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;+f:s[lts ;d'xx? /x]sf 5g\4 . km/s otL xf] sL slx ljljwtf w}/} 5 eg] sxL sd 5 . To;}sf/0f k|foM ;j} d'n'sx?n] ljljwtfsf] ;fdgf ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . d'n's / ;dfh leqsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fHon] Wofg glbbf 4G4sf] cj:yf cfpg] x'G5 . ;+;f/sf w]/} d'n'sx?n] cfh oxL sf/0fjf6 4G4sf] cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . ljljwtf cfkm}df s]xL klg xf]OgM ha ;+f:s[lts / hftLo ljljwtf ;fd'lxs c;dfgtfsf] cwf/ aGb5 jf hj Ps ;d'xn] csf]{ ;d'x eGbf cfkm'nfO{ prf] jf lgrf] 7fGb5 tj ljljwtf /fHosf] nflu ;d:of aGb5 5 . To;}sf/0f s'g} klg /fHo ljljwtf Joj:yfkgdf lgis[o a:g ldNb}g . ljljwtf oyfy{tf xf] eg] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg cfw'lgs /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . cfhef]ln t ljljwtfnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] elgG5 . h;/L ;d'xdf sfo{ ubf{ JolStut ljljwtfn] l;ghL{ pTkGg ub{5 To;} u/L ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] cfly{s ljsf;df l;ghL{ pTkGg ub{5, kmn:j?k ljsf;sf] ult ltj| x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ;'b[9 ePsf] 5 . oxL tYonfO{ cfTd;ft u/L sltko d'n'sx?n] cfk|jf;sf] dfWodjf6 klg ljljwtfnfO{ leq\ofO{6 /x]sf 5g\ . @= dfgj clwsf/ dflg; ;a} k|f0fL eGbf km/s dfq xf]Og >]i7 klg xf] . dflg; ;d:t k|f0fL eGbf km/s dfq 5}g k|To]s dfG5] klg km/s 5, cyf{t s'g} b'O{ dfG5] slxNo} ;dfg x'b}gg\ . dfgj clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt o;}df cfwfl/t 5 . of] cfwf/e"t tYonfO{ :jLsfg{ g;lsPsf] sf/0f dfgj ;Dotfdf Ps JolSt jf ;d'xn] csf]{ JolSt jf ;d'xnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]s} sf/0f ljutdf n8fO{ emu8f eO{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dfgjsf] ;+xf/ ePsf], dfgj dof{bf / ;Ddfg sfod x'g g;s]sf] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] . oxL k[i7e"lddf ;+;f/df dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff e]b\efjsf] sf/0f pTkGg x'g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/ dfkb08x?n] ;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . ;dfgtfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ df}lns xs clwsf/sf] sfg'gL jf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, sfg'gsf] zf;g / Goflos ;jf]{Rrtf h:tf ljifox?nfO{ cfw'lgs /fHo ;+rfngsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/;+ +u tgfj /x]sf] x'b}g . jf:tjdf ljljwtfn] s'g} klg b]zsf] /fhgLlt, ;+:s[lt, ljwfog / Goflos sfo{nfO{ emg} ;+j[4 agfpF5 7 . ljljwtfn] 4 Karmis D and Norman W." Theories of Fedaralism : A Reader". NewYork, Palgrave Macmillan 2005 pp -13 5 Oommen,T.K, "Nation Building and Diversity", in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited æUnity in Diversity , Learning form Each other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp - 22 6 ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf ljljwtf lrÝf k|0ffnL dfkm{t / Sofg8f, ci6«]lnof, hfkfg h:tf d'n'sx?n] jif]{lg cfk|jf;gsf] dfWodjf6 7"nf] kl/df0fdf hgzlSt b]zdf leq\of/x]sf 5g\ . 7 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited Unity in Diversity , Learning form Each other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp - 7 28
dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efjsf] cj:yf >[hgf ub{5 . dfgj :jefjtM ljljwtfo'St k|f0fL xf], ljljwtfjf6 p;nfO{ cnu ug{ ;lsb}g . ljljwtf p;sf] klxrfg klg xf] . dflg; dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;dfg ;b:o dfq xf]Og, p kl/jf/ jf vf; ;d'bfosf] ;b:o klg /x]sf] x'G5 h;sf] sf/0f p;df ljljwtf ;dflxt ePsf] x'G5 . of] ;fdflhs yyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ ljljwtfnfO{ ;dflxt u/]/ To;}sf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] /fhgLltn] dfq j9L Gofo / dfgj clwsf/sf] /fd|f] Uof/]G6L ub{5 lsg ls o;n] dflg;sf] :jfefjhGo ljljwtfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] x'G5 . # ;fd"lxs jf JolStut ljz]if clwsf/ k"jf{u|x cljZjf;sf] sf/0f pTkGg x'G5, cljZjf; cfkm}df csf{sf] jf:tf gug]{ jf hfgsf/Lsf] cefjsf] k|ltkmn xf] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;d'x jf hftLo tKsfx? jLrsf] ;fdflhs ;+jfbsf] cefjn] ;+VofTds ?kdf sd / ;fdflhs ?kdf sdhf]/ /x]sf ;d'xnfO{ cfkm}4f/f kf]lift /+ue]bL cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 . t/, cfk\mgf] klxrfg / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f c?;+usf] ;+jfbljxLgtfjf6 ug{ ;lsb}g . cfkm"nfO{ cnUf /fVg] sfo{n] ;+jfbljxLgtf / k"jf{u|xL efjgfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . cNksfnsf] c;Gt'i6L bL3{sfndf ljb|f]xdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5 . o;n] cGt/;fdflhs ;b\efj / zflGtnfO{ vnn\ k'¥ofpF5 . oxL tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ g} dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/{fli6«o dfkb08x?n] k|To]s dfG5] jLrsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ hf]8 lbP klg ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ /xg] s'/fdf klg plQs} hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 8 cGt/ut p;n] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts x}l;ot lgwf{/0f ug{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;nfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg kfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 9 . o;/L xfdL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?n] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfb}{ JolStut ;dfgtf / JolStut jf ;fd'lxs :jfoQtfnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] kfpF5f} . oxL cGt/{fli6«o dfkb08 cg'?k d'n'sx?n] /fli6«o sfg'gx?df ;fd'lxs jf JolStut clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] JolStut ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ dfgj clwsf/, sfg'gsf] zf;g h:tf cjojnfO{ zf;g ;+rfngsf] cfwf/ agfPsf] ePtf klg ;d'x jf JolStsf] clwsf/sf] nflu ljif]z Joj:Yff ug{ ;lsg] k|jfwfgx? ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 10 . o;/L /fli6«o / cGt/{fli6«o sfg"gdf ;d]t ljljwtf Joj:yfkg / dfgj clwsf/ jLr lj/f]wfefif b]lvb}g j? ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;du| dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] kfOG5 . 8 lkmNg/ JolSt /fHosf] ;b:o x'g] ljlQs} p:n] cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] s]xL lx:;f /fHon] lnG5 / o;/L u'd]sf] cfTklg0f{osf] clwsf/ :joQtf jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f dfkm{t k'gM JolStn] k|fKt ub{5 eGb5g\ . 9 dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGwx?sf] ;+ufnf], g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, l;+xbf/jf/, sf7df08f}, @)^$ k[i7 – (^ 10 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#, wf/f (!#) 29
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efjsf] cj:yf >[hgf ub{5 . dfgj<br />
:jefjtM ljljwtfo'St k|f0fL xf], ljljwtfjf6 p;nfO{ cnu ug{ ;lsb}g . ljljwtf p;sf] klxrfg<br />
klg xf] . dflg; dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;dfg ;b:o dfq xf]Og, p kl/jf/ jf vf; ;d'bfosf] ;b:o klg<br />
/x]sf] x'G5 h;sf] sf/0f p;df ljljwtf ;dflxt ePsf] x'G5 . of] ;fdflhs yyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/<br />
ub}{ ljljwtfnfO{ ;dflxt u/]/ To;}sf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] /fhgLltn] dfq j9L Gofo / dfgj<br />
clwsf/sf] /fd|f] Uof/]G6L ub{5 lsg ls o;n] dflg;sf] :jfefjhGo ljljwtfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{<br />
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# ;fd"lxs jf JolStut ljz]if clwsf/<br />
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;lsb}g . cfkm"nfO{ cnUf /fVg] sfo{n] ;+jfbljxLgtf / k"jf{u|xL efjgfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . cNksfnsf]<br />
c;Gt'i6L bL3{sfndf ljb|f]xdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5 . o;n] cGt/;fdflhs ;b\efj / zflGtnfO{ vnn\<br />
k'¥ofpF5 .<br />
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s'/fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 9 . o;/L xfdL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?n] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfb}{<br />
JolStut ;dfgtf / JolStut jf ;fd'lxs :jfoQtfnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] kfpF5f} . oxL cGt/{fli6«o<br />
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sfg'gsf] zf;g h:tf cjojnfO{ zf;g ;+rfngsf] cfwf/ agfPsf] ePtf klg ;d'x jf JolStsf]<br />
clwsf/sf] nflu ljif]z Joj:Yff ug{ ;lsg] k|jfwfgx? ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 10 . o;/L /fli6«o /<br />
cGt/{fli6«o sfg"gdf ;d]t ljljwtf Joj:yfkg / dfgj clwsf/ jLr lj/f]wfefif b]lvb}g j?<br />
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;du| dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] kfOG5 .<br />
8 lkmNg/ JolSt /fHosf] ;b:o x'g] ljlQs} p:n] cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] s]xL lx:;f /fHon] lnG5 / o;/L u'd]sf] cfTklg0f{osf] clwsf/<br />
:joQtf jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f dfkm{t k'gM JolStn] k|fKt ub{5 eGb5g\ .<br />
9 dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGwx?sf] ;+ufnf], g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, l;+xbf/jf/,<br />
sf7df08f}, @)^$ k[i7 – (^<br />
10 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#, wf/f (!#)<br />
29