book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
@=!=!! sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs o; P]g jdf]lhd s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs tf]lsP jdf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf] ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $@_ @=!=!@ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;lsg] k|To]s dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo Pj+ sfof{non] cfˆgf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df sDKo"6/Ls[t ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #&_ @=!=!# u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg k|To]s dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo Pj+ sfof{nodf ;f] dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo Pj+ sfof{non] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf tyf To;df x'g ;Sg] clgoldttfsf] ;DaGwdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf u'gf;f] k]l6sf /fVg' kg] { Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf #! df ul/Psf] 5 . @=!=!$ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;'ljwfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ k|zf;gtGqnfO{ ;]jfk|bfossf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf u'0f:t/Lo9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg eP jf gePsf] s'/fsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] Ps s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt u7g x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #*_ #= ;]jf k|jfx #=! gful/s a8fkq /fVg' kg]{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug] { k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf tf]lsP adf]lhd gful/s a8fkq /fVg' kg] { lgoddf ul/P cg'?k b]xfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @%_ • ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft, • ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf ;DaGwdf u/]sf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] kb / gfd, • ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] tfn's sfof{no / 6]lnkmf]g gDj/, 50
• ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx? . #=@ 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs jf j}olQmut ;/f]sf/ /xg] s'g} ;]jfnfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jfu|fxL /x]a;]sf] Onfsfdf g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do–;dodf tf]s]sf sfof{non] tf]lsP adf]lhd 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @^_ #=# zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL Joj:yf k|To]s dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{sf] u7g ul/g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @(_ $= kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfk"m kbdf axfn /xFbf jf h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cjsfz k|fKtn] ;d]t kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug' {kg{] Joj:yf ul/g'sf ;fy} To:tf JolQmn] cfkm" kbdf jxfn /xFbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug' {kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . -P]g sf] bkmf @#_ • cg'zf;gdf /xL OdfGbf/L / tTk/tfsf ;fy st{Jo kfng ug'{kg]{, • /fhgLlts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ gx'g], • /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ gx'g] • ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ gx'g] , • sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] uf]Kotf sfod ug'{kg]{, • tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dkfbgdf s'g} k|sf/n] c;/ kg{ ;Sg] u/L bfg, pkxf/, rGbf k|fKt ug{ / ;fk6L lng lbg gx'g], • sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf Jofkf/ Jofj;fo ug{ gx'g], • lgjf{rgdf s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] k|rf/ ug]{ / ;dy{s eO{ efu lng gx'g], • st{Jo kfng ubf{ zLi6 / dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ . 51
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107 and 108: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
• ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf,<br />
• Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx? .<br />
#=@ 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]<br />
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs jf j}olQmut ;/f]sf/ /xg] s'g} ;]jfnfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jfu|fxL /x]a;]sf]<br />
Onfsfdf g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do–;dodf tf]s]sf sfof{non] tf]lsP<br />
adf]lhd 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @^_<br />
#=# zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL Joj:yf<br />
k|To]s dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{sf] u7g ul/g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @(_<br />
$= kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf<br />
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfk"m kbdf axfn /xFbf jf h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cjsfz k|fKtn]<br />
;d]t kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug' {kg{] Joj:yf ul/g'sf ;fy} To:tf JolQmn] cfkm" kbdf<br />
jxfn /xFbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug' {kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . -P]g sf]<br />
bkmf @#_<br />
• cg'zf;gdf /xL OdfGbf/L / tTk/tfsf ;fy st{Jo kfng ug'{kg]{,<br />
• /fhgLlts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ gx'g],<br />
• /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ gx'g]<br />
• ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ gx'g] ,<br />
• sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] uf]Kotf sfod ug'{kg]{,<br />
• tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dkfbgdf s'g} k|sf/n] c;/ kg{ ;Sg] u/L bfg, pkxf/, rGbf k|fKt ug{<br />
/ ;fk6L lng lbg gx'g],<br />
• sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf Jofkf/ Jofj;fo ug{ gx'g],<br />
• lgjf{rgdf s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] k|rf/ ug]{ / ;dy{s eO{ efu lng gx'g],<br />
• st{Jo kfng ubf{ zLi6 / dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ .<br />
51
Change language