book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
$= k|hftGq k|hftGq eg]sf jx'dtsf] zf;g xf] . k|hftflGqs k|s[ofn] 4G4 ;dfwfgsf] nflu zflGtk"0f{ jf6f] pknJw u/fPsf] x'G5 . To;} u/L k|hfltGqs k4ltn] k|To]s JolStsf] rxgf / c+fsfIffnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] x'G5 . otL x'bfF x'b} klg Jojxf/df eg] k|hftGqdf ;Lldttfx? b]vf k/L/x]sf x'G5g\ . elgG5, k|hftGq pQd zf;g Joj:yf t xf]Og t/ o;sf ljsNkx? eGbf of] pQd rfFxL 5 . ;+:s[lt, k/+k/f, wd{ / efiff dfgj JolStTjsf] cleGg c+Ë xf] . k|hftflGqs /fhgLltn] JolStsf oL cGt/lgxLt cjojx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/ jx'dtn] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf ljifox?nfO{ dfq 5fGg ldNb}g . k|hftGqdf jx'dtn] cNkdt k|lt ;lxi0f'tf / ;+emf}tfsf] nflu nrstf b]vfpg} kb{5 . ;w} jx'dtLo cfwf/df dfq 5gf}6sf] lg0f{o ug]{ xf]Og Gofof]lrt ljifo k|lt ;xdtLo Jojxf/ klg b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . xf]Og eg] 5'§ofOPsf] ljljwtfn] ;dfhnfO{ l5Gg leGg kfb{5, o:tf] ;dfhsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm"nfO{ e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 7fGb5g\ / jx'dtsf] k|hftGqdf cfkm'nfO{ :yfoL x?jfsf] ?kdf 7fGg] cj:yf cfpF5 11 . ;fdflhs c;Gtf]if sfnfGt/df ljb|f]xdf ?kfGt/0f x'g slQ j]/ nfUb}g . k/+k/fut /fhgLltdf ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lnOP klg cfw'lgs /fhgLltn] ljljwtfnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljljwtfnfO{ b]z lgdf{0fsf] nflu ef/sf] ?kdf geO{ ;+kltsf] ?kdf lng] k|rngsf] ;'?jft e} ;s]sf] 5 . d'n'sn] ljljwtfnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ dfq xf]Og, ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ / k|jw{g u/]/ b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ dfq lbuf] / zflGtk"0f{ ljsf; ;+ej x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f ;a}n] :jLsfg{ yfln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . %= /fli6«o Pstf /fi6« / /fli6«otfdf j}rfl/s eGbf efjgfTds tTj a9L /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ljifo k|lt gful/sx? gtd:ts x'G5g\ . /fli6«o Pstfdf r'gf}lt cfpg] ljifo gful/sx?sf] nflu lk|o x'g ;Sb}g . k/+k/fut wf/0fdf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr lj/f]wfefif x'G5 elgYof] / o;n] /fli6«o Pstfdf vnn k'¥ofpF5 elgGyf] . kmn:j?k, Psn ;+:s[lt / Ps b]zsf] ljrf/ alnof] lyof] . ;'Gbf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr cGt/lgxLt lj/f]wfefif /xG5 eGg] nfu] klg oL b'O{ jLr lj/f]wfefif 5}g . Pstf ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t x'g ;S5 cyf{t ljljwtfn] Pstf >[hgf ub{5 . /fi6« leqsf ;a} hft, hflt, efiff, efifL, wfld{s ;d'bfo cflb jLr cfk;L ;b\efj, ljZjf; / ;dtfn] g} /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|jw{g ub{5 . PlSnPsf] c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] nflu /fli6«otf sd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'G5 . km]l/ /fli6«otf s;}df yf]kg{ ;lsg] ljifo klg xf]Og . To;}sf/0f Pstfsf] gfddf ljljwtfnfO{ 11 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp. cited pp-9 30
d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] ePsf]n] ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] ;fdflhs lj4]ifsf] cj:yf >[hgf u/]/ b]z 6's|g] vt/f emg} a9\5 . Ps /fi6« Ps ;+:s[lt l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k"j{;f]leot ;+w, r]sf]:nfeflsof, k'j{o'uf]:nfleof h:tf ;+3x? s]xL ;do kl5 6's|f 6's|f eP t/ ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] ef/t cyfx ljljwtf jLr klg Ps /fi6« ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of gePsf] rfxL xf]Og . ljleGg ;d'x jLrsf] ltSttfn] cbIftf / rnxn g} ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf (Stalemate) NoFfpg klg ;Sb5 . ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ k|To]s lg0f{o k|s[ofn] ;d'xsf] ljljwtfsf dxTjk"0f{ :jfy{x? / k|To]s gful/ssf] :jfy{ jLr /fd|f] ;Gt'ng agfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . jx'dtsf] :jfy{nfO{ dxTj lbPs} x'g' kb{5 . jx'dtn] klg cNkdtsf] ljljw rl/qnfO{ :yfg lbg} kb{5, pgLx?sf] efjgfnfO{ sb/ ug} { kb{5, ;+emf}tfsf] nflu nrstf b]vfpg' kb{5 / ;xdtLo ;+:sf/ klg b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . of] cj:yfdf ;a} ljljwtf jf]s]sf ;d'xn] dfGg] u/L ;Gt'ng agfpg] sfo{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf r'gf}ltk"0f{ / ufx|f] x'G5 . ^= ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf pkud ;+;f/df ljljlwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu b'O{ lsl;dsf] pkfudsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . klxnf] pkfudn] ljljwtfnfO{ b]z lgdf{0fsf] jfwssf] ?kdf lnG5, ljljwtfnfO{ /fhgLlts lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ub} {g / ljljwtfnfO{ sd ug{ Ps ;+:s[ltsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . ljt]sf] ;dodf w]/} d'n'sx?sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6« vfnL gful/sx?jf6 dfq ag]sf] x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df ljljlwtfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOb}g . ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg clwsf/ / ;a} gful/s k|lt /fi6«sf] ;dfg Jojxf/sf] cfwf/df /fhgLlt Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] pkfudn] /fi6« lgdf{0f jx'dt ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/df dfq x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] x'G5 . hd{gL / cd]l/sf o;df pbfx/0f x'g\ . cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnof h:tf cfk|jf;gsf d'n'sx?n] æd]lN6u k6Æ sf] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df cfk|jf;Lx?sf] ljljwtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt;+u PsLs[t u/]sf 5g\12 . csf]{ pkfud rfxL ljljwtf ;dfhsf] cGt/lgxLt cjoj xf], ljljwtf b]z lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ xf] ;d:of xf]Og / ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ljgf lbuf] ljsf; ;+ej 5}g eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] pkud k|of]u ug]{x?n] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fhgLlts lgdf{0f;+u cufl8 a9fPsf x'G5g\ . of] cjwf/0ff /fVg] d'n'sx?n] ls t ;+3LotfnfO{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ ls t PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf cGt/ut clwsf/ ;DkGg :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x?nfO{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5g\ . /fhgLlt lgdf{0f;+u ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ hf]8\g] ljifo ;+3Lo jf PsfTds zf;sLo k|0ffnL eGbf klg /fhgLlt1sf] dfgl;stf / /fi6«sf] cj:yf;+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . 12 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp cited pp-4 31
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
$= k|hftGq<br />
k|hftGq eg]sf jx'dtsf] zf;g xf] . k|hftflGqs k|s[ofn] 4G4 ;dfwfgsf] nflu zflGtk"0f{ jf6f]<br />
pknJw u/fPsf] x'G5 . To;} u/L k|hfltGqs k4ltn] k|To]s JolStsf] rxgf / c+fsfIffnfO{ :yfg<br />
lbPsf] x'G5 . otL x'bfF x'b} klg Jojxf/df eg] k|hftGqdf ;Lldttfx? b]vf k/L/x]sf x'G5g\ .<br />
elgG5, k|hftGq pQd zf;g Joj:yf t xf]Og t/ o;sf ljsNkx? eGbf of] pQd rfFxL 5 .<br />
;+:s[lt, k/+k/f, wd{ / efiff dfgj JolStTjsf] cleGg c+Ë xf] . k|hftflGqs /fhgLltn] JolStsf<br />
oL cGt/lgxLt cjojx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/ jx'dtn] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf ljifox?nfO{ dfq 5fGg<br />
ldNb}g . k|hftGqdf jx'dtn] cNkdt k|lt ;lxi0f'tf / ;+emf}tfsf] nflu nrstf b]vfpg} kb{5 .<br />
;w} jx'dtLo cfwf/df dfq 5gf}6sf] lg0f{o ug]{ xf]Og Gofof]lrt ljifo k|lt ;xdtLo Jojxf/ klg<br />
b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . xf]Og eg] 5'§ofOPsf] ljljwtfn] ;dfhnfO{ l5Gg leGg kfb{5, o:tf] ;dfhsf<br />
;b:ox?n] cfkm"nfO{ e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 7fGb5g\ / jx'dtsf] k|hftGqdf cfkm'nfO{ :yfoL<br />
x?jfsf] ?kdf 7fGg] cj:yf cfpF5 11 . ;fdflhs c;Gtf]if sfnfGt/df ljb|f]xdf ?kfGt/0f x'g slQ<br />
j]/ nfUb}g .<br />
k/+k/fut /fhgLltdf ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lnOP klg cfw'lgs /fhgLltn]<br />
ljljwtfnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljljwtfnfO{ b]z<br />
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ef/sf] ?kdf geO{ ;+kltsf] ?kdf lng] k|rngsf] ;'?jft e} ;s]sf] 5 . d'n'sn]<br />
ljljwtfnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ dfq xf]Og, ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ / k|jw{g u/]/ b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ dfq<br />
lbuf] / zflGtk"0f{ ljsf; ;+ej x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f ;a}n] :jLsfg{ yfln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .<br />
%= /fli6«o Pstf<br />
/fi6« / /fli6«otfdf j}rfl/s eGbf efjgfTds tTj a9L /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ljifo k|lt gful/sx?<br />
gtd:ts x'G5g\ . /fli6«o Pstfdf r'gf}lt cfpg] ljifo gful/sx?sf] nflu lk|o x'g ;Sb}g .<br />
k/+k/fut wf/0fdf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr lj/f]wfefif x'G5 elgYof] / o;n] /fli6«o Pstfdf vnn<br />
k'¥ofpF5 elgGyf] . kmn:j?k, Psn ;+:s[lt / Ps b]zsf] ljrf/ alnof] lyof] .<br />
;'Gbf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr cGt/lgxLt lj/f]wfefif /xG5 eGg] nfu] klg oL b'O{ jLr lj/f]wfefif<br />
5}g . Pstf ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t x'g ;S5 cyf{t ljljwtfn] Pstf >[hgf ub{5 . /fi6« leqsf ;a}<br />
hft, hflt, efiff, efifL, wfld{s ;d'bfo cflb jLr cfk;L ;b\efj, ljZjf; / ;dtfn] g} /fli6«o<br />
Pstfsf] k|jw{g ub{5 . PlSnPsf] c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] nflu /fli6«otf sd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'G5 .<br />
km]l/ /fli6«otf s;}df yf]kg{ ;lsg] ljifo klg xf]Og . To;}sf/0f Pstfsf] gfddf ljljwtfnfO{<br />
11 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp. cited pp-9<br />
30
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