book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
cfr/0f gLltsf pk/f]Qm tLgj6} >f]tx? Ps cfk;df cfj4 5g\ . ctM ltgLx?sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f leGg lzif{sdf k|:t't u/]tfklg Ps ljifon] csf]{ ljifonfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sf] x'G5g\ . wd{ ;+:s[lt / sfg"g ;a} ljifon] Ps csf{nfO{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . wd{ ;+:s[ltl;t ;DalGwt 5 eg] sfg'g wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] pkh xf] eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g . oxfF jf]w ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx?df obfsbf Ps >f]tn] csf]{ >f]tdfly k|e'Tj hdfO/x]sf] x'G5 . o; cy{df sfg'gsf] cy{ cx+ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} hf]8Ln] lxGb" wd{ cg'?k ljjfx ;DkGg u/] tfklg To;sf] k|dfl0fs/0f geP;Dd To;n] sfg'gL?kdf dfGotf gkfpg ;Sb5 . o; cy{df ljjfx btf{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . %= cfrf/gLltn] >[hgf ug]{ åGå sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;do ;dodf cfrf/gLltsf åGbjf6 k|efljt x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof o;sf >f]tx? tLg a'Fbfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 M s= cfdg]–;fdg] cfrf/ gLltM ;+u7g Pj+ Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk JolStx?jf6 ;+rflnt Joj;fo xf] . pTkfbs, demf}lnof, ljqm]tf, pkef]Stf Ps csf{l;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . Ps lgsfosf] sfo{ / ultljlwn] csf]{ lgsfosf] sfo{df k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu yf]s ljqm]tfn] ;dodf ;fdfg gkfPdf p;n] cGo Jofkf/LnfO{ ;fdfg pknAw u/fpg ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df pTkfbgstf{ / yf]s ljqm]tfsf] ;d]t /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g' kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg JolSt Ps csf{sf] ;Dks{df kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg JolQm ;Dks{df cfpg' kg] { x'G5 . t/ klg b'O{ JolQm jf b'O{ ;d'xjLr /fd|f] / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /x] tfklg ;do ;dodf ;+s6 >[hgf x'g ;Sb5 . :t/Lo j:t' pTkfbgsf] sfo{ pTkfbg stf{sf] xf] . tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/ ;fdfg pTkfbg geP, ld;fj6 kfOP klxnf] dtleGgtf pTkfbg stf{ / yf]s ljqm]tfdf kg{ hfG5 . of] ;DaGw lj:tf/ u|fxs ;dIf k'Ug] ePsfn] jLrdf cg]sg ;d:of cfpg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{ b'O{ JolQmlar ljBdfg ;DjGwdf s'g} s6'tf gcfcf]; eGgsf nflu ;a} JolSt / lgsfon] cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkP cg'?ksf] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . v= ;+u7gsf] gLlt ;DaGwL cfrf/ gLltM obf sbf ;+:yfg Pj+ sDkgLx? cfkm\gf] sfo{sf l;nl;nfdf ;+s6df cNemG5g\ . b]xfosf a'Fbfjf6 o;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 . 6
• sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/jt{g g} gNofoL gofF ?k lbg vf]h]df, cyjf o;jf/]sf] hfgsf/L KoflsË / kl/jt{gdf dfq u/L lj1fkg u/]df ljqmL a9\b5 eGg] cfPdf s:tf] lg0f{o lng pko'St xf]nf < o;n] s] s:tf] ;+rf/ k|jfx unf{ < cflb jf/] ;d]t lg0f{o lng'kb{5 . • cGo sDkgL 5f8L cfPsf] JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] sDkgLdf egf{ ug'{ kg] { ePdf s:tf] lg0f{o lng] < • cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] nflu c?sf] pTkfbg :jLsfg'{ 7Ls xf] xf]Og < • k'/:sf/ ;lxtsf] pTkfbg pkof]u ug'{ 7Ls xf] xf]Og < • tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgn] xfgL k'¥ofpg] jf/] yfxf kfpbf kfpFb} To:tf pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug'{ 7Ls xf] xf]Og . oL k|ltlglw pbfx/0f dfq x'g\ . Jojxf/df o:tf y'k|} ;d:of cfOkb{5g\ h;n] åGb >[hgf ug{ ;Sb5 . u= sfo{If]q l;t ;DalGwt cfrf/ gLltM sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/df cfly{s lgikIftf s;/L sfod /fVg], ah]6, n]vf tyf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] tYofÍ s;/L z'4u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{ cflb k|Zgn] ;d]t åGb pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 . pTkfbg ug]{ jf Jofkf/ ;+rfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df d"No lgwf{/0f, o;sf] Jofkf/Ls/0f, lj1fkg ultljlw cflbdf s]xL g s]xL k|nf]eg pTkfbs stf{ / Jofkf/L b'j}df kfOG5 . o;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ klg Tolt ;/n 5}g . ;+u7gsf ;a} lx;fj kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVbf /fVb} klg ;f] gx'g ;Sb5 . pBf]u snsf/vfgf Pj+ Joj;fo ;dfhsf pkh x'g . ltgdf ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f ;d]t /xG5 . t;y{ cfGtl/s lx;fj lstfj b'?:t g/fv] jf /fVg g;s] o:tf sDkgL jf ;+u7g ;+rfng sfg"gsf] 3]/fdf ;d]t cfpg ;Sb5g\ . o; kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL sDkgLn] lg0f{o lng' kb{5 . 