cfof]u sf]a}; ÝLcf}Fjflif{s f]T;a ;DkGg

cfof]usf] a};ÝLcf}F jflif{sf]T;a ;DkGg
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] a};ÝLcf}F jflif{sf]T;adf ;Ddflgt Pj+ k'/:s[t k"j{sd{rf/L Pj+ xfn ;]jf/t\
sd{rf/L nufot cGo AolStTjx?sf ;fy cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?
lj=;+= @)^( c;f/ ! ut]sf lbg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ^@cf}F jflif{sf]T;j cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no / cfof]u cGtu{tsf sfof{nox?df ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/L dgfOof] .
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmddf cfof]usf jt{dfg kbflwsf/L, k"j{
kbflwsf/L, k"j{ ;lrj, k"j{ sd{rf/Lx?;d]t cfof]udf xfn sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx? tyf
;~rf/sdL{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . cfof]usf sf=jf= cWoIf 8f= sof]bjL odLsf] cWoIftfdf
;DkGg ePsf] pSQ sfo{qmddf cfof]usf k"j{–kbflwsf/Lx? >L tLy{dfg zfSo, 8f= >Ls[i0f ofbj,
8f=u0f]zdfg u'?ª, >L ljhof s]=;L= / k|f=8f= ledb]j e§nfO{ tfd|kq ;lxt bf];Nnfaf6 ;Ddfg
k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx? dWo]af6 jl/i7tfsf] cfwf/df d'Vo
dgf]lj1fgj]Qf >L hof kf08], jl/i7 dgf]lj1fgj]Qf >L s]bf/zlSQ df:s], zfvf clws[t hgfb{g
e08f/L, gf=;'= >L lzjgfy cof{n, gf=;'= z+s/ k|;fb l3ld/] / sfof{no ;xof]uL >L dfgeSt
dxh{gnfO{ pkxf/ ;lxt bf];Nnfaf6 ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . pSQ cj;/df cfof]u cGtu{t
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?dWo] pk;lrj >L b]jLk|;fb aufn], zfvf clws[t >L Zofd;'Gb/ >]i7 /
sfof{no ;xof]uL >L k'ik dxh{gnfO{ hgxL ? aL; xhf/ gub /fzLsf] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
lyof] .
1

sfo{qmddf dGtAo AoSt ub}{ cfof]usf sf=jf= cWoIf dfggLo 8f= odLn] cfof]uaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf]
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ emg} u'0f:t/Lo agfpFb} n}hfg] / cfof]unfO{ >f]t–;fwg ;DkGg agfpb} hfg]
;DjGwdf ePsf k|of;x?jf/] k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o
/fh]Gb|k|;fb zfxn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;DjGwdf b]lvPsf sdLsdhf]/Lx?nfO{ qmd;M ;'wfg'{kg]{
s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L cfof]usf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] tk{maf6 dGtAo lbFb} k|f=8f=
ledb]j e§n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] of]Uotf k|0ffnL ;+/If0fsf] nflu blx|nf] sbd p7fpg cfjZos
/x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . k"j{ ;lrj >L ;'lznsfGt emfn] cfof]usf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ >f]t
;fwg pknAw u/fpg] bfloTj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ePsf]n] o; ;DjGwdf cfof]un] g} ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqL ;dIf ;do–;dodf 5nkmn u/L cfof]usf] e}flts tyf cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{
k|of; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}Fnfpg' ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L cfof]usf ;lrj >L Zofdk|;fb
d}gfnLn] kl5Nnf lbgx?df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 / k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{ ;DjGwdf ;lrjfno txaf6
ePsf k|of;x?jf/] rrf{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pSQ sfo{qmddf ;x;lrj >L s]bf/ kf}8]nn] :jfut dGtAo lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg] cfof]usf
sd{rf/Lx?sf tk{maf6 d'Vo dgf]lj1fgj]Qf >L czf]s s'df/ emf / 6]«8 o"lgogsf tk{maf6 >L
g/xl/ kf]v/]n ;d]tn] dGtAo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .
jflif{sf]T;js} pknIodf g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 kl/;Djfb sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ePsf
lyP . ldlt @)^(÷)@÷#! df g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 k|;fl/t kl/;Djfb sfo{qmddf cfof]usf
dfggLo sf=jf=cWoIf 8f= sof]b]jL odL, dfggLo ;b:o k|f= s[i0f kf]v/]n / cfof]usf k"j{ cWoIf
>L tLy{dfg zfSon] ;xeflutf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] ldlt @)^(÷)#÷!ut]sf lbg /]l8of]
g]kfnaf6 k|;f/0f ePsf] kl/;Djfb sfo{qmddf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:ox? >L 6LsfbQ lg/f}nf /
/fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ ;lrj >L pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL ;xefuL x'g' ePsf]
lyof] . o;}u/L cfof]usf If]qLo tyf c~rn sfof{nox?df ;d]t ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf
u/L jflif{sf]T;j dgfOPsf] lyof] .
cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 ePsf] ljb]z e|d0f
cfof]usf dfggLo sfo{afxs cWoIf 8f= sof]bjL odLsf] g]t[Tjdf cfof]usf] tLg ;b:oLo
k|ltlglw d08nn] lj=;+= @)^* df3 @* ut]b]lv kmfu'g & ut] -tb\g'?k km]a|'c/L !! b]lv !(,
@)!@ ;g\_;Dd ci6«]lnofsf] e|d0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . k|ltlglw d08ndf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o
/fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx / d'Vo dgf]lj1fg j]Qf 8f= lg/~hg k|;fb pkfWofo ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof] . e|d0fsf]
p2]Zo ldq/fi6« ci6«]lnofsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ljlw cWoog ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] .
cfof]usf dfggLo sfo{afxs cWoIf 8f= sof]bjL odLsf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 kfFr
;b:oLo k|ltlglw d08nn] ldlt @)^* kmfu'g @* ut]b]lv kmfu'g !! ut];Dd -tbg'?k km]a|'c/L
!( b]lv km]a|'c/L @#, @)!@ ;g\ ;Dd_ yfOn}08sf] /fhwfgL a}+ssdf ;DkGg Eastern Regional
Organization for Public Administration sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef tyf ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf
hgfPsf] 5 . k|ltlglw d08ndf cfof]usf ;lrj >L Zofd k|;fb d}gfnL, ;x;lrj >L xl/bQ
kf08]o Pj+ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;x;lrj >L s]jn e08f/L tyf pk;lrj >L kjg
2

ltldlN;gf ;lDdlnt /xg' ePsf] lyof] . pSt ;Dd]ngdf ;lrj >L d}gfnLn] sfo{kq k|:t't
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o k|f= s[i0f kf]v/]nsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] cWoog 6f]nLn] ldlt @)^( j}zfv
@% b]lv a}zfv @( ;Dd -tbg'?k d] & b]lv d] !!, @)!@ ;g\ ;Dd_ dn]lzofsf] cWoog e|d0f
;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . dn]lzofsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ljlw cWoog ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] pSt e|d0f
6f]nLdf cfof]usf ;x;lrj >L /d]z s'df/ zdf{, pk;lrj >L /]0f' >]i7, pk;lrj >L gj/fh
;fksf]6f / k':tsfno clws[t >L ;Gtf]if s'df/ u'?ª ;+nUg /xg'ePsf] lyof] .
cfof]usf ;lrj >L Zofdk|;fb d}gfnLaf6 @)^( c;f/ ( b]lv c;f/ @) ut] -tbg'?k h'g @#
b]lv h'nfO{ $, @)!@ ;g\ _;Dd Sofg8f / @)^( c;f/ @@ blv c;f/ #) ;Dd -tbg'?k h'nfO{
^ b]lv h'nfO{ !$ @)!@ ;g\ ;Dd_ 8]gdfs{sf] cWoog e|d0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . oL cWoog
e|d0fsf] p2]Zo ;d]t pSt d'n'sx?sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?sf sfo{ljlwx?;Fu kl/lrt x'g' /x]sf]
lyof] .
cfof]uaf6 ePsf gLltut lg0f{ox?
cfof]uaf6 o; cjlwdf ePsf ljleGg lg0f{ox?dWo] s]xL k|d'v gLltut lg0f{ox? b]xfo adf]lhd
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|f/lDes k/LIff pQL0f{sf] dfGo cjlw Ps jif{ dfq /xg]
/fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL ck|fljlws v'nf -%%Ü_ tk{msf kbx?sf] d"n k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g
rfxg] pDd]bjf/x?sf] nflu lnOg] k|f/lDes k/LIff pQL0f{ x'g] pDd]bjf/x?n] k|f/lDes k/LIff
pQL0f{ ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq x'g] d"n k/LIffsf] lj1fkgdf dfq cfj]bg ug{ kfpg] ePsf 5g\
. cfof]usf] ldlt @)^(÷#÷@% sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ k|f/lDes k/LIff pQL0f{sf] dfGo cjlw
;fljssf] b'O{ jif{af6 Ps jif{ sfod ul/Psf] xf] . d"n k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g] pDd]bjf/x?sf]
;+VofnfO{ pko'St cfsf/df NofO{ k/LIf0fdf u'0f:t/Lotf clej[l4 ug{ / k|lqmofdf ldtJolotf
sfod ug{ cfof]un] pSQ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
lnlvt k/LIff glthf OsfO{sf] :yfkgf
cfof]uaf6 lnOg] lnlvt k/LIffx?sf] glthf k|sfzgsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k/LIff dxfzfvf
cGtu{t 5'§} OsfO{sf] ?kdf lnlvt k/LIff glthf OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . lnlvt k/LIff
glthf zfvfx?af6 bf]>f] sf]8 gDa/sf] cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] glthfnfO{ lnlvt k/LIff glthf
OsfO{n] l8sf]8 u/L k|rlnt Aoj:yf cg';f/ gfdfjnL;lxt lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf ;fj{hlgs
ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . xfnnfO{ /fhkqf+lst kbx?sf] glthf l8sf]8 ug]{ u/L cfof]usf] ldlt
@)^(÷@÷!* sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ o; OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf]
k|fKtfÍ / pDd]bjf/sf] gfd b'j}df Ps} hgfsf] kx'Fr gxf];\ / lnlvt k/LIffdf s'g pDd]bjf/n]
slt c+s k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] s'/f cGt/jftf{sf] r/0f ;Dd k"0f{ ?kdf uf]Ko /xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon]
cfof]un] pSt lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .
3

