book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf 4f/f sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg4f/f a9'jf4f/f cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff4f/f sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 x'g] a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg4f/f -s_ >]0fLljxLg÷/fhkq cglÍt kfFrf} >]0fL - - - - -v_ /fhkq cglÍt rt'y{ >]0fL - - - - -u_ /fhkq cglÍt t[tLo >]0fL - - - - -3_ /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fL 60% 20% 20% - -ª_ /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL 60% 20% - 20% -r_ /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL 70% 10% 10% 10% -5_ /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL 10% 60% 20% 10% -h_ /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL 10% 60% 20% 10% @= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{;~rfng lgb] {lzsf, @)^&df /x]sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL Aoj:yf ljleGg ;]jfsf lsl;d / ;d"xsf] nflu P]gdf 5'6\ofOPsf] k|ltzt km/s–km/s /x]sf] 5 . o;/L km/s–km/s /x]sf] k|ltztdf s'g k|ltztn] klxnf] k|fyldstf kfpg], s'g lsl;d / ;d"xnfO{ s'g kbqmdsf] kb ;+Vof 5'6\ofpg] eGg] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfp5 . o;nfO{ Aojl:yt / j}1flgs agfpg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^& df ljleGg lsl;daf6 x'g] kbk"lt{sf] nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q b]xfo jdf]lhd to ul/Psf] 5 . hDdf dfu kb ;+Vof × tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt !)) o; ;"qfg';f/ ljleGg >]0fL / kbsf] nflu b]xfosf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df P]gdf Aoj:yf eP cg';f/ x'g] u/L k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s= ;"q k|of]u ubf{ bzdnj kl5sf] c+s h'gsf] j9L x'G5 To;}sf nflu kb 5'6\ofpg] v= bzdnj kl5 a/fa/ c+s cfPdf sfg"gdf h'g lsl;d÷;d"xsf] k|ltzt j9L xf] To;}df kb;+Vof sfod ug]{ u= bzdnj kl5 a/fa/ c+s cfPdf / P]gdf a/fa/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f tf]lsPsf]df qmdzM v'nf, sfo{Ifdtf, cf=k|= / a9'jf ;dfof]hgsf] k|fyldstfqmd sfod ug]{ 108
@=! lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx? lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg >]0fLsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f b]xfojdf]lhd x'g]u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^& df Aojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . @=!=! /fhkqflÍt k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu /fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 . hDdf dfu kb ;+Vof 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] j9'jf kbk"lt{sf] nflu -^) Ü_ ;"qsf] k|of]u 1*60 = 0 .60 100 2*60 = 1 .20 100 3*60 = 1 .80 100 4*60 = 2.40 100 5*60 = 3.00 100 6*60 = 3.60 100 7*60 = 4.20 100 8*60 = 4.80 100 9*60 = 5.40 100 10*60 = 6.00 100 kb ;+Vof 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfåf/f x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu -@) Ü_ ;"qsf] k|of]u 1*20 = 0 .20 100 2*20 = 0 .40 100 3*20 = 0 .60 100 4*20 = 0.80 100 5*20 = 1.00 100 6*20 = 1.20 100 7*20 = 1.40 100 8*20 = 1.60 100 9*20 = 1.80 100 10*20 = 2.00 100 kb ;+Vof - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsfåf/f x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu -!) Ü_ ;"qsf] k|of]u 1*10 = 0 .10 100 2*10 = 0 .20 100 3*10 = 0 .30 100 4*10 = 0.40 100 5*10 = 0.50 100 6*10 = 0.60 100 7*10 = 0.70 100 8*10 = 0.80 100 9*10 = 0.90 100 10*10 = 1.00 100 kb ;+Vof - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgjf6 x'g] j9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg -!) Ü_ kb ;"qsf] k|of]u ;+Vof 1*10 = 0 .10 100 2*10 = 0 .20 100 3*10 = 0 .30 100 4*10 = 0.40 100 5*10 = 0.50 100 6*10 = 0.60 100 7*10 = 0.70 100 - - - - - - 1 8*10 = 0.80 100 1 9*10 = 0.90 100 1 10*10 = 1.00 100 1 dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf bz kb gk'u];Ddsf] cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / P3f/f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . 109
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107 and 108: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
- Page 109 and 110: dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn
- Page 111 and 112: agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
- Page 113 and 114: sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt
- Page 115: kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f sfo{Ifdtfs
- Page 119 and 120: dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0
- Page 121 and 122: @=@=! P3f/f} / gjf} tx clws[t P3f/f
- Page 123 and 124: 5 5 X 80 = 4.00 100 4 5 X 20 = 1.00
- Page 125 and 126: $= ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ljleGg ;d"xsf] nfl
- Page 127 and 128: { &= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ePsf c
- Page 129 and 130: !@_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ldltdf Ps?
