book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cfr/0fx?sf] cltl/Qm ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cfjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg sfg"g adf]lhdsf] uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ljifo ;w} uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_ o;}u/L cGo ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff u/]sf JolQmsf] nflu ;DalGwt dGqfnon] kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f jgfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ljb]zl:yt a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng' rfxg] kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Ln] vftf vf]Ng kgf{sf] sf/0f;lxt d'Vo ;lrjn] eP k|wfgdGqL;dIf, ;lrjn] eP d'Vo ;lrj;dIf / ;lrj dftxt lgsfosf cGo kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Ln] eP ;DalGwt ;lrj;dIf lgj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] b]xfosf] cfj:yfdf eg] :jLs[lt lnOg/xg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #@ sf] pkbkmf -@__ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]gog eO{ jf k"j{ :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L cWoog jf tflnddf efu lng ljb]z uPsf] ePdf, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ uPsf] ePdf, ;/sf/L sfd sfh ug{ ljb]zdf vl6uPsf] ePdf . %= k'/:sf/ ;DjGwL Joj:yf s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbFbf jf k'/:sf/sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ b]xfosf] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -lgodfjnLsf] lgod *_ sfo{k|s[of ;/nLs/0f u/L ;]jf k|jfx l56f]5l/tf] jgfpg of]ubfg u/]sf], ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;DaGwdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f ;sf/fTds /x]sf], /fhZj a[l4sf] nflu pNn]vgLo sfd u/]sf], k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /xL tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L eGbf a9L sfo{ s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg u/]sf], ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv s'g} ljefuLo ;hfo gkfPsf] . k'/:sf/sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] sd{rf/L s] s:tf] sf/0faf6 k'/:sf/sf] nflu of]Uo ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] :ki6 sf/0f / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ v'nfpg' kg]{5 / cfjZostf cg';f/ To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;lsg] . 52
^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfo{fno k|d'vn] ;f] x}l;otdf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf tyf ;f] x}l;otn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/] afkt kfpg] cGo ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $)_ &= pk;xf/ sfo{:ynsf] pTk|]/0ffn] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/df0f / kl/0ffd b'j}sf] clej[lå ug{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 . pTk|]/0ffnfO{ afXo / cfGtl/s u/L b'O{j6f :j?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . jfXo pTk|]0ffn] Ps lglZrt ;Ldf kf/ ul/;s]kl5 cfGtl/s pTk| ]/0ff jfXo pTk| ]/0ffsf] t'ngfdf j9L k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg] s'/f ljleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g . ljleGg k|sf/sf u}/df}lb|s pTk| ]/s tTjx?n] sd{rf/LnfO{ :j–Aoa:yfkg ug{df 6]jf k'¥ofpF5g / cGttf]uTjf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmdf cfGtl/s pTk| ]/0ff pTkGg u/fpF5g . o:tf u}/df}lb|s tTjx?df :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ d"Nof+sg, :ki6 / dfkgof]Uo ;"rsf+s, sfo{k|lqmof / sfo{glthfdf kf/blz{tf, sd{rf/L / ;'k/Lj]IfsjLrsf] :ki6 sfo{;DaGw, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lzi6Aojxf/ k|bz{g ul/g] sfo{;+:s[lt / sfo{d}qL jftfj/0f, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / hafkmb]lxtfsf] ;':ki6 Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df k'/:s[t / bl08t ug]{ kf/bzL{ / dfkgof]Uo k|0ffnL, k|efjsf/L u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg ;+oGq cflbsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfng ;DjGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Aoj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ b]zsf] d"nsfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] / o:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] Aoa:yf u/] cg'?k b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf d"ntM lghfdtL ;]jf, P]g @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) åf/f lgb]{lzt 5, tyflk ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{ sfo{, lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/L lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g gkfpg] Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf+s lgdf{0f ug' {kg]{ k|fjwfg, sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmof / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf, gful/s j8f kqsf] Aoa:yf Pj+ u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg / gful/s ;'g'jfOsf] Aoa:yf nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO dof{lbt, cg'zfl;t / st{Jolgi7 agfpg'df ljz]if e"ldsf /xg] dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? ;dflji6 ePsf] ;'zf;g -Aoa:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf cfGtl/s pTk|]/s tTjx?