dxfzfvf k|d'v / If]qLo lgb]{zs kbdf kb:yfkgf
o; cfof]udf kf7\oqmd ljz]if1 -/f=k=l4tLo >]0fL_ kbdf sfo{/t >L czf]s s'df/ emfsf] d'Vo
dgf]lj1fgj]Qf -/f=k= k|yd >]0fL_ kbdf a9'jf eP kl5 cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*÷!@÷!% sf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ pxfFnfO{ k/LIf0f k|ljlw tyf kf7\oqmd dxfzfvf k|d'v kbdf kb:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^*÷!@÷@& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ o; cfof]u jf cGtu{t ;?jf
eO{ cfpg' ePsf ;x;lrj >L /fh]Gb| axfb'/ ah|frfo{nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷!% sf] lg0f{oaf6
klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfnosf] If]qLo lgb]{zs kbdf kb:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
clws[t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf÷kb:yfkg
cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^( sf] bf]>f] c4{jflif{s cjlwdf cfof]u cGtu{tsf sfof{nox?df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf clws[t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf kb:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / cGt{ut sfof{nox?df sfo{/t\ clws[tx?sf] ;?jf b]xfo
adf]lhd ul/Psf] 5M
zfvf clws[t >L r'/fd0fL d/fl;gLnfO{ ldlt @)^*÷!!÷@* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno lbkfonsf] zfvf
clws[t kbdf
pk;lrj >L 6fdnfn kf08]nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷!* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ dxfsfnL c~rn
sfof{no dx]Gb|gu/af6 n'lDagL c~rn sfof{no a'6jnsf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
pk;lrj >L k|HHjn zdf{ cof{nnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷!* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ s0ff{nL c~rn
sfof{no h'Dnfaf6 gf/fo0fL c~rn sfof{no x]6f}8fsf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L huGgfy a/fnnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷#! sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ dWodf~rn
If]qLo lgb]{zgfno sf7df08f}af6 s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] zfvf clws[t kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L k|B'Dg k|;fb pkfWofonfO{ ldlt @)^(÷@÷!^ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/
;u/dfyf c~rn sfof{no, lbSt]naf6 dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfnosf] zfvf clws[t
kbdf
-v_ cGo lgsfoaf6 cfof]u jf cGtu{t ;?jf eO{ cfpg'ePsf clws[tsf] kb:yfkgf b]xfo
adf]lhd ul/Psf] 5M
pk;lrj >L ls/0f/fh zdf{ nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷$ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
gLlt lgod tyf clen]v zfvfsf] pk;lrj kbdf
pk;lrj >L lji0f'k|;fb uf}nLnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷$ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
of]hgf tyf ;dGjo zfvfsf] pk;lrj kbdf
kf7\oqmd ljz]if1 kbdf a9'jf x'g'ePsf >L s[i0f lh=;L=nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷% sf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no kf7\oqmd tyf d"Nofs+g zfvfsf] kf7\oqmd ljz]if1kbdf
4

pk;lrj >L pdfsfGt k/fh'nLnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ wjnflu/L
cGrn afUn'ªsf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L xl/gf/fo0f jfUn]nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no, gLlt lgod tyf clen]v zfvfsf] zfvf clws[t kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L v]dgfy zdf{ kf}8]nnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no, of]hgf tyf ;dGjo zfvfsf] zfvf clws[t kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L horGb| ;fxnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ hgsk'/ cGrn
sfof{no hn]Zj/sf] zfvf clws[t kbdf
pk;lrj >L tf/fk|;fb e§/fO{nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷!* sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ /fKtL cGrn
sfof{no bfËsf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
pk;lrj >L dgf]x/k|;fb vgfnnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷!* sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ dxfsfnL
cGrn sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/sf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
pk;lrj >L /fdk|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷!* sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s0ff{nL cGrn
sfof{no, h'Dnfsf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L k|]d b]jsf]6fnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷!÷#! sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s0ff{nL cGrn
sfof{nosf] zfvf clws[t kbdf
pk;lrj >L k"0f{dfg >]i7nfO{ ldlt @)^(÷@÷! sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;u/dfyf cGrn
sfof{nosf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L ;'lgtf yfkfnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷@÷@# sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ dWoklZrdf~rn
If]qLo lgb]{zgfno ;'v]{tsf] zfvf clws[t kbdf
zfvf clws[t >L 6]saxfb'/ 8fFuLnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷#÷!* sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ /fKtL cGrn
sfof{no, bfªsf] sfof{no k|d'v kbdf
n]vf clws[t >L lgd{n bfxfnnfO{ ldlt @)^(÷#÷!# sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
cfly{s k|zf;g zfvfsf] n]vf clws[t kbdf .
-u_ cfof]usf sfof{nox?af6 cGo sfof{nodf b]xfo adf]lhd ;?jf ePsf] 5M
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(÷@÷@( sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ o; cfof]u cGtu{t sfo{/t
pk;lrjx? >L s]bf/ axfb'/ af]u6L, >L s[i0fk|;fb nD;fn, >L l8NnL/fd l;Ub]n / >L
lvdaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno jf cGtu{t ;?jf ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^*÷!)÷@& sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ o; cfof]u cGtu{t sfo{/t
zfvf clws[tx? >L eLdk|;fb kf}8]n, >L eflu/yf u}/], >L z+s/ axfb'/ yfkf / >L
gf/fo0f k|;fb cfrfo{sf] cfof]uaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfox?df ;?jf ePsf] 5 .
dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^(÷!@÷@( sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ n]vf clws[t >L
zlzGb| vftLsf] cfof]uaf6 cGoq sfof{nodf ;?jf ePsf] 5 .
5

