrodynamic effects of the tsunami<br />
inundati<strong>on</strong>. Debris impact and scour also affected more substantial c<strong>on</strong>crete and steel-framed structures.<br />
However, many engineered structures were able to survive the tsunami effects unscathed, providing<br />
valuable less<strong>on</strong>s for the development of tsunami design guidelines.<br />
This presentati<strong>on</strong> will provide an overview of the damage caused to coastal buildings, bridges and port<br />
facilities by the tsunami. These observati<strong>on</strong>s are based <strong>on</strong> a 5 day survey as part of an EERI<br />
rec<strong>on</strong>naissance team of 30 engineers, performed three weeks after the earthquake. These observati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
will be related to current efforts at the University of Hawaii to develop Performance Based Tsunami<br />
Engineering, PBTE.<br />
24
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
FAILURE MODELLING OF TSUNAMI WARNING AND EVACUATION<br />
SYSTEMS<br />
S.Wickramaratne, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada. swickram@ucalgary.ca<br />
J.Y.Ruwanpura, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of<br />
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada. janaka@ucalgary.ca<br />
S.C. Wirasinghe, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada. chan.wirasinghe@ucalgary.ca<br />
Seismic waves generated from an earthquake (the most comm<strong>on</strong> cause of a tsunami) provide an alert for<br />
tsunami warning centres to probe <strong>on</strong> possible oceanic waves. Starting from the detecti<strong>on</strong>, a sequence of<br />
activities are triggered, including transmissi<strong>on</strong>, communicati<strong>on</strong>, decisi<strong>on</strong> making, issuance of warning,<br />
and nati<strong>on</strong>al level analyses leading to evacuati<strong>on</strong>. This whole process is guided by a number of<br />
internati<strong>on</strong>al and nati<strong>on</strong>al level stakeholder instituti<strong>on</strong>s involved in the tsunami warning process. For<br />
example, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), West Coast- Atlantic Tsunami Warning Centre<br />
(WC/ ATWC) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) evaluate the threat and issue a series of bulletins<br />
for the endangered nati<strong>on</strong>s. Stipulated nati<strong>on</strong>al level authorities, e.g Department of Meteorology (DoM)<br />
and <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong> Centre (DMC) in Sri Lanka, further process the informati<strong>on</strong> and arrive at a<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> whether to evacuate the coastal belt of the country or not. The decisi<strong>on</strong> for evacuati<strong>on</strong> must<br />
be taken at the nati<strong>on</strong>al level, and the PTWC‟s or JMA‟s alerts <strong>on</strong>ly assist the nati<strong>on</strong>al authorities.<br />
This dynamic signal of informati<strong>on</strong> which started as a detecti<strong>on</strong> of seismic waves and a pulse from<br />
tsunami detecti<strong>on</strong> instruments has now been transformed into an evacuati<strong>on</strong> order which, in turn is<br />
promulgated via electr<strong>on</strong>ic media, police, and by the public. Ruwanpura et al (2009) and Wickramaratne<br />
et al (2010) discussed a methodology by which this dynamic flow of informati<strong>on</strong> is modelled and<br />
simulated to obtain an estimate of the cumulative probability distributi<strong>on</strong> of the time taken to complete the<br />
total tsunami detecti<strong>on</strong>, warning and evacuati<strong>on</strong> (TWE) process. However, it is vital to model the overall<br />
effect to the above time estimate when <strong>on</strong>e or more stakeholders ceases to functi<strong>on</strong> as anticipated. The<br />
purpose of this paper is to investigate such mishaps, quantify the c<strong>on</strong>sequences and evaluate the threat<br />
with respect to the Sri Lankan c<strong>on</strong>text.<br />
A complete outage of PTWC, DoM, DMC, District units of DMC and Police have been modelled and the<br />
delays in completing the TWE process are interpreted against the normal operating c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. The<br />
instituti<strong>on</strong>s can also be ranked based <strong>on</strong> the criticality of the delay imposed. In additi<strong>on</strong>, the arrival times<br />
of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in major coastal towns in Sri Lanka, and the delays derived above provide<br />
an estimati<strong>on</strong> of the probability of evacuati<strong>on</strong> of those towns under the stipulated scenarios.<br />
