book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm ;lrjsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] Joxf]/f o; P]gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . • g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|ltkfbg ug'{kg]{ gLltsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt dGqLnfO{ ;3fpg], • ;DalGwt dGqLsf] lgb] {zg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cwLgdf /xL cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf gLltut ljifodf s'g} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt dGqL ;dIf ;f]sf] k|:tfj k]z ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{;~rfng, sd{rf/Lpk/ lgoGq0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf ljefu, sfof{no jf To:tf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no dftxtsf cGo lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLpk/ cfjZos ;'k/Lj]If0f jf lgoGq0f ug] { / cfjZostf cg';f/ lgb]{zg lbg], • g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg], • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfon] k|To]s dlxgf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg tf]lsP adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug]{, • dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] jflif{s sfo{qmd th'{df u/L dGqL ;dIf k]z ug] { / :jLs[t sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf ;fy} k|ult ;dLIff ug]{ u/fpg], • dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{noaf6 jif{el/df ;Dkfbg ul/Psf k|d'v sfd sf/afxLsf af/]df jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{, • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no jf ;f] cGtu{tsf /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf jf kb:yfkgf ug]{ jf sfh v6fpg], t/ Ps dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf cGo lgsfo jf ;f] cGt{utsf ljefu jf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ csf] { dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf lgsfo jf ;f] cGtu{tsf ljefu jf sfof{nodf ul/g] ;?jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 44
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePkl5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L tTsfn ;DalGwt dGqLnfO{ u/fpg], • j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd, cWoog e|d0f jf cGo ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]z e|d0fsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog ug]{ / j}b]lzs e|d0f sfh :jLs[t ug]{ / ;f] ;DaGwL Joxf]/f tTsfn} ;DjlGwt d+qLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / To:tf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{, • ;lrj a}7saf6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg], • cToGt pTs[i6 Pj+ k|z+;gLo sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/:j?k tLg u| ]8;Dd yk lbg] jf Psk6sdf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] Psd'i6 k'/:sf/ lbg], • dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf ;f] dftxtsf ljefuLo k|d'v jf cfof]hgf k|d'vn] ;~rfng u/]sf cfof]hgfsf] ;do–;dodf lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg], o;/L lg/LIf0f ubf{ ;~rfng ePsf cfof]hgf ;dodf k"/f x'g g;s]sf] kfOPdf jf k"/f ePsf] cfof]hgfsf] u'0f:t/ Go"g b]lvPdf To;sf] cfjZos 5fgaLg u/L bf]ifL b]lvPsf ;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d'v jf cfof]hgf k|d'vnfO{ cfjZos sf/afxL ug] {, tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ jf u/fpg] . P]gaf6 lglb{i6 pko'{Qm lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod $ n] ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo / cl3sf/ cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{nosf] k|ult ljj/0f lng] jf lng nufpg], To;sf] ;dLIff ug]{ jf u/fpg] / To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ jf u/fpFbf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug] {, :ynut lg/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] jf tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], • cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cg';GwgfTds jf cGj]if0ffTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg], 45
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm ;lrjsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] Joxf]/f o; P]gdf<br />
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|ltkfbg ug'{kg]{ gLltsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt dGqLnfO{ ;3fpg],<br />
• ;DalGwt dGqLsf] lgb] {zg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cwLgdf /xL cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf<br />
;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf gLltut<br />
ljifodf s'g} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt dGqL ;dIf ;f]sf] k|:tfj k]z ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg,<br />
b}lgs sfo{;~rfng, sd{rf/Lpk/ lgoGq0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf ljefu,<br />
sfof{no jf To:tf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no dftxtsf cGo<br />
lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLpk/ cfjZos ;'k/Lj]If0f jf lgoGq0f ug] { / cfjZostf cg';f/<br />
lgb]{zg lbg],<br />
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg],<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no tyf ;f];Fu<br />
;DalGwt cGo lgsfon] k|To]s dlxgf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg tf]lsP adf]lhd<br />
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug]{,<br />
• dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] jflif{s sfo{qmd th'{df u/L dGqL<br />
;dIf k]z ug] { / :jLs[t sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf ;fy} k|ult ;dLIff ug]{<br />
u/fpg],<br />
• dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{noaf6 jif{el/df ;Dkfbg ul/Psf k|d'v<br />
sfd sf/afxLsf af/]df jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{,<br />
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no jf ;f] cGtu{tsf<br />
/fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf jf kb:yfkgf ug]{ jf sfh v6fpg], t/ Ps<br />
dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf cGo lgsfo jf ;f] cGt{utsf<br />
ljefu jf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ csf] { dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf<br />
sfof{no jf lgsfo jf ;f] cGtu{tsf ljefu jf sfof{nodf ul/g] ;?jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf<br />
44
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