book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
book setup 2069 nijamati.indd book setup 2069 nijamati.indd
jf d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df lgh Tof] lgisif{df k'u]sf] s'/f krf{af6 b]lvg} k5{ . lghsf] lrQnfO{ Tof] lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] j:t'ut tYox? (Objective facts) nfO{ krf{df pNn]v gu/]/ l;km{ lgisif{sf] dfq pNn]v ug' { kof{Kt x' Fb}g / To; l:yltdf Tof] lgisif{nfO{ sfg"gsf] dg;fo cg'?k krf{df sf/0fsf] pNn]v ePsf] ;Demg ldNb}g egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] ljifout ljj]s / :j]R5frfl/tf pk/ Goflos lgoGq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 12 lzjk|;fb k/fh'nL lj= d=k=;= ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ælghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;kmfOsf] ;j'b lbg] df}sf lbP/ xf];\ jf cJojxfl/stfsf cfwf/df krf{ v8f u/]/ g} xf];\ h'g;'s} k|lqmofaf6 ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg'kg]{ plrt tyf kof{Kt sf/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug'{k5{, plrt / kof{Kt sf/0fsf] cefjdf cf/f]k dfq pNn]v u/]/ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg gldNg]Æ egL JofVof ePsf] kfOG5 . 13 To:t} cDa/ axfb'/ u'?ª lj= lq=lj= ;'/Iff k|x/L uf8{ sfof{no, uf}r/0f;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfg tyf P]g sfg"gsf] dof{bf / kfng ug'{ ;a}sf] st{Jo ePsf] egL sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ x'g lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] d'2fdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5 M ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] sfo{kflnsfcGtu{tsf] k|x/L ljefu dftxt /x]sf ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs bfloTj axg ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] cem a9L lhDd]jf/L /xg hfg]df pN6} To:tf lgsfon] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf gu/]df b]zdf sfg"gL /fhsf] :yfkgf / df}lns xssf] ;'/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . 14 cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L tl/sfaf6 x'g x'Fb}g lgj]bs afa'/fd kf}8]n lj= d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L ?kdf ug{ gkfOg] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] l/6df elgPsf] 5 – thljhL clwsf/ clgolGqt clwsf/ xf]Og . ckl/dLt / c;Lldt clwsf/ klg xf]Og . thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]udf :j]R5frf/Ltfsf] k'6 cfpg' x' Fb}g . jf:tjdf lg/+s'z :j]R5frf/Ltf sfg"gL /fHosf] k|lts"n x'G5 . ===thljhL cyf{t\ :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u Gofo ;+ut 9+uaf6 x'g'k5{ . thljhL clwsf/ k|of]u klg sfg"g cg'?k x'g' k5{ / To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ablgotk"0f{ x'g' x' Fb}g . === cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L tl/sfaf6 x'g x'Fb}g eGg] Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt xf] . :j]R5frfl/tf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] gsf/fTds kIf xf] . === thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;kmf / ;bf;ok"0f{ Fairness and good faith x'g'k5{ . === sfg"gn] k|zf;sLo, sfo{sfl/0fL 12 g]=sf=k= @)$* c+s ^ k[=@## 13 g]=sf=k= @)$* c+s ( k[= %#^ 14 aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f lg0f{o ;+u|x, ;jf]{RRf cbfnt, efu !, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh, @)^^ k[= ^* 92
clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljhL clwsf/ lbP klg To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;bf;ok"0f{ tl/sfn] x'g'kb{5 . clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g' x'Fb}g . e]befjk"0f{ tl/sfn] To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ x'Fb}g / To:tf] lg0f{odf ablgot / k"jf{u|x /xg' x'Fb}g . 15 ab|Ls'df/ a:g]t lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lsgf/f ubf{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L ?kdf ug' { gx'g] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5– sfg"gn] s;}nfO{ csf{sf] xs clwsf/df /f]s jf lgoGq0f nufpg] clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ lgikIftf Pjd\ ljj]s ;fy k|of]u ul/of];\ eg]/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o JolQmsf] kbLo xs ;DaGwL ePsf]n] To:tf]df lg0f{o ubf{ ljj]sk"0f{ / Gofo;+ut tl/sfaf6 ul/g'kb{5 . sfg"gn] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ thljhL jf :jljj]sLo clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 eGb}df To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 ul/g' x' Fb}g . sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 ul/g' x' Fb}g . sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|of]udf :j]R5frf/L ug]{ xs s;}nfO{ klg x'g' x'Fb}g . olb ;/sf/n] thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 ub{5 eg] ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] sfg"gL zf;gsf] pkxf; x'g k'Ub5 . 16 of]uL g/xl/gfy lj= d=k=;= ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf ;/sf/n] lg0f{o ug{ /fli6«o lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 eGb} k|fs[lts, wfld{s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] jg h+unn] 3]l/Psf] b]j3f6 If]qsf] hUufnfO{ cfwf/ / sf/0f gv'nfO{ d]l8sn sn]hnfO{ lbg] lg0f{o :j]R5frfl/tfk"0f{ /x]sf] egL ab/ u/]sf] 5 . 17 u0f]z emf lj?4 sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\ lqljlj ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf P]g lgoddf ePsf cj:yfx?df afx]s ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g ;+ut dfGg g;lsg] egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5– sfg"gsf] clVtof/L a]u/ s;}sf] xsdf k|lts"n c;/ kg] { u/L dg nfuL ug]{ sfo{ :j]R5frf/L x'g hfG5 . h;nfO{ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffk|lt k|lta4 /fHon] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . 18 ;/sf/åf/f ul/g] sfo{ ljj]s / sfg"g tyf pko'Qm dfkb08sf] ;Ldfleq /x]sf] x'g'k5{ 8f= l6sfk|;fb kf]v/]n lj= d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kbfjlw afFsL x'Fb} cjsfz lbg] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o ab/ ub}{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 – sfg"gåf/f kbfjlw lgwf{l/t ePsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] sfo{ klg sfg"gadf]lhd g} x'g' kb{5 . === sfg"gL /fHosf] 15 g]=sf=k= @)%! c+s # lg=g+= $*&% k[= !$# 16 g]=sf=k= @)%! c+s !) lg=g+= $(*% k[= &$$ 17 g]=sf=k= @)%# lg=g+= ^!@& k[= ## 18 g]=sf=k= @)%# c+s !! lg=g+= ^@*! k[= &^$ 93
- Page 49 and 50: • >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tf
- Page 51 and 52: • g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{
- Page 53 and 54: k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] s
- Page 55 and 56: • cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f]
- Page 57 and 58: @=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] s'
- Page 59 and 60: • ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf, • If
- Page 61 and 62: ^= ;]jf ;'ljwf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:y
- Page 63 and 64: hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df h
- Page 65 and 66: lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{d
- Page 67 and 68: tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?