]0fL
cjsfz / ljbfO
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] k/LIf0f k|ljlw tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfo{/t d'Vo
dgf]lj1fgj]Qf 8f= lg/~hg k|;fb pkfWofon] ldlt @)^(÷!÷! b]lv pd]/ xbsf sf/0f clgjfo{
cjsfz kfpg' eP kl5 cfof]uaf6 pxfFnfO{ Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr labfO ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)#*
;fndf dgf]lj1fgj]Qf kbjf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug'{ePsf 8f= pkfWofo lj=;+= @)$*
;fndf /fhkqf+lst l4tLo >]0fLsf] al/i7 dgf]lj1fgj]Qf kbdf a9'jf x'g'ePsf] lyof] eg] ldlt
@)%(÷#÷@@ df /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0ffLsf] d'Vodgf]lj1fgj]Qf kbdf a9'jf x'g'ePsf] lyof] . o;}
u/L cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf sfo{/t zfvf clws[t >L pQd/Tg ah|frfo{ ldlt
@)^(÷#÷@% b]lv / cfof]usf] If]qLo lgb]{zgfno kf]v/fdf sfo{/t vl/bf/ >L z+s/ sf]O/fnfn]
ldlt @)^(÷#÷!% b]lv pd]/xbsf sf/0f clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg' ePsf]n] jxfFx?nfO{ cfof]usf
sfof{nox?af6 ljbfO ul/Psf] 5 . nfdf] ;do ;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/ / cfof]udf sfo{/t /xg'
ePsf plNnlvt sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf lgj[Q hLjg ;'vdo /x]f;\ eGg] cfof]u sfdgf ub{5 .
cfof]usf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd
cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^( sf] bf]>f] c4{jflif{s cjlwdf cfof]udf sfo{/t b]xfo cg';f/sf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lgDgadf]lhd tflnd÷k|lzIf0f pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .
1. If]qLo lgb]{zs >L lji0f'x/L kf}8]n g]kfn k|zf;sLo k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg4f/f ldlt
@)^(÷@÷@% b]lv #) sfo{ lbgsf] jl/i7 sfo{sf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd ljifosf] tflnddf
;xefuL x'g' ePsf] .
2. zfvf clws[t >L b'uf{k|;fb rfln;] / sDKo"6/ clws[t >L nf]s /fh zdf{ g]kfn
k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg4f/f @)^*÷!@÷^ b]lv ;~rfng ul/Psf] #) sfo{ lbgsf]
Professional Course on Management & Development ljifos tflnddf
;xefuL x'g' ePsf] .
cf=j= @)^*÷^( sf] l4tLo c4{jflif{s cjlwdf cfof]uaf6 ;+rflnt k/LIff ;DaGwL ljj/0f
k|sflzt
lj1fkg ;+Vof
lnlvt k/LIff
;DkGg ePsf]
lj1fkg ;+Vof
ln=k=df ;lDdlnt pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof
cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf
pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof
l;kmfl/z ePsf
pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;+Vof
ck|f= k|f= ck|f= k|f= dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf
/f=k=k|= 0 0 1 15 28 231 259 8 45 53 1 20 21
/f=k=lå= 0 0 15 34 166 1829 1995 62 173 235 8 63 71
/f=k=t[= 0 0 46 138 8731 12284 21015 54 288 342 4 33 37
/f=k=cg+=k|= 0 269 30 252 25839 39254 65093 0 0 0 0 0 0
/f=k=cg+=lå= 249 197 132 195 28926 39266 68192 477 800 1277 190 558 748
>]0fLljxLg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 448 497 22 141 163
hDdf 249 466 224 634 63690 92864 156554 650 1754 2404 225 815 1040
6

cWoog sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg
cfof]uaf6 cf=j= @)^*÷)^( sf] :jLs[t sfo{qmx? cGt/ut b]xfo cg';f/sf cWoog
sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg eO k|ltj]bgx? tof/ ePsf 5g\M
!= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL l:ylt
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL k|fjwfg k|f/De ePkl5 cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷^% b]lv cfly{s jif{
@)^&÷^* sf] cGTo ;Dddf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;Dkfbg ePsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?dWo]
;dfj]zL k|fjwfg ;Djf]wg x'g] ljleGg ljifox?sf] jf/]df cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg ;d]t tof/
ePsf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]zLtk{m 5'§ofOPsf kb;+Vof, lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{
;dfj]zL÷v'nf pDd]bjf/sf] cg'kft, lj1flkt kbdf cfj]bg ug]{ pDd]bjf/x?s]f hfltut /
dft[efiffsf] l:ylt, lj1flkt kbdf cfj]bg ug]{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft, lnlvt k/LIffaf6
cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf ;dfj]zL / v'nftk{msf kb;+Vof, ;dfj]zL ;d"x cGtu{t
ljleGg ;d"xaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{x?sf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL Aoj:yf
nfu" x'g'k"j{ / xfnsf] n}lËs l:yltsf] t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf ;x;lrj >L /d]z s'df/
zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf pk;lrj >L /]0f' >]i7, pk;lrj >L /ljnfn kGy, k|d'v n]vf lgoGqs >L
gj/fh ;fksf]6f / zfvf clws[t >L ;'zLnf kf}8]n -9sfn_ ;b:o /x]sf] sfo{bnn] pSQ
k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . pSQ k|ltj]bgsf] s]xL tYofÍLo c+z tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;dfj]zL ;d"xtk{msf] l:ylt -cf=j= @)^$÷^% b]lv cf=j= @)^&÷^* ;Dd_
;dfj]zL ;d"x lj1flkt kb;+Vof l;kmfl/z ePsf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof
dlxnf 1345 958
cflbjf;L÷hghflt 993 695
dw];L 828 518
blnt 381 203
ckfË 157 101
lk5l8Psf] If]q 106 73
hDdf 3810 2548
@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff k4lt ;'wf/ cWoog sfo{qmd
cfof]uaf6 pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/z ug{ ;~rfng u/Lg] k/LIffsf ljleGg r/0fx?sf]] ;'wf/
;DaGwL ljifox?df cWoog ug{ ul7t sfo{;d"xn] cfˆgf] cWoog k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] 5 .
cfof]usf ;x;lrj >L /d]z s'df/ zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t pSQ sfo{bndf pk;lrjx? >L
/fdjfj' l/dfn, >L /]0f' >]i7, >L /ljnfn kGy, >L lbks vgfn, >L gj/fh ;fksf]6f, >L lji0f'
k|;fb uf}nL, >L s[i0f lh=;L= ;b:o / pk;lrj >L ls/0f zdf{ ;b:o ;lrj /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
pSt sfo{;d"xnfO{ lgb]{zg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]usf ;lrj >L Zofd k|;fb d}gfnLsf]
7

;+of]hsTjdf cfof]usf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf ;j} ;x;lrjx? /x]sf] Ps lgb]{zg ;ldlt u7g
ul/Psf] lyof] pSt ;ldltdf ;x;lrj >L xl/bQ kf08]o ;b:o ;lrj /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
k|ltj]bgdf cfof]usf] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ljleGg @( j6f j'Fbfdf
sfo{of]hgf ;lxtsf] ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
#= :jf:Yo ;]jf / Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;]jf ;DjGwL sfg"gdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ ;DjGwL ;'emfj
k|ltj]bg
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf / Aoj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf ;DjGwL sfg"gdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf
cWoog ug{sf] nflu k/fdz{bftf tf]lsg'ePsf k"j{ ;lrj4o dfwj kf}8]n / df]xg k|;fb jGhf8]n]
ldlt @)^*÷!@÷!) df cfˆgf] cWoog k"/f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . pSQ cWoog
k|ltj]bgdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g ;Fu tL P]gx?sf] t'ngf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf ;du|
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] afx|f} txdf a9'jfsf] nflu df}h'bf l;kmfl/z
k|ltzt 36fpg] ;/sf/L / lghL c:ktfn ;DjGwL 5'§f5'§} P]g agfpg], clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] pd]/
xb ;dfg agfpg] nufotsf ;'emfjx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
$= ;+3Lo ;+/rgf / ;dfj]zL k/LIffx?sf] kf7\oqmd ;DjGwL cWoog
;dfj]zL k/LIffx?sf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g tyf ;du| k/LIff k4lt ;'wf/ / d'n's ;+3Lo
;+/rgfdf ?kfGtl/t ePkl5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]u4f/f lnOg] cfGtl/s tyf v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffx?sf] nflu tof/ ug'{kg]{ kf7\oqmdsf] ;DjGwdf cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ lgo'St
x'g'ePsf k/fdz{bftf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:o 8f= dw'lglw ltjf/Ln] ldlt @)^(÷#÷@(
ut] k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lglZrt >]0fL÷tx ;Dd 5'§}
;]jf agfpg' kg]{, kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ uxg ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{, ;x;lrjsf] pQ/ k'l:tsf
k/LIf0fdf b'O{hgf lj1sf] ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{, k/LIff s]Gb|x? lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{, glthf k|sfzgdf
lz3|tf eGbf Gofok"0f{ d"Nof+sgn] k|fyldstf kfpg' kg]{, :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWod dfk{mt cfof]usf
;"rgfx? k|jfx ug'{ kg]{, ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;d]t dxTj lbg'kg]{, cf/If0fleqsf] cf/If0f
:yflkt ug{ ljleGg /0fgLltx? ckgfpg' kg]{ ;d]tsf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .
uf]i7L÷cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q ;Fu ;DjlGwt ljleGg ljifox?df ;'emfjx? ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon]
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgx?df cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . tL sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+lIfKt
emns b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
!= jflif{s sfo{tflnsf ;DjGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL jflif{s sfo{tflnsf ;DaGwdf h'Dnf, c3f{vfFrL / u'NdL
lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdx?df cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . lj=;+=@)^( j}zfv @* ut]
h'Dnf lhNnfsf] vn+ufdf ;DkGg ePsf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf cfof]usf] tk{maf6 ;lrj >L Zofd
k|;fb d}gfnL, ;x;lrj >L s]bf/ kf}8]n, pk;lrj >L /ljnfn kGy, zfvf clws[t >L ;'zLnf
kf}8]n -9sfn_ / s0ff{nL c~rn sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . To;}u/L ldlt
8

