book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{noaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], • dftxt lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] . pNn]lvt lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt ;lrjn] hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ / cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfu]sf] cj:yfdf cBfjlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;lrasf] lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo x'g] Joxf]/f ;d]t pSQ lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf $_ @=!=# ljefuLo k|d'v ljefuLo k|d'v ;DalGwt ljefusf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L x'g]5 / ;f]xL x}l;otdf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 egL P]gsf] bkmf !@ n] df elgPsf] 5 . ljefuLo k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !@_ • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng, cfˆgf] dftxtdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lpk/ ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgoGq0f ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] sfd sf/afxL / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;'wf/ ub} { ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{non] sfof{Gjog ug] { s'g} sfg"g jf gLltdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;f]sf] sf/0f ;lxt ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf bIftfsf] :t/ lg/Gt/?kdf clej[l4 ug{ k|lzIf0f tyf tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfl;s, jflif{s jf cGo k|ltj]bg ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu cGtu{tsf /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / kb:yfkg ug]{ tyf sfh v6fpg], 46
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf s'g} sd{rf/Ln] cToGt pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfd u/]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/:j?k Ps u|]8;Dd yk lbg] jf Psk6sdf b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] Psd'i6 k'/:sf/ lbg] . P]gsf] bkmf !@ df plNnlvt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g - Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng _ lgodfjnL, @)^% ljefuLo k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{nosf] k|ult ljj/0f lng] jf lng nufpg], To;sf] ;dLIff ug] { jf u/fpg] / To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ jf u/fpFbf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug] {, :ynut lg/LIf0f ug] { jf u/fpg] jf tt\;DjGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg], • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfoaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], • dftxtsf lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] . @=!=$ sfof{no k|d'v k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm sfof{no k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 egL P]gsf] bkmf !# df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{;~rfng tyf ;f] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgoGq0f ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no / cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfh v6fpg], 47
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf<br />
jf sfof{noaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{<br />
eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf<br />
To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],<br />
• dftxt lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] .<br />
pNn]lvt lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt ;lrjn] hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ / cfk"m axfn /x]sf]<br />
dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n]<br />
dfu]sf] cj:yfdf cBfjlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;lrasf] lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo x'g] Joxf]/f<br />
;d]t pSQ lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf $_<br />
@=!=# ljefuLo k|d'v<br />
ljefuLo k|d'v ;DalGwt ljefusf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L x'g]5 / ;f]xL x}l;otdf cfˆgf]<br />
lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 egL P]gsf] bkmf !@ n] df elgPsf] 5 .<br />
ljefuLo k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo<br />
/ clwsf/sf cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !@_<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng, cfˆgf] dftxtdf /x]sf<br />
sd{rf/Lpk/ ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgoGq0f ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] sfd sf/afxL / sfo{ ;Dkfbg<br />
;DaGwL sfo{ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;'wf/ ub} { ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf<br />
k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{non] sfof{Gjog ug] { s'g} sfg"g jf gLltdf<br />
;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;f]sf] sf/0f ;lxt ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf bIftfsf]<br />
:t/ lg/Gt/?kdf clej[l4 ug{ k|lzIf0f tyf tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfl;s, jflif{s<br />
jf cGo k|ltj]bg ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu cGtu{tsf /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf /<br />
kb:yfkg ug]{ tyf sfh v6fpg],<br />
46
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