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu gLltut Aoa:yf u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . s'g}klg ;'wf/sf] nflu gLltut Aoa:yf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}gÙ o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / sfo{Gjog:t/sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg klg lgtfGt cfjZos x'g] oyfy{nfO{ eg] lj;{g ;lsb}g . 53
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107 and 108: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
- Page 109 and 110: dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn
^= ;]jf ;'ljwf<br />
k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfo{fno<br />
k|d'vn] ;f] x}l;otdf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf tyf ;f] x}l;otn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/] afkt kfpg]<br />
cGo ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $)_<br />
&= pk;xf/<br />
sfo{:ynsf] pTk|]/0ffn] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/df0f / kl/0ffd b'j}sf] clej[lå ug{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg<br />
k'¥ofpFb5 . pTk|]/0ffnfO{ afXo / cfGtl/s u/L b'O{j6f :j?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . jfXo pTk|]0ffn] Ps<br />
lglZrt ;Ldf kf/ ul/;s]kl5 cfGtl/s pTk| ]/0ff jfXo pTk| ]/0ffsf] t'ngfdf j9L k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg]<br />
s'/f ljleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g . ljleGg k|sf/sf u}/df}lb|s pTk| ]/s tTjx?n] sd{rf/LnfO{<br />
:j–Aoa:yfkg ug{df 6]jf k'¥ofpF5g / cGttf]uTjf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmdf cfGtl/s pTk| ]/0ff<br />
pTkGg u/fpF5g . o:tf u}/df}lb|s tTjx?df :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ d"Nof+sg, :ki6 /<br />
dfkgof]Uo ;"rsf+s, sfo{k|lqmof / sfo{glthfdf kf/blz{tf, sd{rf/L / ;'k/Lj]IfsjLrsf] :ki6<br />
sfo{;DaGw, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lzi6Aojxf/ k|bz{g ul/g] sfo{;+:s[lt / sfo{d}qL jftfj/0f, clwsf/<br />
k|Tofof]hg / hafkmb]lxtfsf] ;':ki6 Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df k'/:s[t / bl08t ug]{<br />
kf/bzL{ / dfkgof]Uo k|0ffnL, k|efjsf/L u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg ;+oGq cflbsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 .<br />
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfng ;DjGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Aoj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ b]zsf]<br />
d"nsfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# n] g]kfn ;/sf/n]<br />
d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]<br />
/ o:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] Aoa:yf u/]<br />
cg'?k b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf d"ntM lghfdtL ;]jf, P]g @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)<br />
åf/f lgb]{lzt 5, tyflk ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf d'Vo<br />
;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{<br />
sfo{, lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/L lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g gkfpg] Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf,<br />
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf+s lgdf{0f ug' {kg]{ k|fjwfg, sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmof / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofdf<br />
kf/blz{tf, gful/s j8f kqsf] Aoa:yf Pj+ u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg / gful/s ;'g'jfOsf] Aoa:yf<br />
nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO dof{lbt, cg'zfl;t / st{Jolgi7 agfpg'df ljz]if e"ldsf /xg]<br />
dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? ;dflji6 ePsf] ;'zf;g -Aoa:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g tyf lgodfjnLn]<br />
lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf cfGtl/s pTk|]/s tTjx?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu gLltut Aoa:yf u/]sf] dfGg<br />
;lsG5 . s'g}klg ;'wf/sf] nflu gLltut Aoa:yf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}gÙ o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog /<br />
sfo{Gjog:t/sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg klg lgtfGt cfjZos x'g] oyfy{nfO{ eg] lj;{g<br />
;lsb}g .<br />
53
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