@)^( h]i7 @% ut] c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] ;lGwvs{ / h]i7 @^ ut] u'NdL lhNnfsf] tD3f;df
;~rfng ePsf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf cfof]usf] tk{maf6 dfggLo ;b:o k|f= s[i0f kf]v/]n,
;lrj >L Zofd k|;fb d}gfnL, klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfnosf If]qLo lgb]{zs >L /fh]Gb|
axfb'/ ah|frfo{, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf pk;lrj >L /ljnfn kGy, zfvf clws[t >L ;'zLnf kf}8]n
-9sfn_ / gfoj ;'Aaf >L g/xl/ kf]v/]nsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . pk/f]SQfg';f/ tLgj6}
7fFpsf sfo{qmdx?df lhNnf l:yt ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
k/LIffsf nflu ;DefAo pDd]bjf/x?, SofDk;÷sn]hsf ljBfyL{x?, j'l4hLjLx? / kqsf/x?sf]
pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . tL sfo{qmdx?df cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o k|f= s[i0f kf]v/]nn] cfof]usf
gLltut ;'wf/x?jf/] :ki6 kfg'{ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L cfof]usf ;lrj >L Zofd k|;fb d}gfnLn]
cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofdfly k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] eg] ;x;lrj s]bf/ kf}8]n / If]qLo
lgb]{zs /fh]Gb| axfb'/ ah|frfo{n] sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrTodfly k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] . zfvf clws[t
>L ;'zLnf kf}8]n -9sfn_n] ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] pSt tLgj6} :yfgsf sfo{qmdx?df pk;lrj
>L /ljnfn kGyn] cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL jflif{s sfo{tflnsfaf/] sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . pSt sfo{qmdx?af6 cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL sfo{tflnsfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx?
k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . tL ;'emfjx?dWo] c;f/ dlxgfdf lnlvt k/LIffsf] sfo{qmd /fVg gx'g]
;'emfjnfO{ cfof]un] cf=j= @)^(÷)&) b]lv sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
uNdL lhNnfdf cfof]lht jflif{s sfo{tflnsf ;DjGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdf dGtJo AoQmug'{x'Fb}
cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o k|f= s[i0f kf]v/]n
9

@= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f / jflif{s cg'udg ;DaGwL uf]i7L ;DkGg
cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] cfof]hgfdf sf7df08f}df ldlt @)^( h]7 @@ ut] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
/ jflif{s cg'udg ;DaGwL Ps lbg] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd / uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . cfof]udf k|fKt
x'g cfPsf l/SQ dfux?sf] sfg"gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L clen]v /fVg] sfo{df
Ps?ktf Nofpg] / jflif{s k|ult ;DjGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]lht pSQ sfo{qmddf
cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?, cfof]usf ;lrj, ;x;lrjx? / pk;lrjx? Pj+ cfof]u cGtu{tsf !$
j6} sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'vx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf pk;lrj >L /ljnfn
kGyn] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL, k|d'v n]vf lgoGqs >L gj/fh ;fksf]6fn] cfly{s k|zf;g
;DjGwL / pk;lrj >L lji0f'k|;fb uf}nLn] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;DjGwL ljifodf sfo{kqx?
k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
#= k/LIf0f k|ljlw / k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof ;DkGg
k/LIf0f k|ljlw / k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ljifodf b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx?
;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf k/LIffx?sf] k/LIff k|0ffnL / k/LIf0f k4lt
af/]df hfu/0f u/fpg] / k[i7kf]if0f ;+sng ug]{ p2]Zon] tL sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof]
. ldlt @)^*÷!@÷! df afFs], @)^*÷!@÷# / $ df sflnsf]6, @)^(÷@÷% / ^ df x'Dnf,
@)^(÷@÷( / !) df bf]nvf / @)^(÷#÷!@ / !# df l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf cGt/lqmof
sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg ePsf lyP . tL sfo{qmdx?df cfof]usf tk{maf6 ;lrj >L Zofd k|;fb
d}gfnL, tTsfnLg d'Vo dgf]lj1fgj]Qf 8f= lg/~hg k|;fb pkfWofo, d'Vo dgf]lj1fgj]Qf >L
czf]s s'df/ emf, dgf]lj1fgj]Qf >L ;d'{gnfn zfSo / zfvf clws[t >L b'uf{ k|;fb k/fh'nL]
;lDdlnt x'g'x'GYof] . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfo{fnox?sf k|d'v tyf sd{rf/Lx?,
j'l4hLjLx?, ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x? / SofDk;÷sn]hsf ljBfyL{x? ;xefuL /x]sf lyP .
sfof{nox?sf] b/aGbL lg/LIf0f
cfof]un] lgoldt?kdf ub}{ cfPsf] b/jGbL lg/LIf0f ;DjGwL sfo{nfO{ o; cjlwdf klg lg/Gt/tf
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{nox? ;d]t
u/L ^) -;f7L_ j6f lgsfox?df l/Qm kbsf] dfu ;dodf eP÷gePsf] jf/]df lg/LIf0f eO{
k|ltj]bg ;d]t k]z ePsf] 5 . zfvf clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf !) j6f 6f]nL agfO{
ldlt @)^(÷@÷# blv @)^(÷@÷!# ut];Dd pSt jdf]lhdsf] lg/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;} u/L cfof]usf If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / c~rn sfof{nox?af6 ;d]t cf–cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/
/x]sf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df b/aGbL lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
gf]l6; jf]8{ >Jo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng
cfof]usf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|, cgfdgu/n] gf]l6; jf]8{ >Ao 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
;~rfng u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt lj1fkgx?df b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg OR5's
pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ b/vf:t kmf/fd eg{ cfjZos kg]{ lj1fkg ;DaGwL ljifodf yk ;"rgf ;]jf
k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg÷;'rgf k|sflzt x'gf;fy ;f]sf d'Vo–d'Vo a'Fbfx?
;d]6L ;DjlGwt pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ lj1fkg, k/LIff sfo{qmd, k/LIff s]Gb| nufotsf ljifodf
10

cfjZos hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . pQm s]Gb|sf] gf]l6; jf]8{ >Ao ;]jfsf] 6]lnkmf]g
gDa/ !^!*)!$&&!@!$ df 8fon u/L ;"rgf hfgsf/L lng ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ cWoIf >L tLy{dfg zfSoHo";Fu lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{
;jfn
hjfkm
oxfFn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljleGg kb >[Fvnf x'Fb} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;jf]{Rr kb d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfln;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] cWoIfsf] e"ldsf ;d]t lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;Da4{gsf] nflu oxfFn] kxn ug'{ ePsf
k|of;x?af6 oxfF :jo+n] slQsf] ;Gt'li6 cg'ej ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
d d'Vo ;lrj x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu ;Sbf] of]ubfg u/]sf] lyPF . d]/f]
sfo{sfndf lghfdtL ;]jfdf 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf, ef}uf]lns juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df ;?jf
ug]{ Joj:yf, /fhkq cg+lst k|yd / l4tLo >]0fLdf qmdzM l;kmfl/z ePsf] If]q /
c~rndf sDtLdf !) jif{ ;]jf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf h:tf sfg"gL ;'wf/ ePsf lyP eg] a9'jfsf]
clen]v Jojl:yt ug]{ / cl3Nnf] jif{sf] lj1fkgsf] a9'jf 6'ª\UofOPkl5 dfq kl5Nnf] jif{sf]
lj1fkgsf] a9'jf ug]{ h:tf k4ltsf] z'?jft ePsf] lyof] . ;lrjx?sf] l56f] l56f] ;?jf
gug]{ ] / ;'zf;gsf] nflu cg'zf;g d]/f] d'Vo ;lrjsf] sfo{sfnsf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf
ljifo lyP . To;}u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds lj:tf/, ;dfj]zL Joj:yf cg';f/
pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6, lhNnf :t/df b/vf:t a'emfpg kfpg] Joj:yfsf] z'?jft, cfof]usf]
nflu sf7df8f}+df gofF ejgsf] lgdf{0f / cfof]unfO{ ef}lts >f]t–;fwg ;DkGg agfpg]
qmddf yk ;jf/L ;fwgsf] Joj:yf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf x'Fbf ePsf :d/0fof]Uo
sfdx? x'g\ . oL :d/0fof]Uo ljifo x'Fbfx'Fb} klg a9'jf ;ldlt nf]s ;]jf cfof]ud} Nofpg],
cfof]udf gofF k|ljlw leq\ofpg], cfof]udf sfo{/t\ hgzlStnfO{ jfXo cg'ejsf] cg';f/
cj;/ lbnfpg], cfof]udf kof{Kt ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{, a9'jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo
agfpg] / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz pd]/ ^) jif{ k'¥ofpg] sfdx? k"/f ug{ ;lsPsf]
lyPg . To;f] eP klg tTsfnLg k|zf;lgs kof{j/0fsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ h] hlt ug{ ;lsof]
To;af6 d ;Gt'i6 g} /x]sf] 5' .
11