25
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
HUMAN BODY FLOWING EXPERIMENTS BY TSUNAMI<br />
T. Arikawa, Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan, arikawa@pari.go.jp<br />
To clarify the height of tsunami by which the human is washed away is important for the evacuati<strong>on</strong><br />
project, the estimati<strong>on</strong> of damage and promoti<strong>on</strong> of early evacuati<strong>on</strong>. Therefore, in this report, the human<br />
body flowing experiments by using artificial tsunamis were c<strong>on</strong>duced, and the mechanism of flowing was<br />
clarified.<br />
The pers<strong>on</strong> stands at the same positi<strong>on</strong> as the log and is attacked by tsunami. The number of human is<br />
ten adult males and seven women. The pers<strong>on</strong> was instantaneously washed away by the 0.6m tsunami.<br />
In this c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, the tsunami force was calculated by using Moris<strong>on</strong> equati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The results say that the sliding criteri<strong>on</strong> is half of about weight and the falling criteria is about 1.3 times or<br />
more weight. The result changes by the man, the woman, the adult, the child, and the elderly pers<strong>on</strong>, so<br />
that we need more test.<br />
26
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Disaster</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (IIIRR)<br />
University of Hawaii at Manoa<br />
H<strong>on</strong>olulu, 15-16 November 2010<br />
TSUNAMI MITIGATION PLANNING FOR SRI LANKA – A DECISION<br />
THEORETIC APPROACH<br />
S.Wickramaratne, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada. swickram@ucalgary.ca<br />
J.Y.Ruwanpura, Project <strong>Management</strong> Specializati<strong>on</strong>, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of<br />
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada. janaka@ucalgary.ca.<br />
S.C. Wirasinghe, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,<br />
Canada. chan.wirasinghe@ucalgary.ca.<br />
The 2004 Sumatran tsunami which caused over 300,000 fatalities and $13B in property damage<br />
illustrated the vulnerability of the Indian Ocean countries to such an event. Subsequently, the Indian<br />
Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS) created the required infrastructure and provided capacity<br />
building over the regi<strong>on</strong>, which in turn gave birth to more country focused tsunami warning systems. In<br />
particular, Ind<strong>on</strong>esia, India and Australia claim to posses individual detecti<strong>on</strong> systems that safeguard their<br />
respective territories. Meanwhile, the interim early warning service of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre<br />
(PTWC) will be terminated in 2011 when the sub regi<strong>on</strong> is expected to gain capability in terms of regi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
warning ability. However, the informati<strong>on</strong> sharing policy am<strong>on</strong>g the regi<strong>on</strong>al watch providers is still<br />
unclear given current difficulties with data access. Sri Lanka, in this c<strong>on</strong>text, could have been better<br />
benefitted had a country focused detecti<strong>on</strong> system been put in place. In this study, we propose four<br />
alternatives for a Sri Lanka specific detecti<strong>on</strong> system which will piggy back <strong>on</strong> the internati<strong>on</strong>al system: 1.<br />
a tide gauge system, 2. a tsunami buoy system, 3. a combined system and 4. „do nothing‟. Am<strong>on</strong>g the<br />
factors to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered will be the probability of tsunami occurrence from the Sunda Trench and Makran<br />
Fault respectively, for the day and night time cases. The probability of successfully completing an<br />
evacuati<strong>on</strong> and the damage that may occur if a tsunami were to go undetected will also be c<strong>on</strong>sidered.<br />
Further, the study quantifies the costs associated with the detecti<strong>on</strong> systems, and the cost and probability<br />
of false warnings. The rarity of tsunamis and the significant expenditure for tide gauges/ buoys impose a<br />
burden in comparis<strong>on</strong> with the opportunity of saving human lives. The decisi<strong>on</strong> analysis provides a<br />
soluti<strong>on</strong> approach for this problem, enabling the computati<strong>on</strong> of the expected values for each alternative<br />
for a number of scenarios c<strong>on</strong>sidered above.<br />
27