book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/cGtu{t ag]sf b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^^ / ^& adf]lhd dfu ul/Psf] :ki6Ls/0fx? ;hfo lbg kfpg] clwsf/Laf6 g;f]lwPsf] cj:yfdf cGo JolQmx?n] lnPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] cfwf/ lnP/ ul/Psf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] egL k|sfz ofbj lj?4 k|zf;sLo cbfnt;d]t ePsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] 5 . 41 clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L k|of]u ug'{ gx'g] sfg"gsf] k/Llwleq /xL Ps k6s Pp6f lg0f{o ug{ / csf]{ k6s csf]{ lg0f{o ug]{ 5'6 sfg"gn] /fHonfO{ lbg g;Sg] eGb} ;'bz{gnfn >]i7 lj?4 cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ePsf] csf]{ l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M k"j{jtL{ lg0f{o sfg"gsf] s;Ldf hfFlrP/ ;Ifd lgsfoaf6 ab/ ePsf] cj:yf jf sfg"gdf g} ;+zf]wg ePsf] cj:yf afx]s pxL sfg"g k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]s]/ klxn] Pp6f lg0f{o ug{ / kl5 To;sf] ljk/Lt csf]{ lg0f{o ug]{ 5'6 /xG5 eGg ldNb}g . 42 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ePsf] clwsf/Laf6 x'g] jf ePsf] lg0f{o klg ;/sf/L÷sfo{sf/L÷k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ePsf]n] To:tf] lg0f{o JolQmut lg0f{o h:tf] Whim df cfP/ k"j{ lg0f{o abNg g;lsg] eGb} a]~rdfs{ g]kfn ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;/sf/;Fu :jljj]sLo clwsf/ eP klg To:tf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ non- arbitrary, non discriminatory, rational Pjd\ Relevent dfkb08df cfwfl/t x'g' k5{ . 43 To;}u/L sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ kfng ubf{ jf nfu" (Enforce) ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] :j]R5frf/L (Arbitrary) 9+uaf6 gu/L ljj]s;+ut (Rational) plrt (Reasonable) tyf :jR5 (Fair) 9+un] u/]sf] b]lvg' kb{5 egL ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] /fds'df/ yfkf lj?4 sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]t ePsf] l/6df cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . 44 k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ lgliqmo t'Nofpg jf kl/jt{g ug{ g;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljsNkdf k|zf;lgs lg0f{onfO{ k|efjL agfpg] u/L ul/Psf] sfo{ sfg"gL b[li6n] 41 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s –^ lg=g+= &&!% k[= &^@ 42 g]=sf=k= @)^% c+s # lg=g+= &($# k[= #@) 43 g]=sf=k= @)^% c+s $ lg=g+= &(%& k[= 44 g]=sf=k=@)^% c+s * lg=g+= *))& k[= !)$*_ 100
dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf aLrdf leGgtf bzf{Psf] kfOG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5– g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] eGb}df ljlgodfjnL lgdf{0f ug] { clwsf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ;/x x' Fb}g . ljwflosL clwsf/ k|of]u u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/Ps} sf/0fn] lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"g dflgPsf] xf] . To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{, abNg], vf/]h ug] { clwsf/ klg ;/sf/df /xG5 . t/ To;/L ?kfGt/0f ug{, abNg / vf/]h ug{ ;/sf/n] dfq P]gsf] clVtof/L leq /xL k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L ug' {k5{, ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ s;}sf] xsdf lgliqmo t'Nofpg jf kl/jt{g ug{ ;ls+b}g . 45 l6Kk0fL ;b/ dfGg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L u/]sf] eGg gldNg] s'g} klg lghfdlt sd{rf/LnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod !!@-!_ cg';f/ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] :ki6Ls/0f tyf pknAw ;Dk"0f{ ;a'b k|df0fsf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg u/L :ki6 sf/0f v'nfO{ lg0f{o ug'{ kg] { x'G5 eGb} x[bogf/fo0f ld> lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] l/6df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gn] g} :ki6 Joj:yf u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] afWofTds ?kdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L cGo lgsfoaf6 n]lv cfPsf] k/fdz{ tyf l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df cfPsf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ cfˆgf] s'g} /fo g} gv'nfO{ s]jn ;b/ dfGg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L u/]sf] eGg gldNg] egL cbfntn] lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . 46 k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ z"Go dfGg' kg]{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln] k|fs[lts Gofosf cfwf/e"t dfGotf l;4fGtsf] k|efjsf/L kl/kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL ;Gbe{df bfgaxfb'/ k|hfklt lj?4 ;efd'v ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgb]{lzt ub}{ eg]sf] 5 – k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u sfg"gdf k|i6 ?kdf ls6fgL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] geO{ sfg"gn] k|i6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] s'/fdf nfu" x'g] ;}4flGts ljifo xf] . sfg"g lgdf{tfn] sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ / sfg"gn] k|i6 ?kdf lgif]w gu/]sf] cj:yfdf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L sfo{ ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg] { s'/f xf] . k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] ljifodf sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g . 47 45 g]=sf=k= @)^^ c+s !! lg=g+= *@%( k[= !&*(_ 46 P]= l;=g+= #* k[= #@@ 47 g]=sf=k=, @)%^, c+s $ lg=g+= ^^(* k[= @^^ 101
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99 and 100: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 101 and 102: clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljh
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
- Page 111 and 112: agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
- Page 113 and 114: sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt
- Page 115 and 116: kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f sfo{Ifdtfs
- Page 117 and 118: @=! lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
- Page 119 and 120: dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0
- Page 121 and 122: @=@=! P3f/f} / gjf} tx clws[t P3f/f
- Page 123 and 124: 5 5 X 80 = 4.00 100 4 5 X 20 = 1.00
- Page 125 and 126: $= ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ljleGg ;d"xsf] nfl
- Page 127 and 128: { &= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ePsf c
- Page 129 and 130: !@_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ldltdf Ps?
