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book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd

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!= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cawf/0ff d'ntM ax';f+:s[lts d'n'sx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfonfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] sfddf Gofok"0f{ :yfg lbg] tyf ;xeflutf u/fOg] l;4fGtdf /xL ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cawf/0ff cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fHoleqsf ;a}n] cf—cfˆgf] leGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, l/tLl/jfh, k/Dk/f efiff, /xg;xg tyf cf:yf cflbsf] klxrfgnfO{ sfod /fVb} lagf e]befj /fHok|0ffnLdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] sfg'gL dfGotf g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfaf6 d'n'sdf blnt, dlxnf, hghflt, cflbaf;L, dw];L tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf hg;d'bfox? b]zsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt ul/G5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfwf/df d'n's ;+rfng x'Fbf /fli6«o Pstf sfod /fVg, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, 4Gb ;dfwfg ug{, /fHo;Qfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj sfod ug{, b]znfO{ vl08t x'gaf6 arfpg, d'n'ssf] ;dfg'kflts lasf; ug{, ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf ;xefuL u/fpg of]ubfg k'Ug] s'/fdf laafb ug{ ;lsb}g . hlt;'s} sfg'gsf jfjh"b sd{rf/Ln] s]xL g s]xL :jljj]soL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpFb5 o;f] ubf{ p;n] cfkm\g} a0f{ jf ;fdflhsLs/0f k[i7e"ldaf6 l;lh{t d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ lg0f{o ub{5 . ctM ;dfhsf ;a} kIfsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqn] g} ;a} j0f{ tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] lxtdf sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqsf] cawf/0ffnfO{ d"ntM a]nfotsf Donald J. Kingsley n] ;g !($$ df k|sflzt ePsf] Representative Bureaucracy eGg] k':ts dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] cfˆgf] k':ts dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfhsf ;a} au{sf] k|ltlglwTjsf ;DaGwdf ax;sf] ;"qkft u/]sf 5g . tt\kZrft of] cawf/0ffnfO{ Moore and Johnson 1983, 472; Aaron and Powell 1982) sf] cWoogn] cem km/flsnf] agfO{ k|zf;gdf cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj /xFbf cNk;+Vossf] lxt ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvPsf] lg:sif{ lgsflnPsf] 5, eg] Cole(1986) sf] cWoogn] cNk;+Vosn] cfkgf] ju{sf] k|ltlglw kfq (Role model) sf ?kdf sfd ug{ ;s]sf] / Meier and Stewart(1991) sf] cWoogn] cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf ;d"xLs/0f / cg'zf;g;DaGwL gsf/fTds c;/ /f]Sg d2t k'u]sf] / oL b'O{ jLr Negative causality :yflkt ePsf] lg:sif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . oL l;4fGtdf 6]s]/ laleGg b]zx?n] klg k5fl8 kf/]sf cNk;Vos au{sf] kIfkf]if0f xfnsf lbgx?df kxnsbdL rfNg ;'? ul/;s]sf] kfOG5 . @=cGt/{fli6«o cg'ea laleGg b]zsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ wgL tyf u/La b]zx?df klg gful/sx?sf lar au{ laeflht ePsf] kfO{G5 . tL lae]bx?sf] la?4 a]nfavtdf hgla4f]x eO{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x? ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . h;dWo] s]xL b]zx?df ePsf] sfg'gL lae]b tyf To:sf] lj?4df p7]sf hgcfjfhn] NofPsf kl/at{gnfO{ pbfx/0f :j?k kl:sPsf] 5M 202

