book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
jgfpgsf lglDt dGqL, d'Vo ;lra, ;lra, ljefuLo k|d'v Pj+ sfof{no k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L Pj+ st{Jo :ki6?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf /xg] clwsf/Lx?nfO{ cfk\mgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/k|lt ;hu u/fpFb} ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'zf;go'Qm agfpgsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, gful/s j8f kq, w'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng, zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfOsf] u7g, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? ;' 'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+ +rfng_ P] ]g tyf lgodfjnLx?df ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ . oL k|fjwfgx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff;+u k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf?kdf ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] oxfF ;+lIfKt?dfdf oL k|jwfgx? dfly k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . @=! k|zf;lgs g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L kl/eflift @=!=! d'Vo ;lrj d'Vo ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo clwsf/L x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf lghn] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug' {kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L /xg] 5 . • k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf ;f] sfof{nosf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ jf u/fpg], • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrjx? tyf cGo ljlzi6 >]0fLsf clws[tsf] ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] x}l;otn] lghx?n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ tyf ;lrjn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ k|zf;lgs sfo{sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], • ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ;dGjo ug] { jf u/fpg], • zf;sLo ;'wf/nfO{ d'n'sL k|zf;gsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ jf u/fpg ljleGg dGqfno / cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{, • dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ / ;f]xL x}l;otdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{, • g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug{, u/fpg ;DalGwt dGqfnox?nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg] / tL lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{, • d'n'ssf] k|zf;gtGqnfO{ r':t / k'mlt{nf] agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj tyf cGo sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{, 42
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;do–;dodf ;lrj a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{ / ;lrj a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], • ljleGg dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo txsf sfof{nox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfd–sf/afxLsf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] nflu ;lrjn] k]z u/]sf] k|:tfjdf cfjZos s'/fx? k'u] gk'u]sf] hfFrL] k|:tfjnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ ;dIf k]z ug]{ / cË gk'u]sf] kfOPdf ;DalGwt ;lrjsxfF lkmtf{ k7fpg] jf k7fpg nufpg], • g]kfn kIf ePsf låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;lGw;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg], • tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] . P]gåf/f lgwf{l/t pko'{Qm lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod # n] d'Vo ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M • s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{nosf] k|ult ljj/0f lng] jf lng nufpg], To;sf] ;dLIff ug] { jf u/fpg] jf tT;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], • s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxtsf lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg], • s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxtsf lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{nox?sf] lg/LIf0faf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] jf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] . @=! @ ;lrjsf] lhDd]]jf/L ;lrj ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{nosf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf lghn] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !! df ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo / 43
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
jgfpgsf lglDt dGqL, d'Vo ;lra, ;lra, ljefuLo k|d'v Pj+ sfof{no k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L Pj+<br />
st{Jo :ki6?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf /xg] clwsf/Lx?nfO{<br />
cfk\mgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/k|lt ;hu u/fpFb} ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'zf;go'Qm agfpgsf<br />
nflu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, gful/s j8f kq, w'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng,<br />
zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfOsf] u7g, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u<br />
h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? ;' 'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+ +rfng_ P] ]g tyf lgodfjnLx?df ;dflji6<br />
ul/Psf 5g\ . oL k|fjwfgx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff;+u k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf?kdf<br />
;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] oxfF ;+lIfKt?dfdf oL k|jwfgx? dfly k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
@=! k|zf;lgs g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L kl/eflift<br />
@=!=! d'Vo ;lrj<br />
d'Vo ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo clwsf/L x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf lghn] cfˆgf]<br />
lhDd]jf/L jxg ug' {kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ jf cGo<br />
k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo,<br />
clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L /xg] 5 .<br />
• k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]<br />
k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf ;f] sfof{nosf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ jf u/fpg],<br />
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrjx? tyf cGo ljlzi6 >]0fLsf clws[tsf] ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] x}l;otn]<br />
lghx?n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ tyf ;lrjn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ k|zf;lgs<br />
sfo{sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],<br />
• ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ;dGjo ug] { jf<br />
u/fpg],<br />
• zf;sLo ;'wf/nfO{ d'n'sL k|zf;gsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ jf u/fpg ljleGg<br />
dGqfno / cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{,<br />
• dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ / ;f]xL x}l;otdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{,<br />
• g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug{, u/fpg ;DalGwt dGqfnox?nfO{<br />
kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg] / tL lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,<br />
• d'n'ssf] k|zf;gtGqnfO{ r':t / k'mlt{nf] agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj tyf cGo sd{rf/LnfO{<br />
pTk|]l/t ug]{,<br />
42