book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
[hgf ub{5 . o:tf cj:yf s'zn Joj:yfksn] dfq >[hgf ug{ ;Sb5 . Ps rf]6L :yflkt ul/Psf] ;b\efjn] rL/ sfn;Dd dfGotf kfO/xG5 . • d"NodfGotfn] Joj:yfks / sd{rf/LjLrsf] ;f}xfb{tf a9fpF5M Joj:yfkssf] oyf]lrt lg0f{os} sf/0f sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?df bf]x/f] cf:yf / ljZjf; >[hgf x'G5 . pRrtd pTkfbg, pRrtd d'gfkmfn] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg pRrtd af]g; / cGo kmfObf lbg ;Sb5 . of] jftfj/0f >[hgf ug]{ Joj:yfks cfrf/gLltaf6 afFlwPsf] x'G5 . • o;n] ;sf/fTds lg0f{o lng an k'¥ofp5M s'zn Joj:yfks hf] cfrf/gLltn] 8f]¥ofOPsf] x'G5 p;n] cfdsd{rf/L / pkef]Stfsf] kIfdf ;sf/fTds lg0f{o lnG5 . ;sf/fTds lg0f{ojf6 xhf/f}+ nfvf}+ u|fxsx? nfeflGjt x'g k'Ub5g\ . • cfrf/gLlt / d'gfkmf Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\M cfrf/gLltjf6 8f]¥ofOPsf Joj:yfksx? bL3{sfnLg ?kdf d'gfkmfdf /xG5g\ . ;xL lg0f{o / nufgLn] unt k|ltkmn lbg ;Sb}g . o; cy{df oL b'O{ ljifo Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\ . • sfg"gn] ;dfhsf] ;+/If0f gug{ ;Sb5 t/ cfrf/gLltn] ub{5M k|ljlwsf] rdTsfl/t ljsf;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . oL kl/jt{gsf] ;+/If0f cfrf/gLltn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ ;do nfUg] ePsfn] s'zn Joj:yfksn] cfkm\gf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L ljr}df b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . %= cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx? cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx? ljleGg 5g\ . Ps jf csf]{ >f]tn] dflg;nfO{ o; dfu{df lx8\g pTk|]l/t ub{5 . s;}n] PseGbf a9L >f]t ;d]t cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL >f]tx? o; k|sf/ 5g\M s= wd{ M xfdL xfd|f] wd{ u|Gydf …wdf]{ /Iflt /IftÚ eGg] plSt kfpF5f} . oxL cf:yfsf sf/0f xfdLn] tf]s]sf] wd{ cg'z/0f u/L o;n] lgb] {z u/]sf l;4fGtx? cjnDag ub{5f} . jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjdf sl/j Psnfvsf] ;+Vofdf wd{x? Jojxf/df 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjdf cToflws dflg;n] cg'z/0f ug]{ wd{df lxGb", af}4, lqmlZrog, O:nfd cflb kb{5g\ . dflg; h'g 7fpFdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] 5, h'g ;dfhdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] 5, cfkm\gf k'vf{x?n] h'g wd{ ;gftg sfnb]lv ckgfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ ToxL wd{ p;n] u|x0f ub{5 . o;df s]xL ckjfb eP klg oxL wd{nfO cfTd;ft u/L p;n] cfrf/gLlt cjnDag ub{5 . wd{n] dflg;nfO{ ug{ x'g] gx'g] s'/f lgb] {z u/]sf] x'G5 . wd{ lkR5] d"No dfGotf leGg /x] tfklg dflg;n] cfkm"n] 4
cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf ub{5 . k|To]s lk9Ln] cfkm\gf ;GttLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] wd{ kfngf ug{ / o;sf l;4fGt cjnDag ug{ lbIff lbG5 . wd{n] cfbz{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu lbzfjf]w ub{5 . o;n] ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{xdf ;d]t pTk|]l/t u/fpF5 . oxL wd{sf] ;+:sf/n] ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ul//x]5 . o;sf] u}/pkl:yltdf ;dfh ;+rfngdf cg]sg cj/f]w cfpg] lglZrt 5 . v= ;f+:s[lts ;dfhdf k|rlnt d"No dfGotfsf] ;+:sf/n] ;d]t cfrf/gLltnfO{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . jt{dfg ;Eotf kf}/fl0fs ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . s;} s;}n] ;+:s[ltsf] dxTj ga'em]/ o;sf] cfnf]rgf u/] tfklg o;}sf] ;xfotfn] b]zdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx? cufl8 a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[lt rnfodfg /xG5 . ljutsf] ;+:s[lt jt{dfg ;dodf kl/dfh{g ePsf pbfx/0f klg k|;:t} kfOG5g\ . k"j{ ;Eotfdf kfzljs zlSt Jofkf/sf nflu u|fXo lyof] t/ jt{dfg o'udf To:tf] 5}g . s[lif o'u, cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfx? km/s 5g\ . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/n] gofF d"No dfGotf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfn] s[lif o'udf d'No dfGotf qmdzM lj:yflkt ub}{ nu]sf] pbfx/0f y'k|} b]lvG5 . ef]lnsf lbgdf gf}nf] ;+:s[ltn] ;d]t 7fpF cf]u6\b} hfg] lglZrt 5 . lxGb" wd{df 5}6L, Gjf/fg, j|taGw, ljjfx cflb ;+:sf/ ljBdfg 5g\ . ;+:sf/sf] dxTj ga'emL o;sf] lj/f]w eP tfklg oL ;+:sf/ k|rngdf kfOG5g\ . tf]lsPsf] o'udf k|rlnt ;+:sf/ k"/} nf]k x'g w]/} ztfAbL nfUg ;Sb5 . t/ gofF o'udf k'/fgf] ;+:s[ltn] klg kl/jlt{t dfGotf kfO/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL ;+:s[ltn] dflg; / ;dfhnfO{ cfrf/gLltdf cg'alGwt ub{5 . u= sfg'gL k4tL ;/sf/n] ;+;bjf6 kfl/t u/]sf P]g lgodx? sfg'g x'g\ . o:tf sfg'gsf] cgle1tf IfDo x'Fb}g . ctM ;/sf/4f/f kfl/t d'n'sL P]g ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfngf ug}{ kb{5 . ;dfhdf sfg'gsf] pNn+3g oqtq b]lvG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fn] s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . t/ s/ gltg]{ ;d'bfo klg y'k|} e]l6G5g\ . vfBfGgdf ld;fj6 u/]/ Jofkf/Lx?n] d'gfkmf sdfO{/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf ultljlw b08gLo x'G5g\ . 5