;jfn
hjfkm
;jfn
hjfkm
;jfn
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+/Ifssf] ;d]t e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
;du| sfo{k4ltdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf dxz"; ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k4ltdf sfd x'g] ;+:yf xf] . cfof]usf] ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLn] g} o;nfO{
;~rfng ug]{ dfgj >f]tnfO{ lgoldt / cg'zfl;t agfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf,
k"j{lgwf{l/t sfo{tflnsf, cflh{t ljZj;gLotf / :yflkt dfGotfx?n] cfof]unfO{ ;zSt
agfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ cem ;dofg's"n agfpg b/vf:tnfO{ cg–nfOg ug]{, cg–
nfOg k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{, k/LIffsf ;a} r/0fx?df g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'a} efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{,
kf7\oqmdnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{, cfof]usf sfof{nox?nfO{ l8lh6n g]6jls{ª ug]{, cfof]usf ;a}
sfof{nox?df sDtLdf @)) hgfn] k/LIff lbg ;Sg] k/LIff ejgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfof]udf
sfo{/t\ hgzlStnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ljleGg df}lb|s / u}/df}lb|s pkfox? pkof]udf Nofpg
cfjZos b]V5' .
oxfFsf] ljrf/df ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd, hgpQ/bfoL / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpgsf]
nflu ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ yk e"ldsf s] x'g ;S5 <
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ePsf]n] o;n] cfkm\gf ;'emfjx? /fi6« k|d'v dfkm{t
ljwflosf ;dIf k|:t't ug'{ k5{ . l;4fGttM o;n] ;f]em} sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'v;Fu u'gf;f] /fVg
ldNb}g . t/ xfd|f]df of] l;4fGt cg';f/ sfd eP h:tf] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5}g . Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf k7fOPsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn g} gx'g] ePkl5 cfof]un] /fv]sf ;'emfj /
cfof]usf dsf{ sfo{kflnsf ;dIf k'Ug] cj:yf g} >[hgf ePsf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]udf k/fdz{
dfu eO{ cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbPsf]df tL k/fdz{sf] ljkl/tsf] lg0f{o ePsf] klg b]lvof] .
;+ljwfgdf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 egL ;s]kl5 Tof] jfWosf/L Joj:yf g} xf] . o;nfO{
P]lR5s 7fGg' x'Fb}g . t;y{ cfof]un] cfkm"n] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf p7fPsf ljifo / lbPsf k/fdz{
sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ljifodf vf]hLgLlt u/L l:ylt :ki6 kfg'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] u'0f:t/Lotf clea[l4 ub}{ ;du|
lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] ljZjf;nfO{ blx|nf] t'Nofpgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;Gbe{df
lghfdtL ;]jfdf s] s:tf ;'wf/x? ug'{kg]{ b]Vg' x'G5 <
12

hjfkm
lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/sf] k|:yfg cg'zf;gaf6 ug'{k5{ . ;'zf;gsf] k"jf{wf/ cg'zf;g g} xf] .
xfn dGqLkl/ifb\, dGqfno / ljefuaf6 xF'b} cfPsf s}ofF} sfd tNnf lgsfox?df k|Tofof]hg
ug'{k5{ . sd{rf/Lx?n] /fhgLltsf] cf8 lnP/ /fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ cfdGq0f ug]{ k|j[lQ
TofUg'k5{ . clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] pd]/ xb ^) jif{ agfpg'k5{ . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9
agfpg nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg'k5{ . sfg"gsf] JofVof JolStsf] lxtdf gu/L
;fj{hlgs lxtdf ul/g'k5{ . ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ d"n dGq dfGg' kb{5 . lghL If]qnfO{ klg
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug]{ lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds nufotsf ;'ljwfx? a9fOg'k5{ .
sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf ;'lglZrt x'g] k4ltsf] :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . o;f] x'g ;s]df lghfdtL
;]jfdf ;'wf/ cfO ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 .
-nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ cWoIf >L tLy{dfg zfSon] JoSt ug'{ePsf] pk/f]St wf/0ff Go"hn]6/sf
nflu pk;lrj /ljnfn kGy / zfvf clws[t s'df/ kf}8]n;+u ug'{ePsf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t 5_ .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:o >L ljhof s]=;L=Ho";Fu lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{
;jfn
hjfkm
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf nfdf] cjlw;Dd axfn /xL dxTjk"0f{ kbx?sf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub}{
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:osf] ;d]t e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/;Sg' ePsf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt oxfFsf] wf/0ff s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < ;fy} d'n'ssf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem} a9L
dof{lbt, hgpQ/bfoL / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg oxfFn] s] s:tf ;'wf/x? cfjZos x'g]
7fGg'x'G5 <
d}n] @)@) ;fnb]lv ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]/ @)@! ;fndf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff
plQ0f{ u/L cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L z'? u/]sL lyPF . plta]nfsf] k/LIff eg]sf] cGtjf{tf{dfq lyof]
. Tolta]nfsf] nf]s ;]jfsf] cj:yf cltg} sdhf]/ h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;+of]uj; cfkm}n]
nf]s ;]jfsf] ;b:o eO{ sfd ug]{ df}sf kfpFbfsf] ;dodf nf]s ;]jfsf] ljleGg lsl;dsf
sfo{ k4ltsf] cWofkg tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ df}sf ;Dd kfPsf] lyPF . casf] ;do eg]sf]
k'0f{ k|lt:kwf{Tds o'u ePsfn] klg u'0f:t/Lo lghfdtL;]jfsf] d]?b08fg} nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
xf] / x'g' k5{ klg . nf]s ;]jf dfq Pp6f o:tf] ;+:yf xf] h;n] ;du| lghfdtL;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Pp6f bl/nf] tyf cleGg c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt ;+:yf xf] .
13

;jfn
hjfkm
;jfn
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:tl/otfdfg} b]zsf] x/]s If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx?;+u k|ToIf ;DaGw
/x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] lghfdtL;]jfåf/f g} hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg] tyf pQ/bfoL ;d"xsf] ?kdf
:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ glthfd'ns hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL, Joj;foL / kf/bzL{k"0f{
agfpg cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jfsf] nflu lglZrt
dfkb08 tyf cfwf/x?sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;fy;fy} lghfdtL;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf tyf a[lQ ljsf; tyf ;]jfsf] ;'/IffnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;+u cfj4 ul/g'
k5{ . To;}u/L Pp6f u'?of]hgf v8f u/L To; cg';f/ g} ;?jf, a9'jf, cWoog, e|d0f tyf
tflnd lbg] sfo{ ug]{ u/]df klg hgdfg;df ;]jfsf] klg ;'lglZrttf b]lvG5 h:tf] nfU5 .
o;n] ubf{ sfvf / kfvf dg;'g /fhg}lts bjfkm h:tf ljs[ltx?n] k|;o kfpg] 7fpF Go"g
x'g ;S5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|lt /x]sf] hgtfsf] 7"nf] cf:yf / e/f];fnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO/fVg nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] e"ldsf / sfo{k4ltdf s] s:tf ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] dxz'; ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf / e/f];f klxn]sf] eGbf klg cem a9L / ;'b[9 ePsf]
kfOG5 . o;sf] sf/0f klg klxn] nf]s ;]jfsf] kl/lw cln ;fF3'/f] / lglZrt ;d'xsf] nflu
dfq x'g] ub{Yof] . clxn] ljleGg ;]jfu|fxL sfof{no, ;+:yfg tyf lgsfox?n] klg nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] k|ljlwnfO{ ckgfP/ hgzlQm rog ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L ljleGg :yfgsf]
hgzlQm 5gf}6df nf]s ;]jfsf] ;+:yfut ;+nUgtfdf k/LIff lng] kl/kf6L z'? ePsf] 5 .
cfof]unfO{ cem a9L ;'b[9 agfpg cfof]usf] sfo{ljlwdf cfw'lgs k|ljwL k|of]u ul/g' kg]{
b]lvG5 . Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] :t/df klg kl/dfh{g ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .
ljleGg kbx?sf] lgo'lQm tyf a9'jf ul/bf rflxg] sfo{ bfloTjnfO{ ;do ;fk]If tyf
;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g u/L To;nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] ;Ifd hgzlQm rog ul/g' kg]{ klg cfhsf]
cfjZostf b]lvG5 . k/LIff k|0ffnLdf klg kl/jt{g tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' k5{ . 7"nf]
;+Vofdf cfj]bg kg]{ kbx?sf] nflu k/LIf0f / d'Nof+sg ljlwdf klg kf/blz{tf x'g] u/L tyf
k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ ;d]t ;xh tl/sfn] :ki6 x'g] k|sf/sf] gofF ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] JolQmx?sf] rog ljifot tyf
ljlzi6Lut k|j[lQsf] x'g'k5{ .
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf] nflu /fHosf] tkm{af6 ljleGg k|of;x? x'+b} cfPtf klg
lghfdtL ;]jfleq dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf]
ck]lIft ;+Vofdf k|ltlglwTj x'g ;sL g/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
/fHon] ;f]r] cg'?k ;dfj]zL ;]jf agfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 / nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] tkm{af6 s] s:tf yk k|of;x? cfjZos b]Vg'x'G5 <
14

