book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
Ps?ktf sfod ug{ g;lsPdf g]kfn h:tf] ul/a b]zsf nflu w]/} uDeL/ ;d:ofx? v8f x'g ;S5g . ctM g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf nfu' ul/Psf] o; gLltsf lgDg lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf p2]Zox? /x]sf x'g . lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? 10 • ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cy{tGqsf] pTkfbglzn Ifdtfsf] clej[l4åf/f cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{ ;xof]u ug] {, ljsf; k|s[ofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg], lj:tf/ ug] { / lbuf] agfpg] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd lgdf{0f ePsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljifox? ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{, • j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ s'g} cfof]hgf ljz]if dfqdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df gx]/L If]qut gLltx? cy{tGqut gLltsf cleGg c+Ë ePsf / s'g} Psbft[ kIfsf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt cfof]hgf tyf sfo{x? If]qut gLlt;+u cfj4 x'g'kg]{ ePsf]n] oLgLx?nfO{ ;dli6ut cy{tGq / If]qut txdf x]l/g'kg]{, • j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ ;du| gLltsf] cleGg efusf] ?kdf lng'kg]{, • j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltn] ;/sf/L ljsf; ;xfotf (Official Development Assistancy)sf] pknAwtf / pkof]usf] txdf Pj+ ;/sf/L tyf afXo b'j} If]qdf a9L kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt u/fpg], • cNksflng / dWosflng ?kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/0ffd / u'0ffTdstf j[l4 ul/g] ePtfklg bL3{sflng ?kdf :yflgo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf j[l4 u/L ;|f]t kl/rfngdf cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg ul/g] u/L lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt d"ntM bL3{sflng b[li6sf]0faf6 lgb] {lzt x'g] ePtfklg tTsflng kl/l:yltsf sf/0f ;[hgf x'g] cfjZostf Pj+ ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos x'g] x'G5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] d"n nIo ePaf6 bL3{sflng lx;fan] g]kfndf pknAw Pj+ pknAw x'g] ;fwg kl/rfngsf] l:ylt leq ;dflxt x'g cfjZos 5 . o; ;DaGwdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf p2]Zox? lgDg /x]sf] kfO{G5 . 10 P]= P]= k[i7 !@,,!# 154
p2]Zox? 11 • j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;+rflnt ljsf; ultljlwx?nfO{ /fli6«o :t/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|fyldstfx?l;t d]n vfg] u/L ;+rfng ug]{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{, • j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf / bIftf clej[l4 ug]{, g]kfn / bft[kIf b'j}df cfof]hgf 5gf}6, th' {df, Joj:yfkg, k'g/fjnf]sg, cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg ug] { ;Gbe{df pko'Qm / Jofks lsl;dsf] gLlt / k|rngnfO{ a9fjf lbg], • ljsf; ultljlwx?sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg a9fpg ljt/0ffTds ;dtfdf ;'lglZrttf NofpFb} pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug] { o;sf nflu gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qsf aLrsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt / cGo ljsf; gLltx?sf aLr kl/k'/stf :yfkgf ug' {kg]{ / zf;lso Joj:yf, n}lËs ljifo / jftfj/0f h:tf If]qdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf c? bIftfsf ;fy pkof]u ug'{kg]{, • g]kfn / bft[ ;+:yfx? aLr ;dfg ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{, pNn]lvt p2]Zox? k'/f ug{ Pj+ cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0f Pj+ j}b]lzs ;xfotf Pj+ ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngdf /x]sf afwfx?sf] lgbfgsf nflu ;xfotfsf cNksflng tyf bL3{sflng k|fyldstfx? pQm gLltdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . cNksflng k|fyldstf cGtu{t dWosflng vr{ Joj:yf tyf dWosflng vr{ k|0ffnLdf hf]8 lbb} dWosflng vr{ ;+/rgfTds ah]6 ljlgof]hg k|s[ofdf ;'wf/ ub} { ;a} txsf] vr{sf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}NofPsf] 5 eg] ;xfotfsf bL3{sflng k|fyldstf cGtu{t, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|jflxt x'g cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5 . k|fyldstfsf If]q tyf pkIf]q cGtu{t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cGtu{t phf{, oftfoft, ko{6g, lj1fg / k|ljlw tyf cGo pkIf]q cGtu{t s[lif, l;+rfO{, jg / jftfj/0f, dfgjLo ;fwg / ;fdflhs ljsf;, lzIff :jf:Yo / hg;+Vof tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf s]lGb|t ljz]if ultljlwx? vf; u/L /f]huf/ k|j4{g tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . ljifout lx;fan] u|fld0f ljB'lts/0f, u|fdL0f ;8s / oftfoft, n3' l;+rfO{, s[lif k|;f/ tyf jfnL ljljwLs/0f, cfwf/e"t / k|fylds lzIff, hg:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / hg;+Vof ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cflbdf j9L hf]8 lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf af]w ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] d"ntM ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s j[l4sf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] x'G5 . 11 P]= P]= k[i7 !#, !$ 155
- Page 111 and 112: agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
- Page 113 and 114: sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt
- Page 115 and 116: kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f sfo{Ifdtfs
- Page 117 and 118: @=! lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
- Page 119 and 120: dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0
- Page 121 and 122: @=@=! P3f/f} / gjf} tx clws[t P3f/f
- Page 123 and 124: 5 5 X 80 = 4.00 100 4 5 X 20 = 1.00
- Page 125 and 126: $= ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ljleGg ;d"xsf] nfl
- Page 127 and 128: { &= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ePsf c
- Page 129 and 130: !@_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ldltdf Ps?
