book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
-%_ Joj;fod"ns ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwL tfnLd / k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng -^_ :yfgLo pTkfbgsf j:t'sf] v/Lb u/L ahf/df k'¥ofP/ ljqmL ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx?, -&_ :yfgLo j:t' / ;]jfsf] pkef]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] vfnsf gLltut Joj:yfx?, -*_ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt C0f tyf s/ 5'6 h:tf ;'ljwf lbg] gLltut / sfg"gL Joj:yfx? -(_ pTkfbgzLn sfo{df nufgL cfslif{t x'g] vfnsf cGo gLltut Joj:yf / sfo{qmdx? -!)_ >d k|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg] gLltut Joj:yfx? -!!_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog -!@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|oTg $= g]kfndf /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of; /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;j{k|yd @)^^ ;fndf cfof]usf ;b:o;lrj o'j/fh kf08]sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno / o'jf tyf v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw /x]sf] ;f] sfo{bnn] @)^& sflt{s ( ut] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt pQm sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;d]t tof/ ul/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{bnn] tof/ u/]sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt P]g d:of}bfdf lgDg ljleGg kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\– !_ ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De tyf kl/efiff @_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / a]/f]huf/ eQf #_ :yfgLo, lhNnf :t/Lo / s]Gb|Lo /f]huf/ ;dGjo ;ldlt ;DaGwL Joj:yf $_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sf]if tyf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf %_ lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf ^_ lgodfjnL agfpg] / afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] ;d]tsf ljljw Joj:yf . ef/t nufotsf l5d]sL d'n's / ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf cGo d'n'sdf /x]sf] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ;d]t u/]/ sfo{bnn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] s'/f sfo{bnn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] kl/jf/sf sDtLdf Pshgf ;Ifd Pj+ OR5's ;b:onfO{ ;f] cfly{s jif{ {leq ;~rfng 24
x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{df a9Ldf !)) lbgsf] Go"gtd Hofnf kfpg] u/L /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd sfd ug{ OR5's /f]huf/ pknAw u/fpg g;s]df To:tf] a]/f]huf/ JolQmnfO{ !)) lbgsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds lx;fan] x'g cfpg] /sdsf] Go"gtd %) k|ltzt /sd a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] gLltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;'emfj ;d]t sfo{bnn] lbPsf] 5 . sfo{bnn] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf lglDt lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;f] adf]lhdsf] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg] gLltut Joj:yf ug] { ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . sfo{bnn] tof/ u/]sf] sfg"gsf] d:of}bfdf /f]huf/ k|fKt ug{sf lglDt lgj]bg lbg] k|lqmof, lgj]bgsf] 5fgjLg ug]{ k|lqmof / /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof ;d]tsf k|lqmofx? klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/anfO{ nlIft u/]/ o:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ b]ze/L Ps} k6s nfu' gu/]/ r/0fa4 ?kdf klxn] lglZrt If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ /f]huf/ gkfPsf ul/a kl/jf/af6 sDtLdf PshgfnfO{ o:tf] /f]huf/ pknAw u/fpg] gLlt lng pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj ;d]t ;f] sfo{bnn] lbPsf] 5 . lzlIft a]/f]huf/x?nfO{ nlIft u/]/ lzlIft a]/f]huf/x?nfO{ /f]huf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] csf]{ sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug] { sfd ;d]t cfjZos / pkof]uL x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf sfo{bnsf clwsf+z ;b:ox? ;xdt /x]sf] ;d]t sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ u/]sf o'jfx?nfO{ lzIf0f cflb lglZrt ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ug] { u/L dfl;s ?kn] #.$ xhf/ ?k} +of / :gfts pQL0f{ u/]sf o'jfx?nfO{ klg To:t} ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ug]{ u/L dfl;s ?kdf $.% xhf/ ?k}+of -df]6fdf]6L ?kdf Go"gtd dfl;s Hofnfb/sf] lx;fan] x'g cfpg] a/fa/sf] /sd hlt ?k}of_ lbg] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] a]/f]huf/ o'jfsf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u x'G5 / /fi6«nfO{ kmfObf k'U5 eGg] ;'emfj ;d]t sfo{bnn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . kf08] sfo{bnn] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] em08} 8]9 jif{kl5 ;/sf/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf lglDt /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL P]gsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt Joj:yflksfdf ljw]os btf{ u/]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . %= lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ / /f]huf/s]lGb|t ljsf; k|of; lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Ddfghgs / nfehGo /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg], If]qLo ;Gt'ng xfl;n ug]{, ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fnfO{ x6fpb} cfd g]kfnLsf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / bLuf] cfly{s a[l4 dfkm{t\ o; of]hgfsf] cGTodf ul/aLnfO{ @! k|ltztdf k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s a[l4 u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpb} cfd hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg] p2]Zo of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 . -lqjifL{o of]hgf, c;f/ @)^*, k[= !&_ 25
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
-%_ Joj;fod"ns ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwL tfnLd / k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng<br />
-^_ :yfgLo pTkfbgsf j:t'sf] v/Lb u/L ahf/df k'¥ofP/ ljqmL ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] vfnsf<br />
sfo{qmdx?,<br />
-&_ :yfgLo j:t' / ;]jfsf] pkef]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] vfnsf gLltut Joj:yfx?,<br />
-*_ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt C0f tyf s/ 5'6 h:tf ;'ljwf lbg] gLltut / sfg"gL Joj:yfx?<br />
-(_ pTkfbgzLn sfo{df nufgL cfslif{t x'g] vfnsf cGo gLltut Joj:yf / sfo{qmdx?<br />
-!)_ >d k|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg] gLltut Joj:yfx?<br />
-!!_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog<br />
-!@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|oTg<br />
$= g]kfndf /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;<br />
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;j{k|yd @)^^ ;fndf cfof]usf ;b:o;lrj o'j/fh kf08]sf] ;+of]hsTjdf<br />
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL tyf<br />
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno / o'jf<br />
tyf v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw /x]sf] ;f] sfo{bnn] @)^& sflt{s ( ut]<br />
/f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt pQm sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;d]t tof/ ul/<br />
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{bnn] tof/ u/]sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf<br />
nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt P]g d:of}bfdf lgDg ljleGg kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\–<br />
!_ ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De tyf kl/efiff<br />
@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / a]/f]huf/ eQf<br />
#_ :yfgLo, lhNnf :t/Lo / s]Gb|Lo /f]huf/ ;dGjo ;ldlt ;DaGwL Joj:yf<br />
$_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sf]if tyf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf<br />
%_ lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf<br />
^_ lgodfjnL agfpg] / afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] ;d]tsf ljljw Joj:yf .<br />
ef/t nufotsf l5d]sL d'n's / ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf cGo d'n'sdf /x]sf] /f]huf/<br />
k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ;d]t u/]/ sfo{bnn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg<br />
tof/ u/]sf] s'/f sfo{bnn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] lg/k]If ul/aLsf]<br />
/]vfd'gLsf] kl/jf/sf sDtLdf Pshgf ;Ifd Pj+ OR5's ;b:onfO{ ;f] cfly{s jif{ {leq ;~rfng<br />
24