hjfkm
;jfn
hjfkm
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL ;]jf agfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 / nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] tkm{af6 s]xL g s]xL k|of; eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5 / h;dWo] sfof{nodf xfn nfu'
ul/Psf] sf]6f k|yfsf] gLltut Joj:yfn] k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfPsf] 5 . t/ sf]6f
cNksfnsf] nflu dfq x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg cf/If0fsf] eGbf
;zlQms/0f x'g' k5{ . cf/If0f klg hg;+Vofsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj e};s]kl5 qmdzM
x6fpg] tyf cf/If0fnfO{ z'? lgo'lQm x'g] kbx?df dfq l;ldt /fVg] ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/
a9'jfsf] nflu eg] nfO{ g} d"n cfwf/ agfpg' k5{ . o;} u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;dfj]zL tyf
cf/If0fdf cfwfl/t kbx?sf] nflu lgMz'Ns tof/ sIffsf] Joj:yf tyf b/vf:t kmf/fd b:t'/
lgMz'Ns ug{ plrt b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;dfj]zL k/LIff 5'§} ;+rfng ug]{, glthf klg 5'§}
k|sflzt ug]{ tyf cfj]bg kmf/fd eg{sf] nflu pko'Qm JolQmn] dfq cf/If0f / ;dfj]zL
sf]6fdf kmf/fd eg{ ;lsg] lglZrt k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] u'0f:t/Lotf clea[l4 ub}{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ce}m a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg cj:yfdf s] s:tf ;'wf/x? cfjZos
b]Vg'x'G5 <
;fj{hlgs ;]jfaf6 g} hgtfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] k|efj x'g] lglZrttf x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] nflu plrt tyf oy]i6 k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf, sfo{k|lqmof / ;sf/fTds dgf]j[lQn]dfq
k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;S5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpsf] nflu hgd'vL,
kl/0ffdd'vL, tyf kf/blz{k"0f{ agfpg clt cfjZos b]lvG5 . To;} u/L hgdfg;;Dd k'Ug]
;]jf Joj;flos, lgikIf, hjfkmb]xL tyf ;dfj]zL agfpg' kg]{ cfhsf] vfFrf] b]Vb5' . lglb{i6
gLlt, lgb]{zg tyf lgoddf /x]/ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ u/]sf] eP klg lglZrt dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf,
sfo{bfloTj tyf ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] oy]i6 Joj:yf ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] To;sf nflu kxn ug'{
k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ of]hgfa4 tl/sf canDag ul/g' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] oyf]lrt afF8kmfF8
ul/g' kb{5 . /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tyf ;]jf d'Qm x'g' k5{ . hgtfnfO{
kfos kg]{ :yfgdf ;]jf :yn agfpg' kg]{ b]Vb5' . h'g} ;/sf/ cfP klg ;]jf ;'b[l9s/0f g}
d'Vo Ph]08f x'g kg]{ b]Vb5' . /fhgLlts efua08f ubf{ ;]jfdf x|f; cfPsf x'gfn] o;nfO{
t'?Gt /f]Sg cfjZos b]Vb5' . sd{rf/Lx?sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt tyf ;do ;fk]If agfO
dgf]an a9fPdf hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/Lo tyf k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
15

;"rgfd"ns n]vM k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ljBdfg Aoj:yf, ;d:of / ;dfwfg
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f lj1fkg k|sfzgsf] k"j{ zt{ xf] . of] kbk"lt{ rqmsf] z'? r/0f xf] . nf]s ;]jf
cfof]udf k|fKt x'g] ;of}F lsl;dsf kbx?sf] sfg"gdf Aoj:yf eP cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
u/L lj1fkg k|sfzgsf nflu of]Uo agfpg] sfd cfk}mdf k|fljlws t 5Fb}5Ù To;dfly ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] l9nf;':tL, j]jf:tf / cgfjZos bjfjsf sf/0f k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] sfd h6Ln
aGb} uPsf] 5 . k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;]jfaflx/sf AolStx?nfO{ ;]jf k|j]zsf] df}sf lbg hlt dxTjk"0f{
5, ;]jfleqsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] nflu of] emg} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . k|To]s kbsf] sfo{Ifdtf
d"Nofs+g, ;dfof]hg, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v'nftk{m k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L v'nftk{m kg{ cfPsf
kbx?sf] v'nf / ;dfj]zL 5'6\ofpg] tyf ;dfj]zLtk{msf ;d"xx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L Ps ;o
kb;Dddf k"/f x'g] rqmsf] lx;fj ug]{ sfd lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o:tf] k|fljlws / r'gf}tLk"0f{
b]lvPsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL sfddf Ps?ktf Nofpg / ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;"rgf k|fKt ug{
;3fp k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] cfof]usf pk;lrj >L /ljnfn kGy4f/f tof/ kfl/Psf] k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL ;"rgfd"ns n]v k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Aoj:yf
ljleGg ;]jfdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Aoj:yf 5 .
cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(sf] bkmf &-!_ ,g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * /
g]kfn Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjGwL P]g, @)^$sf] bkmf !& df tf]lsP cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{ ub{5 .
@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& df /x]sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL
Aoj:yf
ljleGg ;]jf / ;d"xsf] nflu P]gdf 5'6\ofOPsf] k|ltzt km/s–km/s /x]sf] 5 . o;/L km/s–km/s
/x]sf] k|ltztdf s'g k|ltztn] klxnf] k|fyldstf kfpg], s'g lsl;d / ;d"xnfO{ s'g kbqmdsf]
kb ;+Vof 5'6\ofpg] eGg] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . o;nfO Aojl:yt / j}1flgs agfpg nf]s
;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& df ljleGg lsl;daf6 x'g] kbk"lt{sf] nflu k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q b]xfo jdf]lhd to ul/Psf] 5M
hDdf dfu kb ;+Vof × tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt
!))
lgwf{l/t ;"qfg';f/ ljleGg >]0fL / kbsf] nflu b]xfosf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df P]gdf Aoj:yf eP
cg';f/ x'g] u/L k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
s= ;"q k|of]u ubf{ bzdnj kl5sf] c+s h'gsf] j9L x'G5 To;}sf nflu kb 5'6\ofpg]Ù
v= bzdnjkl5 a/fa/ c+s cfPdf sfg"gdf h'g lsl;d÷;d"xsf] k|ltzt j9L xf] To;}df
kb;+Vof sfod ug]{Ù
16

u= bzdnjkl5 a/fa/ c+s cfPdf / P]gdf a/fa/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f tf]lsPsf]df qmdzM v'nf,
sfo{Ifdtf, cf=k|= / a9'jf ;dfof]hgsf] k|fyldstfqmd sfod ug]{Ù
cfof]usf] xfnsf] sfo{k|0ffnL cg';f/ /fhkqf+lst kbx?sf] dfu ;DalGwt ;]jf ;Grfng ug]{
lgsfox?n] cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k7fpg] / s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 k|ltzt lgwf{/0f x'g]
Aoa:yf 5 . /fhkqcglÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbx?sf] xsdf kb l/St x'g] sfof{nox?af6 cfof]usf
If]qLo lgb]{zgfnodf dfu k|fKt eO{ ;DalGwt lgb]{zgfnoaf6} k|ltzt lgwf{/0f x'g] Aoa:yf 5 .
To;}u/L /fhkqcglÍt l4tLo >]0fL / g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'Vo sfd ug]{ egL tf]s]sf >]0fL laxLg
kbx?sf] nflu kb l/St x'g] sfo{nox?af6 cfof]usf ;DalGwt cGrn sfof{nox?df dfu k|fKt
eO{ tt\ tt\ cGrn sfof{nox?af6} k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] sfd x'g] Aoa:yf 5 .
@=!
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg >]0fLsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f b]xfojdf]lhd x'g] u/L nf]s
;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& df Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@=!=! /fhkqflÍt kbx?sf] nflu
/fhkqf+lst kbx?df kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|To]s bz kbdf Ps rqm k"/f x'g] Aoa:yf
5 . o; rqmdf sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5M
kbqmd
kbk"lt{sf] lsl;d
/fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fL nflu /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu
klxnf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf v'nf
bf]>f] kbM cf=k|= v'nf
t]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf sfo{Ifdtf
rf}yf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf v'nf
kfFrf} kbM v'nf v'nf
5}7fF} kbM sfo{Ifdtf cf=k|=
;ftfF} kbM ;dfof]hg v'nf
F cf7f} kbM sfo{Ifdtf ;dfof]hg
gjf}F kbM cf=k|= v'nf
bzfF} kbM sfo{Ifdtf v'nf
17