- Page 131 and 132: g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] ljB
- Page 133 and 134: • 5gf]6sf] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt x'g'
- Page 135 and 136: • pQ/bfloTjsf] k/LIf0f lgoldttf /
- Page 137 and 138: cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts lqmof
- Page 139 and 140: #=@=% lghL If]qsf lgsfox? ;g\ !(*)
- Page 141 and 142: — ;Ifd / 5l/tf] ;/sf/ (Capable &
- Page 143 and 144: $=^=!) ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfossf] sfd s
- Page 145 and 146: • cfjZostfsf] cleJolQm;d]t ;]jfu|
- Page 147 and 148: • ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gM k|efjsf/L ;]
- Page 149 and 150: • rog jf ljsNksf] lj:tf/ M ;/sf/L
- Page 151 and 152: • dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf;M;/sf/L ;]jf
- Page 153 and 154: v u'0f:t/Lotf (Quality of Service)
- Page 155 and 156: g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b] lzs ;x
- Page 157 and 158: cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lhDdL sf6{/sf] df
dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf<br />
aLrdf leGgtf bzf{Psf] kfOG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5– g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] eGb}df<br />
ljlgodfjnL lgdf{0f ug] { clwsf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ;/x x' Fb}g . ljwflosL clwsf/ k|of]u<br />
u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/Ps} sf/0fn] lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"g dflgPsf] xf] . To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{,<br />
abNg], vf/]h ug] { clwsf/ klg ;/sf/df /xG5 . t/ To;/L ?kfGt/0f ug{, abNg / vf/]h ug{<br />
;/sf/n] dfq P]gsf] clVtof/L leq /xL k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfsf] cg's"n<br />
x'g] u/L ug' {k5{, ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ s;}sf] xsdf<br />
lgliqmo t'Nofpg jf kl/jt{g ug{ ;ls+b}g . 45<br />
l6Kk0fL ;b/ dfGg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L u/]sf] eGg gldNg]<br />
s'g} klg lghfdlt sd{rf/LnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_<br />
lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod !!@-!_ cg';f/ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] :ki6Ls/0f tyf<br />
pknAw ;Dk"0f{ ;a'b k|df0fsf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg u/L :ki6 sf/0f v'nfO{ lg0f{o ug'{ kg] { x'G5 eGb}<br />
x[bogf/fo0f ld> lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] l/6df JofVof ul/Psf]<br />
5 . sfg"gn] g} :ki6 Joj:yf u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] afWofTds ?kdf kfngf<br />
ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L cGo lgsfoaf6 n]lv cfPsf] k/fdz{ tyf<br />
l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df cfPsf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ cfˆgf] s'g} /fo g} gv'nfO{ s]jn ;b/ dfGg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{<br />
Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L u/]sf] eGg gldNg] egL cbfntn] lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . 46<br />
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ z"Go dfGg' kg]{<br />
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln]<br />
k|fs[lts Gofosf cfwf/e"t dfGotf l;4fGtsf] k|efjsf/L kl/kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL ;Gbe{df<br />
bfgaxfb'/ k|hfklt lj?4 ;efd'v ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgb]{lzt ub}{<br />
eg]sf] 5 – k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u sfg"gdf k|i6 ?kdf ls6fgL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf<br />
nfu" x'g] geO{ sfg"gn] k|i6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] s'/fdf nfu" x'g] ;}4flGts ljifo xf] . sfg"g lgdf{tfn]<br />
sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ / sfg"gn] k|i6 ?kdf lgif]w gu/]sf] cj:yfdf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt<br />
gx'g] u/L sfo{ ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg] { s'/f xf] . k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] ljifodf<br />
sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g . 47<br />
45 g]=sf=k= @)^^ c+s !! lg=g+= *@%( k[= !&*(_<br />
46 P]= l;=g+= #* k[= #@@<br />
47 g]=sf=k=, @)%^, c+s $ lg=g+= ^^(* k[= @^^<br />
101
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