- Page 131 and 132: g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] ljB
- Page 133 and 134: • 5gf]6sf] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt x'g'
- Page 135 and 136: • pQ/bfloTjsf] k/LIf0f lgoldttf /
- Page 137 and 138: cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts lqmof
- Page 139 and 140: #=@=% lghL If]qsf lgsfox? ;g\ !(*)
- Page 141 and 142: — ;Ifd / 5l/tf] ;/sf/ (Capable &
- Page 143 and 144: $=^=!) ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfossf] sfd s
- Page 145 and 146: • cfjZostfsf] cleJolQm;d]t ;]jfu|
- Page 147 and 148: • ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gM k|efjsf/L ;]
- Page 149 and 150: • rog jf ljsNksf] lj:tf/ M ;/sf/L
- Page 151 and 152: • dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf;M;/sf/L ;]jf
- Page 153 and 154: v u'0f:t/Lotf (Quality of Service)
- Page 155 and 156: g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b] lzs ;x
- Page 157 and 158: cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lhDdL sf6{/sf] df
- Page 159 and 160: sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf nflu tyf e'k]/L
- Page 161 and 162: ;Dd klg g]kfnsf] of]hgfsf] ljlgof]l
- Page 163 and 164: p2]Zox? 11 • j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;+r
- Page 165 and 166: cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& j}b]lzs nufgL
@=!<br />
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?<br />
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg >]0fLsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f b]xfojdf]lhd x'g]u/L nf]s<br />
;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^& df Aojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .<br />
@=!=! /fhkqflÍt k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu<br />
/fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt<br />
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .<br />
hDdf<br />
dfu<br />
kb<br />
;+Vof<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f<br />
x'g] j9'jf kbk"lt{sf] nflu<br />
-^) Ü_<br />
;"qsf] k|of]u<br />
1*60 = 0 .60<br />
100<br />
2*60 = 1 .20<br />
100<br />
3*60 = 1 .80<br />
100<br />
4*60 = 2.40<br />
100<br />
5*60 = 3.00<br />
100<br />
6*60 = 3.60<br />
100<br />
7*60 = 4.20<br />
100<br />
8*60 = 4.80<br />
100<br />
9*60 = 5.40<br />
100<br />
10*60 = 6.00<br />
100<br />
kb<br />
;+Vof<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
3<br />
4<br />
4<br />
5<br />
5<br />
6<br />
cfGtl/s<br />
k|ltof]lutfåf/f x'g]<br />
kbk"lt{sf nflu -@) Ü_<br />
;"qsf] k|of]u<br />
1*20 = 0 .20<br />
100<br />
2*20 = 0 .40<br />
100<br />
3*20 = 0 .60<br />
100<br />
4*20 = 0.80<br />
100<br />
5*20 = 1.00<br />
100<br />
6*20 = 1.20<br />
100<br />
7*20 = 1.40<br />
100<br />
8*20 = 1.60<br />
100<br />
9*20 = 1.80<br />
100<br />
10*20 = 2.00<br />
100<br />
kb<br />
;+Vof<br />
-<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsfåf/f<br />
x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu<br />
-!) Ü_<br />
;"qsf] k|of]u<br />
1*10 = 0 .10<br />
100<br />
2*10 = 0 .20<br />
100<br />
3*10 = 0 .30<br />
100<br />
4*10 = 0.40<br />
100<br />
5*10 = 0.50<br />
100<br />
6*10 = 0.60<br />
100<br />
7*10 = 0.70<br />
100<br />
8*10 = 0.80<br />
100<br />
9*10 = 0.90<br />
100<br />
10*10 = 1.00<br />
100<br />
kb<br />
;+Vof<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf<br />
cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgjf6<br />
x'g] j9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg<br />
-!) Ü_<br />
kb<br />
;"qsf] k|of]u<br />
;+Vof<br />
1*10 = 0 .10<br />
100<br />
2*10 = 0 .20<br />
100<br />
3*10 = 0 .30<br />
100<br />
4*10 = 0.40<br />
100<br />
5*10 = 0.50<br />
100<br />
6*10 = 0.60<br />
100<br />
7*10 = 0.70<br />
100<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
1<br />
8*10 = 0.80<br />
100 1<br />
9*10 = 0.90<br />
100<br />
1<br />
10*10 = 1.00<br />
100 1<br />
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf bz kb gk'u];Ddsf]<br />
cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / P3f/f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 .<br />
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .<br />
109
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