- Page 131 and 132: g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] ljB
- Page 133 and 134: • 5gf]6sf] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt x'g'
- Page 135 and 136: • pQ/bfloTjsf] k/LIf0f lgoldttf /
- Page 137 and 138: cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts lqmof
- Page 139 and 140: #=@=% lghL If]qsf lgsfox? ;g\ !(*)
- Page 141 and 142: — ;Ifd / 5l/tf] ;/sf/ (Capable &
- Page 143 and 144: $=^=!) ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfossf] sfd s
- Page 145 and 146: • cfjZostfsf] cleJolQm;d]t ;]jfu|
- Page 147 and 148: • ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gM k|efjsf/L ;]
- Page 149 and 150: • rog jf ljsNksf] lj:tf/ M ;/sf/L
- Page 151 and 152: • dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf;M;/sf/L ;]jf
- Page 153 and 154: v u'0f:t/Lotf (Quality of Service)
- Page 155 and 156: g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b] lzs ;x
- Page 157 and 158: cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lhDdL sf6{/sf] df
- Page 159 and 160: sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf nflu tyf e'k]/L
- Page 161: ;Dd klg g]kfnsf] of]hgfsf] ljlgof]l
- Page 165 and 166: cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& j}b]lzs nufgL
- Page 167 and 168: k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] 16 ljb]zL nufgL
- Page 169 and 170: u/]sf, /fi6«sf] ;+:yfut / u|x0f ug
- Page 171 and 172: lgisif{ • j}b]lzs ;xfotf u|x0fug]
- Page 173 and 174: ul/jL Go"gLs/0fM ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf
- Page 175 and 176: #=@ ;xeflutfTds pkfud o; pkfudn] ul
- Page 177 and 178: • aflif{s cfly{s a[l4 b/ @=% k|lt
- Page 179 and 180: ^=@ gLltut Joj:yfx? • /f]huf/Ldf
- Page 181 and 182: • dlxnf tyf jfnjflnsfx?sf nflu lj
- Page 183 and 184: • :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t ul/j
- Page 185 and 186: • sltko sfo{qmdx?sf] ;Gbe{df j}b]
- Page 187 and 188: • :yfgLo :t/sf ;/sf/ Pj+ lgsfox?s
- Page 189 and 190: ug]{, ;xsf/L jhf/sf] ljsf; ug] { nu
- Page 191 and 192: lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmof M l;4fGt / Jojx
- Page 193 and 194: ;do / kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /flv
- Page 195 and 196: • nIod'vL sfo{ • ljsNkx?sf] ;d"
- Page 197 and 198: lg0f{o k|lqmofsf r/0fx? ;+u7gsf] ;k
- Page 199 and 200: lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kfg{ ] tTjx?
- Page 201 and 202: ‣ gjLg k|zf;lso cjwf/0ffx? cjnDjg
- Page 203 and 204: lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
- Page 205 and 206: • Never ending memo -tNnf] txaf6
- Page 207 and 208: lgisif{ 'Administrative decision ma
- Page 209 and 210: ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;d
- Page 211 and 212: lIf0f clk|msfdf uf]/f hfltsf dflg;x
Ps?ktf sfod ug{ g;lsPdf g]kfn h:tf] ul/a b]zsf nflu w]/} uDeL/ ;d:ofx? v8f x'g<br />
;S5g . ctM g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf nfu' ul/Psf] o; gLltsf lgDg lgb]{zs<br />
l;4fGt tyf p2]Zox? /x]sf x'g .<br />
lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? 10<br />
• ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cy{tGqsf] pTkfbglzn Ifdtfsf] clej[l4åf/f cfly{s j[l4b/<br />
xfl;n ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{ ;xof]u ug] {, ljsf;<br />
k|s[ofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg], lj:tf/ ug] { / lbuf] agfpg] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd lgdf{0f ePsf<br />
cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljifox? ;dfj]z<br />
ul/g'kg]{,<br />
• j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ s'g} cfof]hgf ljz]if dfqdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df gx]/L<br />
If]qut gLltx? cy{tGqut gLltsf cleGg c+Ë ePsf / s'g} Psbft[ kIfsf] ;xof]udf<br />
;+rflnt cfof]hgf tyf sfo{x? If]qut gLlt;+u cfj4 x'g'kg]{ ePsf]n] oLgLx?nfO{<br />
;dli6ut cy{tGq / If]qut txdf x]l/g'kg]{,<br />
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ ;du| gLltsf] cleGg<br />
efusf] ?kdf lng'kg]{,<br />
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltn] ;/sf/L ljsf; ;xfotf (Official Development Assistancy)sf]<br />
pknAwtf / pkof]usf] txdf Pj+ ;/sf/L tyf afXo b'j} If]qdf a9L kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt<br />
u/fpg],<br />
• cNksflng / dWosflng ?kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/0ffd / u'0ffTdstf j[l4 ul/g]<br />
ePtfklg bL3{sflng ?kdf :yflgo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf j[l4 u/L ;|f]t kl/rfngdf<br />
cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg ul/g] u/L lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .<br />
j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt d"ntM bL3{sflng b[li6sf]0faf6 lgb] {lzt x'g] ePtfklg tTsflng kl/l:yltsf<br />
sf/0f ;[hgf x'g] cfjZostf Pj+ ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos x'g] x'G5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f<br />
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] d"n nIo ePaf6 bL3{sflng lx;fan] g]kfndf pknAw Pj+ pknAw x'g] ;fwg<br />
kl/rfngsf] l:ylt leq ;dflxt x'g cfjZos 5 . o; ;DaGwdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf p2]Zox?<br />
lgDg /x]sf] kfO{G5 .<br />
10 P]= P]= k[i7 !@,,!#<br />
154