@=!=# /fhkq cglÍt kbx?sf] nflu
/fhkq cglÍt kbsx?sf] kbrqm k|To]s kfFr kbdf k"/f x'g] / 5}7f}Fb]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF
u0fgf ug{] k|fjwfg 5 . o; >]0fLsf] kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kbqmd b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5M
kbqmd
kbk"lt{sf] lsl;d
/fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu
klxnf] kbM v'nf v'nf
bf]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf sfo{Ifdtf
t]>f] kbM v'nf v'nf
rf}yf] kbM ;dfof]hg cf=k|=
kfFrf}F kbM v'nf v'nf
@=@ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{tsf kbx?
@=@=! P3f/fF} / gjf}F tx
clws[t P3f/f}+ / gjf}+ txsf kbdf kb ;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 -dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s–k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf bz kb gk'u];Ddsf] cjlwsf] dfux?nfO{
hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / P3f/f}+b]lv k'gM gofF u0fgf ul/g] Aoj:yf 5_M
kbqmd kb;+Vof kbqmd kb;+Vof
klxnf] kb sfo{Ifdtf 5}7f}F kb sfo{Ifdtf
bf]>f] kb cf=k|= ;ftf}F kb v'nf
t]>f] kb sfo{Ifdtf cf7f}F kb sfo{Ifdtf
rf}yf] kb sfo{Ifdtf gjf}F kb cf=k|=
kfFrfF} kb cf=k|= bzfF} kb sfo{Ifdtf
@=@=@ clws[t 5}7fF} txsf] kbdf klxnf] dfu kb sfo{Ifdtf / bf]>f] kb cf=k|= tk{m k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ug]{ / t]>f] dfub]lv k'gM gofF u0fgf ul/g] Aoj:yf 5 .
@=@=#
;xfos kfFrf} txsf] kbdf klxnf] dfu kb cf=k|= tk{m / bf]>f] dfu kb v'nftk{m k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ug]{ / t]>f] dfub]lv k'gM gofF u0fgf u/Lg] Aoj:yf 5 .
18

@=@=$ P]gdf ztk|ltzt kb s'g} Ps k|lqmofåf/f k"lt{ ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf clws[t afx|f}F, cf7fF} /
;ftf}F tyf ;xfos :t/sf kbx?sf] dfu k|fKt x'g cfPdf ;Dk"0f{ kbx? tt\tt\
k|lqmofåf/f k"lt{ ug]{ u/L lgwf{/0f u/Lg] Aoj:yf 5 .
@=#
Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjGwL P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjGwL P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg >]0fL–txsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
b]xfo jdf]lhd ul/Psf] 5 .
@=#=! /fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf nflu
/fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu Ps}k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf kfFr kb gk'u] ;Ddsf] cjlwsf
dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / 5}F7f}+b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ul/g] Aoj:yf 5 . kfFr kb
;Ddsf] kbrqm b]xfo adf]lhd 5M
kbqmd
klxnf] kb
bf]>f] kb
t]>f] kb
rf}yf] kb
kfFrf} kb
kbk"lt{sf] lsl;d
sfo{Ifdtf
sfo{Ifdtf
cf=k|=÷cGt/;]jf
sfo{Ifdtf
sfo{Ifdtf
@=#=@ /fhkqflst t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflst t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f cg';f/ x'g] Aoj:yf 5
.
@=#=# /fhkq cg+lst kbsf] nflu
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
cg';f/ x'g] .
#= v'nf / ;dfj]zL tkm{sf] nflu
v'nf / ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ Ps} k6s jf dfu k6s–k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf @) -
aL;_ kb gk'u];Ddsf] cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / PSsfO{;f}+b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF
u0fgf ul/g] k|fjwfg 5 . @) kb ;Ddsf] kbrqm b]xfo adf]lhd 5M
19

kbqmd kb 5'l§g] lsl;d kbqmd kb 5'l§g] lsl;d
klxnf] v'nf P3f/fF} ;dfj]zL
bf]>f] ;dfj]zL Affx|f}F v'nf
t]>f] v'nf t]x|f}F ;dfj]zL
rf}yf] ;dfj]zL rf}wfF} v'nf
kfFrfF} v'nf kGw|f}F ;dfj]zL
5}7fF}F ;dfj]zL ;f]x|f}F v'nf
;ftfF} v'nf ;qf}F ;dfj]zL
cf7f} F ;dfj]zL c7f/fF} v'nf
gjf}F v'nf pGgfO;fF} ;dfj]zL
bzfF} v'nf aL;f}F v'nf
$= ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ljleGg ;d"xsf] nflu
;dfj]zLtk{m 5'§ofOPsf kbx?af6 ljleGg ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt a/fa/sf]
kb k|flKtsf] nflu Ps ;o kb ;dfj]zLtkm{ 5'6\ofOPsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;dfj]zLtk{m 5'§ofOPsf
kbx?af6 ljleGg ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] nflu slDtdf Ps kb k|fKt x'g] kbqmd ;+Vof
b]xfojdf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5M
dlxnf
cflbjf;L÷hghflt
dw]zL
blnt
klxnf]
bf]>f]
t]>f]
rf}yf]
ckfË gjf}F
lk5l8Psf] If]q t]x|fF}
%= ljleGg ;]jf, >]0fL / txdf k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] Ps rqm k"/fx'g] kb;+Vof
kbk"lt{ rqm k"/f x'g] kb;+Vof sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltztdf e/ kg]{ x'gfn] ;j} lghdtL, :jf:Yo /
Aoj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf, >]0fL / txsf] nflu kbrqm k"/f x'g] kb;+Vof klg km/s–km/s /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
20

qm=;+= ;]jf
>]0fL÷tx÷;d"x
! lghfdtL /fhkqf+lst !)
@ lghfdtL /fhkq cg+lst %
# lghfdtL v'nf / ;dfj]zL @)
$ lghfdtL ;dfj]zL ;d"xx? !))
% :jf:Yo gjf}F / P3f/f}F !)
^ :jf:Yo 5}7f}F @
& :jf:Yo kfFrf}F @
* Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;j} >]0fL %
( Aoj:yflksf–;+;b v'nf / ;dfj]zL @)
!) Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;dfj]zL ;d"xx? !))
^= k'gM kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf
Ps rqm k"/f x'g]
kb;+Vof
Psk6s kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg k|sfzg eO;s]kl5 b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf To:tf]
kbsf] ;d]t k'gM kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ul/G5 -lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf (_ M
s= b/vf:t g} gk/]sf],
v= k/LIffdf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ pkl:yt gePsf],
u= lnlvt k/LIffdf s'g} pDd]bjf/ pQL0f{ x'g g;s]sf],
3= cfjZos ;+Vofdf pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z gePsf],
ª= kbk"lt{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] t/ ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/n] lgo'lQm glnPsf] / ;f]
kbdf l;kmfl/z ug{ j}slNks pDd]bjf/ klg gePsf] Pj+
r= cbfntsf] cfb]z jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] lj1fkg /2 jf vf/]h ePsf] .
&= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ePsf cGo k|fjwfg tyf cfof]usf lg0f{ox?
!_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|fKt kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ kbf]Gglt If]q (Promotion
Zone) nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;f] If]qleq kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ kbx?sf] Psd'i6 k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
@_ /fhkqf+lst kbsf] xsdf cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{non], /fhkq cg+lst kbx?sf] xsdf
cfof]usf] ;DjlGwt If]qLo lgb]{zgfno÷c~rn sfof{non] / clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ePsf
21

