book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
;xof]udf cy{ dGqfnon] ljBdfg ah]6 ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{] k|of; eof] . To; ;do ;j} sfo{qmd vr{df ljlgof]hgsf cfwf/, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkjLr ;DaGw :yfkgf / ah]6/L ;"rgfsf] k|jfx h:tf kIfnfO{ :ki6 kl/Psf] lyof] eg] ljifout dGqfnox?df Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ah]6sf] lgb] {zsf lgdf{0fsf sfd ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ng efu ! kl5 s]xL ;dosf nflu o; cleofgn] lg/Gt/tf kfPg . cf7f}F of]hgf cjlwb]lv pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjwf/0ff cg'?k ;fj{hlgs If]q k'g;+/rgfsf] sfo{n] dxTj kfof] eg] gjf} of]hgf cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf d'2fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOof] . ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Psn p2]ZonfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] bzf} of]hgfsf] cleGg cª\usf] ?kdf cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ lnOPkl5 eg] aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfjlws of]hgfsf] /0fgLltaLr cfj4tf :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ eof] . o; cjlwb]lv aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf sfo{qmdx?n] ul/jL lgjf/0fdf slt of]ubfg ub{5g\ eGg] lgSof} {nsf nflu k|:tfljt ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf /0fgLlts ;ª\s]t (Strategic code) / ul/aL ;ª\s]t (Pro-poor code) /fVg] / o;}sf] cfwf/df ;dli6ut cfly{s pknlJw / ;fwg ljlgof]hgaLrsf] ;DaGw ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ x'g yfNof] . tLg aifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ af6 eg] csf]{ Ps ah]6 ;ª\s]t yk u/L jfli{fs sfo{qmd / ljlgof]hgsf] dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf kg]{ gLlt c;/ ljZn]if0fsf nflu n}lª\us ;ª\s]t (Gender Code) nfO{ klg k|of]udf Nofpg yflnPsf] 5 . oL ;ª\s]tn] /fli6«o nufgL / /0fgLlts k|fyldstfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . ;fy} oL ah]6 ;ª\s]taf6 ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf gLlt sfo{qmdsf] k|efj / eljiodf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ (Input) k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . o;n] ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf gLlt sfo{qmd / k|ltj4tfdf ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;d]t cfwf/ lbG5 . kl/0ffdtM ah]6nfO{ jf:tljs agfpg] ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ;d]t ah]6 sf]8nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|s[ltdfly dfgj cltqmd0fsf] :jfefljs k|ltlqmofsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . w/ltsf] ;Lldt ef/jfxg Ifdtfdfly dfgj cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfksf] cljj]szLntfn] ubf{ x'g] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gsf sf/0f hLjg ;xof]u k|0ffnLsf ?kdf /x]sf] jfo'd08ndf tfkdfg a9\b} uPsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfk a9\g] qmd;+u} To;sf] jftfj/0fLo Ifltk"lt{sf pko'Qm k|ljlw gckgfpFbf of] qmd lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] cTolws bf]xg u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f k|ljlwnfO{ k|s[lt;Ddt k|of]u ul/Pg . h;sf sf/0f ;d:t k|f0fLhutsf] jIf:yn k[YjL / o;sf] jftfj/0f jfo'd08ndf lg/Gt/ tfkdfg a[l4 x'guO{ jfo'd08nsf :jfefljs k|lqmofx? lju|b} uPsf] 5g\ . of] klg elg/xg' kb} {g, o;sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x? g} x'g . pgLx?sf k|To]s cfly{s 56
lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{df p2t 5g\ / o;sf] hf]lvd eg] sd ljsl;t / ljkGg d'n'sx?n] p7fpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;k|lt ljZjJofkL g}lts bjfj ljZj;d'bfon] lbg g;Sbf eljio emg} cWof/f] eP/ uPsf] 5 . kmntM hd{gL, cd]l/sfh:tf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?sf] k|ultsf] df/ xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sn] ;xg' k/]sf] 5 . k|To]s ljklQsf] klxnf] df/ u/Lj / lakGgdfly kb{5 . ;Defljt ljkQL / hf]lvd jxgsf] k"j{;fjwfgL ljkGgx?sf] Ifdtfsf] ljifo xf]Og . To;}n] ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ljkGg / u/Lj /fi6«x?nfO{ lbPsf] pkxf/sf ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gh:tf] k|fs[lts ljkQLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cGo k|fs[lts ljkQL 36gfsf ?kdf cfp5, Psk6s cfPkl5 To;af6 p4f/ ug]{ nufotsf ljkQL Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf klg ;xh ?kdf cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g h:tf] …lg/Gt/ k|fs[lts k|lqmofÚ nfO{ ;fwg, ;|f]t / Ifdtf Go"g ePsf d'n'sx?n] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] ljs/fn r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5 . of] s]xL s/f]8 8n/ ;xof]u lbP/ ;dfwfg x'g] ljifo klg xf]Og . t/ ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4sf sf/s /fi6«x? o;nfO{ k'g bofsf] bfgdfkm{t ck/fwaf6 kl~5g vf]Hb}5g\ . To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f s]xL cl3 ;DkGg sf]k !% / !^ sf] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf klg b]lvof] . . of] jf Tof] jxfgfdf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]vLd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;fFRr} k|ltj4 b]lvPgg\ . lgwf{x?sf] :j/ klg jlnof] b]lvPg, Plss[t klg b]lvPg . jfo'd08ndf a9]sf] tfkdfgn] g]kfnL hghLjgdf uDeL/ c;/ kb} {5 . klxnf] c;/sf ?kdf tfntn}of ;'Sg] k|j[QL b]lvPsf] 5 . lxdgbLx? cNksfndf a9\b} uPklg s]xL jif{kl5 hj lxdfn sfnf] aGg]5, To;kl5 hn cfotg / jxfj klg 36\g] 5 . o;n] vfg]kfgL, hnljB't tyf l;rfOh:tf hnpkof]usf If]qdf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{5 . o;sf] c;/ s[lif pTkfbg, vfB ;'/Iff tyf dxfdf/L nufotsf ;+qmd0fx?df b]lvg] 5 . ;fy} df};dsf] :jefj kl/jt{g x'g u} ;'Vvf, cltj[li6, jf9L–k}¥xf]h:tf k|sf]kx? klg a9\g]5g\ . hf]vLd If]qdf /xg] ;LdfGt s[ifs, u/Lj tyf ljkGgsf j;f]jf;, v]tLk|0ffnL, hLjg lgjf{xnfO{ w]/} k|efj kfg] {5 . o;n] cGttM jg ljgf; / e"IfonfO{ a9fjf lbO{ k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng ljufg{ yk rfk k}bf ug] {5 . clxn] g} xfdLn] dxz"; ul//x]sf 5f} ls k|To]s jif{ udL{sf lbgsf] ;+Vof a9\b} 5 / jif{ tyf dg;"gsf] k|s[lt km]l/b} 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g /f]Sg ;lsb}g . o;af6 kg{;Sg] k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f cg's"ngtf a9fpg jfx]s xfdL;+u c? ljsNk klg 5}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg{;Sg] k|efjdf hLjg k|0ffnLnfO{ cg's"n agfpb} hfg cg's"ng xf] . h:tf] ls tfkdfg j[l4sf sf/0f sf7df8f}{df ;'Gtnfsf ;§f cfFk / pi0f k|b]zLo kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5, lxdfnL If]qdf dWo kxf8df clxn] nufO{ /x]sf] wfg ds} nufotsf km;nsf] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . kfgLsf ;|f]tx? l/QLg] ePsfn] jif{sf] kfgL ;ª\sng u/]/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} df};d cg's"nsf v]tL, ag:klt / kz' hftLk|hftL ljsf; u/]/ To;nfO{ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ljsf; cfof]hgfx?df k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? 57
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107 and 108: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
- Page 109 and 110: dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn
- Page 111 and 112: agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
- Page 113 and 114: sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt
;xof]udf cy{ dGqfnon] ljBdfg ah]6 ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{] k|of; eof] . To; ;do ;j}<br />