- Page 2 and 3: ;Dkfbs d08n /fh]Gb| k|;fb zfx dfggL
- Page 5: ;DkfbsLo lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g
- Page 9 and 10: k|zf;gdf cfrf/gLlt k|f=8f= eLdb]j e
- Page 11: #= l;4fGtM cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf
- Page 15 and 16: • sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/j
- Page 17 and 18: o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfo
- Page 19 and 20: s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sD
- Page 21 and 22: kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf]
- Page 23 and 24: ;Gbe{ ;"rL != C.B. Mamoria, (1985)
- Page 25 and 26: ;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo Jo
- Page 27 and 28: @= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf >d zlQ
- Page 29 and 30: !)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12
- Page 31 and 32: gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL
- Page 33 and 34: x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{
- Page 35 and 36: ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{ z
- Page 37 and 38: dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk
- Page 39 and 40: d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] eP
- Page 41 and 42: k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf
- Page 43 and 44: s'n hg;+Vofdf k|ltzt lhNnfut ?kdf j
- Page 45 and 46: ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
- Page 47 and 48: != pTk|]/0ff sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sf
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf ub{5 . k|To]s lk9Ln] cfkm\gf ;GttLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] wd{<br />
kfngf ug{ / o;sf l;4fGt cjnDag ug{ lbIff lbG5 .<br />
wd{n] cfbz{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu lbzfjf]w ub{5 . o;n] ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{xdf ;d]t<br />
pTk|]l/t u/fpF5 . oxL wd{sf] ;+:sf/n] ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ul//x]5 . o;sf]<br />
u}/pkl:yltdf ;dfh ;+rfngdf cg]sg cj/f]w cfpg] lglZrt 5 .<br />
v= ;f+:s[lts<br />
;dfhdf k|rlnt d"No dfGotfsf] ;+:sf/n] ;d]t cfrf/gLltnfO{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . jt{dfg ;Eotf<br />
kf}/fl0fs ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . s;} s;}n] ;+:s[ltsf] dxTj ga'em]/ o;sf] cfnf]rgf u/]<br />
tfklg o;}sf] ;xfotfn] b]zdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx? cufl8 a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .<br />
;+:s[lt rnfodfg /xG5 . ljutsf] ;+:s[lt jt{dfg ;dodf kl/dfh{g ePsf pbfx/0f klg<br />
k|;:t} kfOG5g\ . k"j{ ;Eotfdf kfzljs zlSt Jofkf/sf nflu u|fXo lyof] t/ jt{dfg o'udf<br />
To:tf] 5}g .<br />
s[lif o'u, cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfx? km/s 5g\ . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/n] gofF<br />
d"No dfGotf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfn] s[lif o'udf d'No<br />
dfGotf qmdzM lj:yflkt ub}{ nu]sf] pbfx/0f y'k|} b]lvG5 . ef]lnsf lbgdf gf}nf] ;+:s[ltn]<br />
;d]t 7fpF cf]u6\b} hfg] lglZrt 5 .<br />
lxGb" wd{df 5}6L, Gjf/fg, j|taGw, ljjfx cflb ;+:sf/ ljBdfg 5g\ . ;+:sf/sf] dxTj ga'emL<br />
o;sf] lj/f]w eP tfklg oL ;+:sf/ k|rngdf kfOG5g\ . tf]lsPsf] o'udf k|rlnt ;+:sf/ k"/}<br />
nf]k x'g w]/} ztfAbL nfUg ;Sb5 . t/ gofF o'udf k'/fgf] ;+:s[ltn] klg kl/jlt{t dfGotf<br />
kfO/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL ;+:s[ltn] dflg; / ;dfhnfO{ cfrf/gLltdf cg'alGwt ub{5 .<br />
u= sfg'gL k4tL<br />
;/sf/n] ;+;bjf6 kfl/t u/]sf P]g lgodx? sfg'g x'g\ . o:tf sfg'gsf] cgle1tf IfDo<br />
x'Fb}g . ctM ;/sf/4f/f kfl/t d'n'sL P]g ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfngf ug}{ kb{5 .<br />
;dfhdf sfg'gsf] pNn+3g oqtq b]lvG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fn] s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . t/ s/ gltg]{<br />
;d'bfo klg y'k|} e]l6G5g\ . vfBfGgdf ld;fj6 u/]/ Jofkf/Lx?n] d'gfkmf sdfO{/x]sf x'G5g\ .<br />
o:tf ultljlw b08gLo x'G5g\ .<br />
5
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