book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
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s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] >d zlQm ;j]{If0fsf] lglDt lgDg rf/ k|sf/sf] cw{ a]/f]huf/Lsf] klxrfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 – -s_ a]/f]huf/L -v_ ;do ;DaGwL cNk /f]huf/L -u_ ckof{Kt sdfOo'Qm cw{ a]/f]huf/L -3_ ;Lk;+u cldNbf] /f]huf/L cko{fKt sdfOo'Qm /f]huf/L / ;Lk;Fu cldNbf] /f]huf/LnfO{ n'Kt /f]huf/Lsf b'O{ ?ksf] lx;fan] ;d]t klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] klxrfg u/]sf] n'Kt a]/f]huf/L / cb[io a]/f]huf/L b'a}nfO{ n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] cEof;sf] ?kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] klxrfg u/]sf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf >dsf] pkof]u x'g] cNk pkof]u / s'kf]if0f jf c? sf/0fn] k|lt >ldssf] pTkfbg kl/df0f sd x'g] lsl;dsf] >dsf] cNk pkof]unfO{ klg n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] k[ys cEof;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ly/Njfn\n] u/]sf] n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] juL{s/0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 . pgn] n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf lgDg kfFr k|sf/sf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ – s_ s'kf]if0f jf sdhf]/ :jf:Yosf] sf/0fn] k|lt >lds ;+efJo pTkfbg xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf . v_ pRrtd pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf lglDt nfUg rflxg] pTk| ]/0ffsf] sdLn] ubf{ k|lt >lds pTkfbgsf] :t/ Go"g /x]sf] cj:yf . u_ km';{bsf] t'ngfdf ef}lts cfok|ltsf] cfsif{0f sd /x]sf] sf/0fn] cf};t pTkfbg 36L x'g] cj:yf . 3_ k|ljlw ;DaGwL a]/f]huf/L cyjf ;xof]uL ;fwgx?sf] cefjn] ubf{ l;lh{t a]/f]huf/L . ª_ df};dL a]/f]huf/L . o;/L ljleGg ljåfg / ljZn]ifsx?n] a]/f]huf/L / >dsf] cNk pkof]unfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ug]{ k|of; u/]sf x'gfn] a]/f]huf/L / cNk a]/f]huf/Lsf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 tfklg >dsf] ljleGg k|sf/sf] cNk jf Go"g pkof]unfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt n'Kt a]/f]huf/L zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] cWoogdf ;/ntf cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . 18
@= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.)^% n] g]kfndf !% jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof ! s/f]8 !& nfv &( xhf/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . of] ;+Vof ;f] pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] *!=& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L !% jif{eGbf dflysf JolQmx?n] cfly{s sfddf Joltt u/]sf] hDdf ;do %@ s/f]8 306f /x]sf] lyof] eg] %–!$ jif{sf jfnaflnsfx?n] cfly{s sfddf vr{ u/]sf] s'n ;do $ s/f]8 306f /x]sf] kfOof] . cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo JolQmx?dWo] ut xKtf $) 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfd ug]{ s/La ^^=* k|ltzt /x]sf lyP eg] k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ jf k6Ss} sfd gkfPsf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof @=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ k'?ifsf] ;+Vof @=@ k|ltzt / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . @) b]lv #( 306f;Dd sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof !(=% k|ltzt / !( 306f jf ;f] eGbf sd cjlw sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof !!=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd ug]{ JolQmx? dWo] c:j}lR5s sf/0fn] cem a9L sfd ug{ g;s]sfx?sf] k|ltzt @! k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L æ:j]lR5s sf/0fÆn] xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd u/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof cf=j= @)%%.%^ df *# k|ltzt /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^$.^% df &( k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . >d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^% cg';f/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] >d cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . >dsf] cNk pkof]u ePsf ;d"x cGtu{t ljefhg ubf{ >d zlQmsf] @=! k|ltzt a]/f]huf/ ^=& k|ltzt rfx]/ klg k"0f{ /f]huf/L gkfPsf *=! k|ltzt ckof{Kt sdfO{ ePsf / !#=@ k|ltzt lzIff ;'xfpbf] k]zf gePsf pk;d"xdf k/]sf 5g\ -g]kfn >d zlQm ;j] {If0f, bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[= !