kbx?sf] xsdf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/Ln] dfu ePsf kbx?sf] 5'§f5'§} clen]v /fVg] /
k|rlnt P]gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
#_ s'g} sfof{non] kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu ubf{ ljutdf cfˆgf] sfof{nodf l/Qm ePsf kbsf
;DjGwdf cl3 ePsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL Joxf]/f clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ .
$_ /fhkq cg+lst kbsf] xsdf s'g sfof{nosf] l/Qm kbdf v'nfåf/f / s'g sfof{nosf]
kbdf j9'jfåf/f l;kmfl/z x'g] eGg] s'/f k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ g} pNn]v ug]{ . o;/L
lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfof]usf] ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf] dfu btf{ lstfjdf dfu ePsf kbx?sf]
k|fKt ePsf] ldltsf] cfwf/df h]i7tf sfod u/L h'g kb h'g qmd;+Vofdf btf{ x'G5,
To;nfO{ Tolt g} kb;+Vof dfu ePsf] 7fgL dfly pNn]v ePsf] ;"q cg';f/ v'nf /
j9'jfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] u/L 5'6\ofpg] .
%_ dfu btf{ lstfjdf kb btf{ ubf{ sfof{nosf] d"n btf{ lstfjdf btf{ ePsf] ldltsf]
Ho]i7tfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] .
^_ cfof]usf] If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / c~rn sfof{nox?df dfu btf{ ubf{ s'g} sfof{nojf6 Ps
k6sdf PseGbf j9L kbsf] dfu ePdf k|To]s kbnfO{ 5'§f5'§} qmd;+Vof lbO{ btf{ ug]{ .
&_ ztk|ltzt kb Pp6} k|lqmofjf6 -;j} v'nfåf/f jf ;j} j9'jfåf/f_ k"lt{ ul/g] kbsf] xsdf
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul//xg' gkg]{, t/ clen]v eg] /fVg' kg]{ .
*_ a9'jf tkm{ tNnf] kb g} gx'g] jf ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ g} gx'g] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;j} kbx?df
sfg"g jdf]lhd g} k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldlt;Dd klg b/vf:t
gk/]df a9'jftkm{sf kbx? ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df g} v'nftkm{ ;dfj]z u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{
Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .
(_ ;dfj]zL ;d"xtkm{ bf]>f] k6s lj1fkg x'Fbf ;d]t ;f] ;d"xaf6 s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6
x'g g;s] pSt kb v'nftkm{ n}hfg' kg]{df ;f] jif{ pSt kbsf] lj1fkg g} gePsf] cj:yfdf
pSt kb To;kl5 nuQ} x'g] lj1fkgdf ;f]em} v'nftkm{ ;dfj]z ug]{ .
!)_ kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ePsf] Ps jif{;Dd klg a9'jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g} sf/jfxL cf/De
gul/Psf] xsdf k'gM kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
*= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
!_ clGtd 38Ldf dfq dfu kb ;+Vof k|fKt x'g] .
@_ Pp6} kbsf] nflu k6s–k6s u/L dfu k|fKt x'g] .
#_ lj1fkg cl3 yf]/} dfu x'g] t/ !$ lbgleq z'? dfu kb ;+Vof eGbf sofF} u'0ffj9L
kb k|fKt x'g] .
22

$_
;dfj]zLtk{m ljut jif{x?df lj1fkg eO{ 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf kbx?sf] clen]v
/fVg] sfd emGeml6nf] x'b} uPsf] .
%_ dfu ug]{ lgsfox?n] l/St kb dfu u/]sf] cfwf/df k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul/g] t/
sltko cj:yfdf k|ltzt lgwf{/0f eO;s]kl5 dfu /2 ug{ k7fpg] x'gfn] k'gM
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L/xg' k/]sf] .
^_
sltko kbx?df tNnf] kb / ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ gx'g] t/ sfg"gdf Aoj:yf
ePsf]n] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug'{ k/]sf] .
&_ /fhkqf+lst kbdf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnon] l/St kbsf] dfu u/]sf] jf]wfy{
kq cfof]udf k|fKt x'g] t/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfno / ;+;b ;lrjfnoaf6 lgwf{l/t ;dodf dfu k|fKt gx'g] .
*_
/fhkqf+lst kbdf k|fKt x'g] dfu cfs[lt kmf/ddf cflwsfl/s kbflwsf/Lsf]
b:tvt gx'g] .
(_ dfu ug]{ ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbgfd gldnfO{ dfu eO{ cfpg] .
!)_
!!_
cfk"mnfO{ cg's'n x'g] u/L k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul/lbg obfsbf bjfj ;d]t cfpg]
u/]sf] .
j9'jf If]qsf] kl/efiffdf Ps?ktf gx'Fbf k|ltzt lgwf{/0fdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g]
u/]sf] .
!@_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ldltdf Ps?ktf gePsf] .
!#_ /fhkq cg+lsttk{m k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ g} sfof{no tf]Sg' kg]{ ljifodf Ps?ktf
gePsf] .
(= ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
!_ tNnf] kb gx'g] kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ j9'jftk{m kb 5'6\ofpg gkg]{ sfg"gL
Aoj:yf x'g kg]{,
@_ rf}w lbgleq kbyk ug]{ k|fjwfg x6fpg' kg]{,
#_
;dfj]zLtk{m klxnf] jif{ 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf kbx? ;f]xL jif{ g} v'nftk{m n}hfg]
sfg"gL Aoj:yf x'g'kg]{, olb ;f] jif{ v'nftk{m lj1fkg g} gePsf] /x]5 eg] nuQ}
x'g] lj1fkgdf v'nf -%%Ü_ dfu ug]{,
$_ l/St kbsf] dfu ug]{ lgsfox?n] lj1fkg k|sfzg ug]{ ldlteGbf slDtdf Ps
dlxgfcufj} dfu cfs[lt kmf/d k7fpg' kg]{,
23

%_
cfof]usf sfof{nox?af6 la1fkg k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fpg] lj1fkg slDtdf Ps
xKtfcufl8 s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k7fpg],
^_ dfu ug]{ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbgfd gldn]df ;f]
kbsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f gug]{,
&_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL ;ˆ6j]o/ lgdf{0f ug]{,
*_ /fhkq cg+lst kbx?sf] a9'jftk{msf kbx?sf] lj1fkg ;d]t cfof]un] ug]{,
(_
!)_
lj1fkg k|sfzg ug{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ldlteGbf Ps dlxgfcufl8b]lv dfq k|ltzt
lgwf{/0fsf] sfd z'? ug]{, Pj+
/fhkq cg+lstsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{sf jvtd} s'g sfof{nosf] kb s'g tl/sf
/ ;d"xaf6 k"lt{ x'g] xf] ;f] ;d]t tf]Sg] .
24

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cf=j= @)^(÷)&)sf] nflu :jLs[t u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL jflif{s sfo{tflnsf
qm=
;+=
>]0fL÷tx kbk"lt{sf] lsl;d k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
lj1fkg÷;"rgf
k|sfzg
k/LIff
;~rfng
ln=k=glthf
cGtj{ft{f
/ l;kmfl/;
v'nf / cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
d+;L/ df3÷kmfu'g kmfu'g÷r}t
!=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf
k|fljlws / ck|fljlws kbx?
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf
sf=;=tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] ;dfof]hg
ebf}÷c;f]h
c;f]h, clGtd
j'wjf/
@=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst låtLo
>]0fLsf k|fljlws / ck|fljlws kbx? Pj+
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] P3f/f}+ / gjf}+ tx
v'nf / cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf
sf=;=tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] ;dfof]hg
ebf}÷c;f]h
c;f]h, clGtd
j'wjf/
k'; kmfu'g÷r}t r}t÷j}zfv
#=
$=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo
>]0fLsf k|fljlws kbx? / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf
5}6f}+, ;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ txsf kbx?
ljleGg ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo
>]0fLsf ck|fljlws kbx?
v'nf / cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf
sf=;=tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] ;dfof]hg
k|f/lDes
cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
v'nf k|ltof]lutf
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf
c;f]h÷sflt{s
sflt{s÷d+;L/
sflt{s, clGtd
j'wjf/
;fpg, klxnf]
j'wjf/
d+;L/, clGtd
j'wjf/
df3÷kmfu'g r}t÷j}zfv j}zfv÷h]7
ebf} c;f]h÷sflt{s —
kmfu'g÷r}t h]7÷c;f/ c;f/÷;fpg
sf=;=tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] ;dfof]hg
v'nf k|ltof]lutf
j}zfv c;f/÷;fpg ;fpg÷ebf}
%=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /f=k=cg+lst k|yd
>]0fLsf ck|fljlws kbx?
sf=;=tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] ;dfof]hg÷ sf=If=d"= åf/f a9'jf
d+;L/÷k';
k';, clGtd
j'wjf/
^=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /f=k=cg+lst k|yd
>]0fLsf k|fljlws kbx? / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
kfFrf+}+ txsf kbx?
v'nf k|ltof]lutf
sf=;=tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] ;dfof]hg÷ sf=If=d"= åf/f a9'jf
k';÷df3
df3, clGtd
j'wjf/
j}zfv ;fpg÷ebf} ebf}÷c;f]h
&=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /f=k=cg+lst låtLo
>]0fLsf ck|fljlws kbx?
v'nf / cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
df3÷kmfu'g
kmfu'g, clGtd
j'wjf/
h]7 ebf}÷c;f]h c;f]h÷sflt{s
*=
ljleGg ;]jfsf /f=k=cg+lst låtLo
>]0fLsf k|fljlws kbx? / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf
rf}yf] txsf kbx?
v'nf / cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
kmfu'g÷r}q
r}q, clGtd
j'wjf/
h]7 ebf}÷c;f]h c;f]h÷sflt{s
(= 6fOlki6 cf=k|= åf/f a9'jf
;fpg, clGtd
j'wjf/
c;f]h÷sflt{
s
sflt{s÷d+;L/
sflt{s÷d+;L/
25