book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
cj:yfdf ljv08gsf] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 20 . ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtfsf] v]fhL ubf{ jx'dtsf] nflu hfltut ;+xf/ jf jnft\ :yfgfGt/0fsf] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 21 . jf]l:gofdf of] cj:yf b]lvPsf] lyof]22 . (= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ g]kfn d"ntM cNk;+Vosx?sf] b]z xf] 23 . ljs|d ;+Djt\ @)%* sf] hgu0fgf 24 df klxrfg ul/Psf !)) hft÷hflt dWo] ^ cf]6f hft÷hfltsf] hg;+Vof dfq s'n hg;+Vofsf] % k|ltzt eGbf j9L 5 . s'n hg;+Vofsf] )=% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ePsf hft÷hflt #! Dffq 5g\ . w]/} hft÷hfltsf] hg;+Vof Psbd} sd 5 M %# j6f hft÷hflt ;d'xsf] hg;+Vof %),))) eGbf sd 5 . o; dWo] klg !( j6f ;d'xsf] ;Vof %,))) eGbf sd 5 25 . g]kfndf hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;a} eGbf 7"nf !! ;d'xsf] hg;+Vof s/Lj ^*=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . oL !! ;d'x dWo] % ;d'x dfq lhNnfdf jx'dt cyf{t %) k|ltzt eGbf dfly /x]sf 5g\ eg] 7"nf] hg;+Vosf] ;d'x x'bf x'b} klg ^ ;d'x s'g} klg lhNnfdf jx'dtdf 5}gg\ . If]qL gf} lhNnfdf, du/, yf?, tdfË, / u'?Ë Ps Ps lhNnfdf %) k|ltzt eGbf j9L ;+Vofdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L s'g} Ps hft÷hflt hg;Vofsf] jx'dt ePsf] lhNnfsf] ;Vof dfq !$ /x]sf] 5, jfFsL lhNnfx?df s'g} klg ;d'x jx'dtdf b]lvb}g -x]g'{xf];\ tnsf] tfnLsfdf pNn]lvt ljj/0f_ . g]kfndf krxQ/ lhNnf /x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ If]qL ;d'x jfx]s s'g} klg ;d'x clxn]sf] lhNnfnfO{ oyfjt\ /fVbf jx'dt /xg] u/L ;Lldt ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;+ej b]lvb}g . j9L ef}uf]lns If]q ljefhg cfly{s / k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fjf6 ;+ej b]lvb}g . 20 Poirier , J : Autonomy and Diverstiy in , R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity Learining from Each Other" Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp- 45 21 Ibid pp- 45 22 k"j{o'uf]:nfleofsf] Ps efu Jff]l:gofdf jx'dtdf /x]sf d';ndfg ;d'xnfO{ cNkdtdf k¥'ofpg ;j{x?n] ;g\ !((@ b]lv !((% ;Dd d';ndfgx?sf] cfdg/;+xf/ / jnft\ :yfgfGt/0f u/]sf lyP . 23 Zfdf{ lktfDj/ , g]kfnL Sofgefifsf /+Ëx?, hftLotfsf] ef}uf]lns kIf , lxdfn lstfj , sf7df08f} , @))* k[i6 – ! 24 kl5Nnf] k6ssf] hgu0fgf @)^* ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf] ePtf klg j[:t[t ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g To;}n] oxfF @)%* sf] hgu0fgfsf] tYoÍnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . 25 Zfdf{ lktfDj/, g]kfnL Sofgefifsf /+Ëx?, hftLotfsf] ef}uf]lns kIf , lxdfn lstfj , sf7df08f} , @))* k[i6 – !) 34
s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf jx';+Vos hft÷hflt ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof ;a} eGbf 7"nf] ;d'xsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lhNnf ;+Vof -s_ %) k|ltzt eGbf dfly hg;+Vof /x]sf lhNnf -v_ -s_ / -v_ sf] hf]8 s'n k|ltzt If]qL !%=* !@ ( @! @*=)) Jffx'g !@=& !) ) !) !#=# du/ &=! ^ ! & (=# Yff? ^=& # ! $ %=# Tffdf8 %=^ ^ ! & (=# g]jf/ %=% @ ! # $=) D'f;ndfg $=# % ) % ^=& ofbj #=( % ) % ^=& /fO{ @=* ^ ) ^ *=) Uf'?ª @=$ # ! $ %=# lnDj' !=^ # ) # $=) hDdf ^*=$ ^! !$ &% !))=)) >f]t M g]kfnL SFofgef;sf /+ux?, lxdfn lstfj, sf7df08f}, @))*, k[i6 – !