$_ . >dzlQmsf] cNk pkof]usf] b/ zx/L If]qdf $(=( k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf @^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . >d zlQm ;j] {If0f bf];|f]n] xfn em08} ! s/f]8 !* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx? dWo] em08} @) nfv cyf{t\ sl/a !^=( k|ltztn] tnj Hofnfdf sfd u/]sf] s'/f ;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] tnj Hofnfdf sfd ug]{ @) nfv afx]ssf afsL (* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf] :j–Aoj;fosf] /f]huf/ 5 . !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] xfn /f]huf/ JolQmx?dWo] s[lif If]qdf &#=( k|ltzt / u}/s[lif If]qdf @^=! k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 ->d zlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[= !!_ . ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ ;aeGbf prf] cyf{t\ #=# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ !=* 19
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13 and 14: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
@= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf<br />
>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.)^% n] g]kfndf !% jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof<br />
! s/f]8 !& nfv &( xhf/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .<br />
of] ;+Vof ;f] pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] *!=& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L !% jif{eGbf<br />
dflysf JolQmx?n] cfly{s sfddf Joltt u/]sf] hDdf ;do %@ s/f]8 306f /x]sf] lyof] eg] %–!$<br />
jif{sf jfnaflnsfx?n] cfly{s sfddf vr{ u/]sf] s'n ;do $ s/f]8 306f /x]sf] kfOof] .<br />
cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo JolQmx?dWo] ut xKtf $) 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfd ug]{ s/La ^^=* k|ltzt<br />
/x]sf lyP eg] k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ jf k6Ss} sfd gkfPsf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof @=! k|ltzt /x]sf]<br />
lyof] . k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ k'?ifsf] ;+Vof @=@ k|ltzt / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .<br />
@) b]lv #( 306f;Dd sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof !(=% k|ltzt / !( 306f jf ;f] eGbf sd<br />
cjlw sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof !!=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd<br />
ug]{ JolQmx? dWo] c:j}lR5s sf/0fn] cem a9L sfd ug{ g;s]sfx?sf] k|ltzt @! k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
To;}u/L æ:j]lR5s sf/0fÆn] xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd u/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof cf=j=<br />
@)%%.%^ df *# k|ltzt /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^$.^% df &( k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .<br />
>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^% cg';f/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf]<br />
>d cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . >dsf] cNk pkof]u ePsf ;d"x cGtu{t ljefhg<br />
ubf{ >d zlQmsf] @=! k|ltzt a]/f]huf/ ^=& k|ltzt rfx]/ klg k"0f{ /f]huf/L gkfPsf *=! k|ltzt<br />
ckof{Kt sdfO{ ePsf / !#=@ k|ltzt lzIff ;'xfpbf] k]zf gePsf pk;d"xdf k/]sf 5g\ -g]kfn >d<br />
zlQm ;j] {If0f, bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[= !$_ . >dzlQmsf] cNk pkof]usf] b/ zx/L If]qdf $(=(<br />
k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf @^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .<br />
>d zlQm ;j] {If0f bf];|f]n] xfn em08} ! s/f]8 !* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx? dWo] em08} @) nfv cyf{t\<br />
sl/a !^=( k|ltztn] tnj Hofnfdf sfd u/]sf] s'/f ;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] tnj Hofnfdf<br />
sfd ug]{ @) nfv afx]ssf afsL (* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf] :j–Aoj;fosf] /f]huf/ 5 .<br />
!% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] xfn /f]huf/ JolQmx?dWo] s[lif If]qdf &#=( k|ltzt / u}/s[lif If]qdf<br />
@^=! k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 ->d zlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[=<br />
!!_ .<br />
ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf]<br />
b/ ;aeGbf prf] cyf{t\ #=# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ !=*<br />
19