7"nf sDkgL / Joj;foLn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] lsgj]rdf ;/sf/ / ;Dk"0f{ u|fxsnfO{ ;d]t ljleGg 5'6 / d"No s6f}tLjf6 cfslif{t ul//x]sf] ljj/0f s'g} uf]Ko 5}g . o;n] ubf{ slxn] sfxL cGt/fli6«o hutd} To:tf sDkgLsf ;+rfns tyf Joj:yfksx?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf] åGb ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . 7
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11 and 12: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 13: cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
cfr/0f gLltsf pk/f]Qm tLgj6} >f]tx? Ps cfk;df cfj4 5g\ . ctM ltgLx?sf] JofVof<br />
ljZn]if0f leGg lzif{sdf k|:t't u/]tfklg Ps ljifon] csf]{ ljifonfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sf]<br />
x'G5g\ . wd{ ;+:s[lt / sfg"g ;a} ljifon] Ps csf{nfO{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . wd{ ;+:s[ltl;t<br />
;DalGwt 5 eg] sfg'g wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] pkh xf] eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g .<br />
oxfF jf]w ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx?df obfsbf Ps >f]tn] csf]{ >f]tdfly<br />
k|e'Tj hdfO/x]sf] x'G5 . o; cy{df sfg'gsf] cy{ cx+ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} hf]8Ln]<br />
lxGb" wd{ cg'?k ljjfx ;DkGg u/] tfklg To;sf] k|dfl0fs/0f geP;Dd To;n] sfg'gL?kdf<br />
dfGotf gkfpg ;Sb5 . o; cy{df ljjfx btf{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .<br />
%= cfrf/gLltn] >[hgf ug]{ åGå<br />
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;do ;dodf cfrf/gLltsf åGbjf6 k|efljt x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof o;sf >f]tx?<br />
tLg a'Fbfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 M<br />
s= cfdg]–;fdg] cfrf/ gLltM<br />
;+u7g Pj+ Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk JolStx?jf6 ;+rflnt Joj;fo xf] . pTkfbs, demf}lnof,<br />
ljqm]tf, pkef]Stf Ps csf{l;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . Ps lgsfosf] sfo{ / ultljlwn] csf]{<br />
lgsfosf] sfo{df k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu yf]s ljqm]tfn] ;dodf ;fdfg<br />
gkfPdf p;n] cGo Jofkf/LnfO{ ;fdfg pknAw u/fpg ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df pTkfbgstf{<br />
/ yf]s ljqm]tfsf] ;d]t /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g' kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg<br />
JolSt Ps csf{sf] ;Dks{df kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg JolQm<br />
;Dks{df cfpg' kg] { x'G5 . t/ klg b'O{ JolQm jf b'O{ ;d'xjLr /fd|f] / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /x]<br />
tfklg ;do ;dodf ;+s6 >[hgf x'g ;Sb5 .<br />
:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbgsf] sfo{ pTkfbg stf{sf] xf] . tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/ ;fdfg pTkfbg<br />
geP, ld;fj6 kfOP klxnf] dtleGgtf pTkfbg stf{ / yf]s ljqm]tfdf kg{ hfG5 . of]<br />
;DaGw lj:tf/ u|fxs ;dIf k'Ug] ePsfn] jLrdf cg]sg ;d:of cfpg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{<br />
b'O{ JolQmlar ljBdfg ;DjGwdf s'g} s6'tf gcfcf]; eGgsf nflu ;a} JolSt / lgsfon]<br />
cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkP cg'?ksf] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .<br />
v= ;+u7gsf] gLlt ;DaGwL cfrf/ gLltM obf sbf ;+:yfg Pj+ sDkgLx? cfkm\gf] sfo{sf<br />
l;nl;nfdf ;+s6df cNemG5g\ . b]xfosf a'Fbfjf6 o;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 .<br />
6
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