book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8sf] cf}lrTo ah]6 sf]8sf] ;fGble{stf / cf}lrTonfO{ ljleGg kf6f]af6 x]g{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ oxf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 :yflkt Jofjxfl/s kIfdf dfq hf]8 lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;a}h;f] sfo{sf] ;dGjo jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ul//x]sf] ePtfklg cGo ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+u k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . tL sfo{qmdx? jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] sfddf ;d]l6g] cj:yf 5}g . To:t} cg';Gwfg jf ljsf; lgdf{0f h:tf cGo lzif{s cGtu{tsf ljsf; sfo{leq hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ul/Psf sfo{df ePsf] nufgL af/] hfgsf/L pknJw x'g sl7g 5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / lghL If]qn] ub{} cfPsf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s]lGb|t sfo{ klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sfo{;"rLdf ;d]6\g ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . kmntM hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf s] slt nufgL ePsf] 5 / x'g' cfjZos 5 eGg] olsg ug{] :ki6 cfwf/ 5}g . ah]6 ljj/0fdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sfo{qmdx? :ki6 gb]lvg] x'Fbf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf If]qdf ePsf nufgLsf] cg'udgdf sl7gfO{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ cfufdL aif{x?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf If]qdf nufgLsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{} of]hgf th{'df ug{ sl7gfO /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljsf;sf ;a} If]qnfO{ c;/ ug{ ] / tL c;/x? Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt / cfwfl/t ;d]t x'g] ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;d'bfo nufot ;+:yfx?sf] cg's'ng Ifdtf clea[lWb ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf tL If]q jLrsf ;DaGwsf af/]df ;"rgf / hfgsf/L a9fpFb} n}hfg'kg{] x'G5 . s'g s'g ;+:yf jf ;+:yfsf s'g s'g sfo{qmd hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s]lGb|t 5g\ jf cfufdL lbgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s;/L s]lGb|t x'b} hfg]5g\ eGg] af/] hfgsf/L pknJw x'g ;s]df cg's'ng Ifdtf clea[lWbsf ;fy} nufgL ;dGjodf ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jftfj/0fsf sfo{qmdsf aLr /x]sf] leGgtf olsg u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf dfq ePsf] vr{ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/sf] ljsf; ug{' klg TolQs} h?/L x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu æhnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8Æ sf] k|of]u ug{' dgfl;j x'g] ePsf] / pQm sf]8sf] k|of]un] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{df ePsf] nufgLsf] cg'udg tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8sf] k|of]u cfjZos x'g cfPsf] 5 . hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8n] ;Daf]wg ug{] ljifox? hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8sf] k|of]un] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf cfOkg{] cfly{s bfloTjsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg k|Zgx?nfO ;Daf]wg ug{ ;3fpg] 5 M • s] s:tf] vr{nfO hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf] vr{ dfGg] < 60
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k"FhLut vr{ jf ;fna;fnL vr{nfO hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf] vr{ dfGg] ls gdfGg] < • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu x'g] vr{ :YffgLo:t/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 5}g s;/L olsg ug{] < • If]qut -;]S6/jfOh_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{nfO{ s;/L cl3 a9fpg] < • hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{sf] nflu s]Gb|df cfjZos ;dGjonfO{ s;/L ;/n agfpg] < • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsfnflu ul/g] nufgLnfO lbuf] agfpg cfjZos cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{ s;/L xfdf{]gfOH8 ug{] < hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx? s] s:tf sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf ;+jf]wg ub{5 eGg] ljifodf /fli6o ?kdf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gePsf]n] ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ePsf nufgL sfo{qmdx? hnjfo'd}qL -Climate Resilient_ eP jf ePgg\ eGg ;lsg] l:ylt xfn ;Dd gePsfn] /fli6o of]hgf cfo]uaf6 ul7t sfo{bnn] cGt/fli6o k|rng, l;4fGt tyf xfd|} /fli6o kl/j]zsf cfwf/df lgDg sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt sfo{dfgL tL sfo{qmx?df x'g] jf ePsf] vr{nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf] vr{ dfgL æhnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8Æ k|of]u ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof], h;nfO{ cfof]un] lg0f{o u/L cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf pkof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5 . != k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf xl/ofnL clea[lWb ug]{ sfo{qmd . @= e"pkof]u of]hgf tyf hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO y]Ug;Sg] (resilient) ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lasf;sfo{qmd . #= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf b]vfkg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{qmd . $= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 vt/fdf k/]sf lhj (endangered species) / h}ljs ljljwtf %= xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g sd ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] kmf]x/d}nf Aoa:yfkg ug]{ sfo{qmd . ^= phf{, l;+rfO{ / :jR5 vfg]kflgsf nfuL hn;|f]tsf] bLuf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd . &= vfB :jR5tf tyf ;'/Iff ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmd . 61
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107 and 108: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
- Page 109 and 110: dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn
- Page 111 and 112: agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
- Page 113 and 114: sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt
- Page 115 and 116: kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f sfo{Ifdtfs
- Page 117 and 118: @=! lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k"FhLut vr{ jf ;fna;fnL vr{nfO hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf<br />
ePsf] vr{ dfGg] ls gdfGg] <<br />
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu x'g] vr{ :YffgLo:t/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 5}g s;/L olsg ug{] <<br />
• If]qut -;]S6/jfOh_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{nfO{ s;/L cl3 a9fpg] <<br />
• hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{sf] nflu s]Gb|df cfjZos ;dGjonfO{ s;/L ;/n agfpg] <<br />
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsfnflu ul/g] nufgLnfO lbuf] agfpg cfjZos cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{<br />
s;/L xfdf{]gfOH8 ug{] <<br />
hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx?<br />
s] s:tf sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf ;+jf]wg ub{5 eGg]<br />
ljifodf /fli6o ?kdf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gePsf]n] ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ePsf nufgL sfo{qmdx?<br />
hnjfo'd}qL -Climate Resilient_ eP jf ePgg\ eGg ;lsg] l:ylt xfn ;Dd gePsfn] /fli6o<br />
of]hgf cfo]uaf6 ul7t sfo{bnn] cGt/fli6o k|rng, l;4fGt tyf xfd|} /fli6o kl/j]zsf cfwf/df<br />
lgDg sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt sfo{dfgL tL sfo{qmx?df x'g] jf ePsf] vr{nfO{<br />
hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf] vr{ dfgL æhnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8Æ k|of]u ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf]<br />
lyof], h;nfO{ cfof]un] lg0f{o u/L cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf pkof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5 .<br />
!= k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf xl/ofnL clea[lWb ug]{ sfo{qmd .<br />
@= e"pkof]u of]hgf tyf hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO y]Ug;Sg] (resilient) ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]<br />
lasf;sfo{qmd .<br />
#= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf b]vfkg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ /f]syfd tyf<br />
lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{qmd .<br />
$= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 vt/fdf k/]sf lhj (endangered species) / h}ljs ljljwtf<br />
%= xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g sd ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] kmf]x/d}nf Aoa:yfkg ug]{ sfo{qmd .<br />
^= phf{, l;+rfO{ / :jR5 vfg]kflgsf nfuL hn;|f]tsf] bLuf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd .<br />
&= vfB :jR5tf tyf ;'/Iff ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmd .<br />
61
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