sfo{qmd vr{df ljlgof]hgsf cfwf/, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkjLr ;DaGw :yfkgf / ah]6/L<br />
;"rgfsf] k|jfx h:tf kIfnfO{ :ki6 kl/Psf] lyof] eg] ljifout dGqfnox?df Ifdtf ljsf;sf<br />
sfo{qmd ah]6sf] lgb] {zsf lgdf{0fsf sfd ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ng efu ! kl5 s]xL<br />
;dosf nflu o; cleofgn] lg/Gt/tf kfPg . cf7f}F of]hgf cjlwb]lv pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjwf/0ff<br />
cg'?k ;fj{hlgs If]q k'g;+/rgfsf] sfo{n] dxTj kfof] eg] gjf} of]hgf cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs vr{<br />
Joj:yfkgsf d'2fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOof] . ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Psn<br />
p2]ZonfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] bzf} of]hgfsf] cleGg cª\usf] ?kdf cfof]hgf<br />
k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ lnOPkl5 eg] aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfjlws of]hgfsf] /0fgLltaLr cfj4tf<br />
:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ eof] . o; cjlwb]lv aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf sfo{qmdx?n]<br />
ul/jL lgjf/0fdf slt of]ubfg ub{5g\ eGg] lgSof} {nsf nflu k|:tfljt ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf<br />
/0fgLlts ;ª\s]t (Strategic code) / ul/aL ;ª\s]t (Pro-poor code) /fVg] / o;}sf] cfwf/df<br />
;dli6ut cfly{s pknlJw / ;fwg ljlgof]hgaLrsf] ;DaGw ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ x'g yfNof] . tLg<br />
aifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ af6 eg] csf]{ Ps ah]6 ;ª\s]t yk u/L jfli{fs<br />
sfo{qmd / ljlgof]hgsf] dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf kg]{ gLlt c;/ ljZn]if0fsf nflu n}lª\us ;ª\s]t<br />
(Gender Code) nfO{ klg k|of]udf Nofpg yflnPsf] 5 . oL ;ª\s]tn] /fli6«o nufgL / /0fgLlts<br />
k|fyldstfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . ;fy} oL ah]6 ;ª\s]taf6 ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf gLlt<br />
sfo{qmdsf] k|efj / eljiodf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ (Input) k|fKt x'g]<br />
ub{5 . o;n] ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf gLlt sfo{qmd / k|ltj4tfdf ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{<br />
ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;d]t cfwf/ lbG5 . kl/0ffdtM ah]6nfO{ jf:tljs agfpg] ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ;d]t ah]6<br />
sf]8nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .<br />
hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/<br />
hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|s[ltdfly dfgj cltqmd0fsf] :jfefljs k|ltlqmofsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .<br />
w/ltsf] ;Lldt ef/jfxg Ifdtfdfly dfgj cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfksf] cljj]szLntfn] ubf{ x'g]<br />
xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gsf sf/0f hLjg ;xof]u k|0ffnLsf ?kdf /x]sf] jfo'd08ndf tfkdfg<br />
a9\b} uPsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfk a9\g] qmd;+u} To;sf] jftfj/0fLo Ifltk"lt{sf pko'Qm k|ljlw<br />
gckgfpFbf of] qmd lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s k|lt:kwf{sf<br />
sf/0f k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] cTolws bf]xg u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f k|ljlwnfO{<br />
k|s[lt;Ddt k|of]u ul/Pg . h;sf sf/0f ;d:t k|f0fLhutsf] jIf:yn k[YjL / o;sf] jftfj/0f<br />
jfo'd08ndf lg/Gt/ tfkdfg a[l4 x'guO{ jfo'd08nsf :jfefljs k|lqmofx? lju|b} uPsf] 5g\ .<br />
of] klg elg/xg' kb} {g, o;sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x? g} x'g . pgLx?sf k|To]s cfly{s<br />
56
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