book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no / cGtu{t sfof{nosf /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf ug]{, • Hofb} pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfd ug]{ cfˆgf] sfof{nosf] sd{rf/LnfO{ u|]8 yk jf gub k'/:sf/sf nflu lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L ljefuLo k|d'v ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no cGtu{t ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] sfd lglZrt ;doleq ;DkGg ug{ nufpg], • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{noaf6 hg;fwf/0fnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], • tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ jf u/fpg] . P]gn] lglb{i6 pko'{SQ lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/St ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgdo ^ n] sfof{no k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 M • cfkm" jxfn /x]sf] sfof{no, dftxtsf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ?kdf :ynut lg/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], k|ult ljj/0f dfu ug] {, ;dLIff ug]{ / To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug]{ jf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg], • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] Pj+, • dftxt lgsfox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfd sf/afxLnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] . @=!=% cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg gx'g] o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug' {kg]{ kbflwsf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] jf o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd lgwf{l/t zt{ tyf cjlwleq ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @! 48
@=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfd cfk"m ;/xsf] jf cfˆgf] dftxtsf] cGo s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5g t/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq lghn] cfˆgf] kbLo lhDd]jf/Laf6 5"6 kfPsf] dflgg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @@ @=!=& c?sf] clwsf/df x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ Ps kbflwsf/Ln] csf]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L jf st{Jopk/ x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ## @=!=* c;n lgotn] u/]s]sf] sfdsf] arfp k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug{] kbflwsf/Ln] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ jf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ lghn] c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lghpk/ s'g} sf/afxL gx'g] Joj:yf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $#_ @=!=( sfo{ ;Dkfbg s/f/ ug{ ;lsg] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ s'g} sfd lglZrt cjlwleq ;Dkfbg ul/;Sg' kg]{ -k/km/d]G; sG6«fS6_ jf lglZrt kl/df0fsf] pknlAw x'g]u/L ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ePdf jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fn] k|fyldstf k|fKt s'g} sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug' {kg]{ ePdf s'g} kbflwsf/L;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/L To:tf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lghnfO{ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !(_ @=!=!) ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO u/fpg' kg]{]{]{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ If]qLo, c~rn, lhNnf jf :yfgLo :t/df sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ sfof{no k|d'vn] cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{nosf] sfd, sf/afxLnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg / ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] sfg"g;Ddt ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tf]lsP adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #)_ 49
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no / cGtu{t sfof{nosf /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps<br />
sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf ug]{,<br />
• Hofb} pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfd ug]{ cfˆgf] sfof{nosf] sd{rf/LnfO{ u|]8 yk jf gub<br />
k'/:sf/sf nflu lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L ljefuLo k|d'v ;dIf<br />
l;kmfl/; ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no cGtu{t ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] sfd lglZrt ;doleq<br />
;DkGg ug{ nufpg],<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{noaf6 hg;fwf/0fnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],<br />
• tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ jf u/fpg] .<br />
P]gn] lglb{i6 pko'{SQ lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/St ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%<br />
sf] lgdo ^ n] sfof{no k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 M<br />
• cfkm" jxfn /x]sf] sfof{no, dftxtsf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ?kdf :ynut<br />
lg/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], k|ult ljj/0f dfu ug] {, ;dLIff ug]{ / To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ b]lvPsf<br />
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug]{ jf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],<br />
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo,<br />
l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6<br />
hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{<br />
cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg],<br />
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]<br />
gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g<br />
cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt<br />
kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] Pj+,<br />
• dftxt lgsfox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfd sf/afxLnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] .<br />
@=!=% cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg gx'g]<br />
o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug' {kg]{ kbflwsf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] jf o;<br />
P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd lgwf{l/t zt{ tyf cjlwleq ;Dkfbg<br />
ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @!<br />
48
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