% of] tYofÍn] g]kfnnfO{ hftLo ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg u/]/ jx'dtdf cwfl/t ;+3Lotfdf k'gM ;+/rgf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]vfpFb}g . To;}sf/0f g]kfndf hftLo cfwf/sf] ;+3Lotf ;+ej b]lvb}g . jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf] :jfoQtf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL leq c6fpg ;Sb}g . ;a} dflg; j/fj/ x'G5g\ / ;j} k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf dfGotf;u o:tf] /fhgLlts clwsf/n] tfbfDotf /fVg ;Sb}g . cfw'lgs o'udf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL eGbf jflx/ uP/ zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf ug' { eg]sf] ;Eotfsf] k5fl8 kms{g' xf] . o; cj:yfdf ;+3Lotfdf /xg] k|fb]lzs txdf k|d'v hflt jf hftsf] :jfoQtfsf] nflu JolStut jf ;+f:s[lts :jfoQtf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . k|d'v ;d'xx?sf] :jfoQtf k|fb]lzs tx eGbf tnsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/ txdf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof hlt w]/} /xG5 ptL g} w]/} ;d'xsf] nflu :jfoQtf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} u/L :yfgLo txdf hlt w]/} clwsf/ /xG5 ptL g} dfqfdf :jfoQtfsf] ;3gtf a9\5 . of] l:yltdf s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ k|b]zdf ;f/]/ dfq g]kfnsf] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] l;+xb/jf/sf] s]xL clwsf/ t k|b]zdf ;nf{ t/ g]kfnsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb}g . Ps k6s 4G4sf] rk]6df kl/;s]sf] g]kfnsf] nflu k|fb]lzs txdf /xg] clwsf/n] hft 35
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
s'n<br />
hg;+Vofdf<br />
k|ltzt<br />
lhNnfut ?kdf jx';+Vos hft÷hflt ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof<br />
;a} eGbf 7"nf]<br />
;d'xsf] ?kdf /x]sf]<br />
lhNnf ;+Vof -s_<br />
%) k|ltzt eGbf dfly<br />
hg;+Vof /x]sf<br />
lhNnf -v_<br />
-s_ / -v_<br />
sf] hf]8<br />
s'n<br />
k|ltzt<br />
If]qL !%=* !@ ( @! @*=))<br />
Jffx'g !@=& !) ) !) !#=#<br />
du/ &=! ^ ! & (=#<br />
Yff? ^=& # ! $ %=#<br />
Tffdf8 %=^ ^ ! & (=#<br />
g]jf/ %=% @ ! # $=)<br />
D'f;ndfg $=# % ) % ^=&<br />
ofbj #=( % ) % ^=&<br />
/fO{ @=* ^ ) ^ *=)<br />
Uf'?ª @=$ # ! $ %=#<br />
lnDj' !=^ # ) # $=)<br />
hDdf ^*=$ ^! !$ &% !))=))<br />
>f]t M g]kfnL SFofgef;sf /+ux?, lxdfn lstfj, sf7df08f}, @))*, k[i6 – !%<br />
of] tYofÍn] g]kfnnfO{ hftLo ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg u/]/ jx'dtdf cwfl/t ;+3Lotfdf k'gM<br />
;+/rgf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]vfpFb}g . To;}sf/0f g]kfndf hftLo cfwf/sf] ;+3Lotf ;+ej b]lvb}g .<br />
jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf] :jfoQtf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL leq c6fpg ;Sb}g .<br />
;a} dflg; j/fj/ x'G5g\ / ;j} k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf<br />
dfGotf;u o:tf] /fhgLlts clwsf/n] tfbfDotf /fVg ;Sb}g . cfw'lgs o'udf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL<br />
eGbf jflx/ uP/ zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf ug' { eg]sf] ;Eotfsf] k5fl8 kms{g' xf] . o; cj:yfdf<br />
;+3Lotfdf /xg] k|fb]lzs txdf k|d'v hflt jf hftsf] :jfoQtfsf] nflu JolStut jf ;+f:s[lts<br />
:jfoQtf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . k|d'v ;d'xx?sf] :jfoQtf k|fb]lzs tx eGbf tnsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/<br />
txdf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof hlt w]/} /xG5 ptL g} w]/} ;d'xsf] nflu<br />
:jfoQtf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} u/L :yfgLo txdf hlt w]/} clwsf/ /xG5 ptL g} dfqfdf<br />
:jfoQtfsf] ;3gtf a9\5 .<br />
of] l:yltdf s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ k|b]zdf ;f/]/ dfq g]kfnsf] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sb}g . o;n]<br />
l;+xb/jf/sf] s]xL clwsf/ t k|b]zdf ;nf{ t/ g]kfnsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{<br />
;Sb}g . Ps k6s 4G4sf] rk]6df kl/;s]sf] g]kfnsf] nflu k|fb]lzs txdf /xg] clwsf/n] hft<br />
35