lIf0f clk|msfdf uf]/f hfltsf dflg;x¿n] sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿df cdfgjjLo e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ub} { cfO/x]s} ;dodf ;g\ !($* df ;/sf/n] /+ue]b ;DaGwL gLlt Nofof] . o:tf] cGofok"0f{ gLltsf] lj?4df clk|msL hgtfsf] cu'jfO g]:gn d08]nfn] u/]sf] lyP 1 . of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;g\ !(^! b]lv /+ue]b ;DaGwL gLltsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;d]t lj/f]w ug{ yflnof] . uf]/f hfltsf] ;/sf/ 9Nof] / sfnf hfltx¿ hftLo e]befj / pTkL8gaf6 d'lQm kfpg ;kmn eP . cd]l/sfsf] ;Gb{enfO{ lgofNbf !^ cf} + /fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sgn] b]zdf lae]bsf] cGosf] nflu /+usf] cfwf/df sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿dfly ul/Psf] zf]if0f / cGofok"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ /f]s nufpg s8f sfg'gsf] Joj:yf u/sf] lyP . 8f= dfl6{g n'y/ ls+un] dfgj ;Eotf lj/f]wL sfg'gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cd]l/sL k[ysLs/0f sfg'gsf]2 lj?4df ;+3if{ rsf{P . sfnf hflt la?4sf] pu| egfO cufl8 ;fg]{ h]D; cn{6]n] æuf]/fsf] k':t}gL 3/ s'g} lgu|f] hfltn] vl/b u¥of]Æ eg]/ 8f= dfl6{g n'y/ ls+usf] xTof ubf{ cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm s]g]8Ln] æxfdL cfk;df ldn]/ sfd u/]kl5 hftLo Pstf Pj+ ;dfgtfsf] nIodf k'Ug ;lsG5Æ eGg] kf7 lgu|f]x¿sf ljZjljVoft dfgjtfjbL g]tfsf] b'Mvb xTofn] l;sfPsf] eGg] wf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;f/] . tTkZrft\ lgu|f] hfltsf] cfjf; ljw]os t'?Gt kfl/t ul/of] . /f]huf/, lzIff / /fhgLlts lgo'lQmx¿df klg lgu|f]x¿nfO{ cj;/ k|fKt eof] . lgu|f]x¿sf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+3if{af6 cQflnP/ sfnfx¿sf] nflu cf/If0f pknAw u/fpg uf]/fx¿ afWo eP . o'/f]kdf k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGtk"j{ ;fdGtL zf;sx¿n] lakGg ju{sf hgtfpk/ hftLo e]befj u/]sf lyP . ;fdGtL ;/sf/ lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;Dk"0f{ ls;fg, dhb'/, sflnu9, bf;, cw{bf;x¿ ;d]t ;+ul7t x'Fbf kl/0ffd :j¿k ;g\ !&*( df k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGt eof] . o; qmflGtsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;fdGtL;Qf w/fzfoL eof] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg hftLo e]b Pj+ ;'ljwf ;DkGg tyf ;'ljwfxLg aLrsf] b'/L cGTo eof] / ;dfgtfsf] sfg'gn] cu|flwsf/ kfPsf] lyof] . ef/tdf 8f=afaf ;fx]j led/fj cDa]8s/sf] of]ubfg :j?k ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;+a}wflgs k|Tofe'lt k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] kfO{G5 . ef/tLo cEof;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] cg';'lrt hghflt, cg';'lrt hflt / cGo lk5l8Psf au{nfO{ /fHo ;+oGqdf kFx'r / k|ltlglwTjsf nflu cf/If0fsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] nfe cfh nfvf}+ alGrtLs/0fdf k/]sf] ;d'bfon] oy]i6 p7fPsf 5g . 1 blIf0f clk|msfsf g]N;g dG8]nfn] æ;a} dflg;x¿ a/fa/ x'g\, s;}dfly klg cGofo x'g' xF'b}g eGg] dfGotf af]Sg] g]N;g dG8]nfn] hftLo lje]bsf] lj?4df rn]sf] cleofgsf] g]t[Tj ubf{ pgnfO{ cfhLjg sf/faf;sf] ;hfo ;'gfOof] . pgL /+ue]b gLltsf] lj/f]wsf k|ltssf] ¿kdf ;+;f/el/ kl/lrt x'g k'u] . zf]if0f, pTkL8g / bdgsf] lj?4df ePsf] sfnf hfltx¿sf] ;+ul7t cfGbf]ngaf6 blIf0f clk|msf / cd]l/sfsf] ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df "Blacks and dogs are not allowed" egL 7"nf cIf/df n]lv{Psf af]8{x¿ ˆoflsg yflnP . 2 cd]l/sf uf]/fx¿sf] b]z xf], sfnfsf] xf]Og cd]l/sfdf sfnfx¿nfO{ af; lng] clwsf/ klg 5}g eGg] h:tf lae]bsf/L sfg'gL Joa:yf xf] . 203

!= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cawf/0ff<br />

d'ntM ax';f+:s[lts d'n'sx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfonfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tyf<br />

sfof{Gjogsf] sfddf Gofok"0f{ :yfg lbg] tyf ;xeflutf u/fOg] l;4fGtdf /xL ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]<br />

cawf/0ff cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fHoleqsf ;a}n] cf—cfˆgf] leGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, l/tLl/jfh, k/Dk/f<br />

efiff, /xg;xg tyf cf:yf cflbsf] klxrfgnfO{ sfod /fVb} lagf e]befj /fHok|0ffnLdf ;xefuL<br />

x'g kfpg] sfg'gL dfGotf g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfaf6 d'n'sdf blnt,<br />

dlxnf, hghflt, cflbaf;L, dw];L tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf hg;d'bfox? b]zsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt<br />

ul/G5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfwf/df d'n's ;+rfng x'Fbf /fli6«o Pstf sfod /fVg, nf]stflGqs<br />

u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, 4Gb ;dfwfg ug{, /fHo;Qfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj sfod ug{,<br />

b]znfO{ vl08t x'gaf6 arfpg, d'n'ssf] ;dfg'kflts lasf; ug{, ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf<br />

;xefuL u/fpg of]ubfg k'Ug] s'/fdf laafb ug{ ;lsb}g . hlt;'s} sfg'gsf jfjh"b sd{rf/Ln]<br />

s]xL g s]xL :jljj]soL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpFb5 o;f] ubf{ p;n] cfkm\g} a0f{ jf ;fdflhsLs/0f<br />

k[i7e"ldaf6 l;lh{t d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ lg0f{o ub{5 . ctM ;dfhsf ;a} kIfsf]<br />

k|ltlglwTj /xg] k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqn] g} ;a} j0f{ tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] lxtdf sfd<br />

ug{ ;Sb5 . k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqsf] cawf/0ffnfO{ d"ntM a]nfotsf Donald J. Kingsley<br />

n] ;g !($$ df k|sflzt ePsf] Representative Bureaucracy eGg] k':ts dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs<br />

u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] cfˆgf] k':ts dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfhsf ;a} au{sf] k|ltlglwTjsf<br />

;DaGwdf ax;sf] ;"qkft u/]sf 5g . tt\kZrft of] cawf/0ffnfO{ Moore and Johnson 1983,<br />

472; Aaron and Powell 1982) sf] cWoogn] cem km/flsnf] agfO{ k|zf;gdf cNk;+Vossf]<br />

k|ltlglwTj /xFbf cNk;+Vossf] lxt ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvPsf] lg:sif{ lgsflnPsf] 5, eg]<br />

Cole(1986) sf] cWoogn] cNk;+Vosn] cfkgf] ju{sf] k|ltlglw kfq (Role model) sf ?kdf sfd<br />

ug{ ;s]sf] / Meier and Stewart(1991) sf] cWoogn] cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf ;d"xLs/0f<br />

/ cg'zf;g;DaGwL gsf/fTds c;/ /f]Sg d2t k'u]sf] / oL b'O{ jLr Negative causality :yflkt<br />

ePsf] lg:sif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . oL l;4fGtdf 6]s]/ laleGg b]zx?n] klg k5fl8 kf/]sf cNk;Vos<br />

au{sf] kIfkf]if0f xfnsf lbgx?df kxnsbdL rfNg ;'? ul/;s]sf] kfOG5 .<br />

@=cGt/{fli6«o cg'ea<br />

laleGg b]zsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ wgL tyf u/La b]zx?df klg gful/sx?sf lar au{ laeflht ePsf]<br />

kfO{G5 . tL lae]bx?sf] la?4 a]nfavtdf hgla4f]x eO{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x? ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 .<br />

h;dWo] s]xL b]zx?df ePsf] sfg'gL lae]b tyf To:sf] lj?4df p7]sf hgcfjfhn] NofPsf<br />

kl/at{gnfO{ pbfx/0f :j?k kl:sPsf] 5M<br />

202

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