- Page 69 and 70: • hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k
- Page 71 and 72: • to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #
- Page 73 and 74: j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf
- Page 75 and 76: cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo •
- Page 77 and 78: ;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{k
- Page 79 and 80: nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf]
- Page 81 and 82: • /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]j
- Page 83 and 84: ^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf
- Page 85 and 86: plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n's
- Page 87 and 88: s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] %
- Page 89 and 90: sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?
- Page 91 and 92: • g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgod
- Page 93 and 94: lgisif{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;
- Page 95 and 96: ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF
- Page 97 and 98: k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/
- Page 99: ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl
- Page 103 and 104: l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5-
- Page 105 and 106: dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]
- Page 107 and 108: Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/
- Page 109 and 110: dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn
- Page 111 and 112: agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
- Page 113 and 114: sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt
- Page 115 and 116: kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f sfo{Ifdtfs
- Page 117 and 118: @=! lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
- Page 119 and 120: dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0
- Page 121 and 122: @=@=! P3f/f} / gjf} tx clws[t P3f/f
- Page 123 and 124: 5 5 X 80 = 4.00 100 4 5 X 20 = 1.00
- Page 125 and 126: $= ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ljleGg ;d"xsf] nfl
- Page 127 and 128: { &= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ePsf c
- Page 129 and 130: !@_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ldltdf Ps?
- Page 131 and 132: g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] ljB
- Page 133 and 134: • 5gf]6sf] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt x'g'
- Page 135 and 136: • pQ/bfloTjsf] k/LIf0f lgoldttf /
- Page 137 and 138: cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts lqmof
- Page 139 and 140: #=@=% lghL If]qsf lgsfox? ;g\ !(*)
- Page 141 and 142: — ;Ifd / 5l/tf] ;/sf/ (Capable &
- Page 143 and 144: $=^=!) ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfossf] sfd s
- Page 145 and 146: • cfjZostfsf] cleJolQm;d]t ;]jfu|
- Page 147 and 148: • ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gM k|efjsf/L ;]
- Page 149 and 150: • rog jf ljsNksf] lj:tf/ M ;/sf/L
jf d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df lgh Tof] lgisif{df k'u]sf] s'/f krf{af6 b]lvg} k5{ . lghsf] lrQnfO{ Tof]<br />
lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] j:t'ut tYox? (Objective facts) nfO{ krf{df pNn]v gu/]/ l;km{ lgisif{sf] dfq<br />
pNn]v ug' { kof{Kt x' Fb}g / To; l:yltdf Tof] lgisif{nfO{ sfg"gsf] dg;fo cg'?k krf{df sf/0fsf]<br />
pNn]v ePsf] ;Demg ldNb}g egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] ljifout ljj]s / :j]R5frfl/tf pk/<br />
Goflos lgoGq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 12<br />
lzjk|;fb k/fh'nL lj= d=k=;= ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ælghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;kmfOsf] ;j'b lbg]<br />
df}sf lbP/ xf];\ jf cJojxfl/stfsf cfwf/df krf{ v8f u/]/ g} xf];\ h'g;'s} k|lqmofaf6 ;]jfaf6<br />
x6fpFbf lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg'kg]{ plrt tyf kof{Kt sf/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug'{k5{, plrt<br />
/ kof{Kt sf/0fsf] cefjdf cf/f]k dfq pNn]v u/]/ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg gldNg]Æ egL JofVof ePsf]<br />
kfOG5 . 13<br />
To:t} cDa/ axfb'/ u'?ª lj= lq=lj= ;'/Iff k|x/L uf8{ sfof{no, uf}r/0f;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf<br />
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfg tyf P]g sfg"gsf] dof{bf / kfng ug'{ ;a}sf] st{Jo ePsf] egL sfg"g<br />
sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ x'g lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] d'2fdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5<br />
M ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] sfo{kflnsfcGtu{tsf] k|x/L ljefu<br />
dftxt /x]sf ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs bfloTj axg ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] cem a9L lhDd]jf/L /xg hfg]df<br />
pN6} To:tf lgsfon] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf gu/]df b]zdf sfg"gL /fhsf] :yfkgf / df}lns<br />
xssf] ;'/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . 14<br />
cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L tl/sfaf6 x'g x'Fb}g<br />
lgj]bs afa'/fd kf}8]n lj= d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] thljhL<br />
clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L ?kdf ug{ gkfOg] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] l/6df elgPsf] 5 – thljhL<br />
clwsf/ clgolGqt clwsf/ xf]Og . ckl/dLt / c;Lldt clwsf/ klg xf]Og . thljhL clwsf/sf]<br />
k|of]udf :j]R5frf/Ltfsf] k'6 cfpg' x' Fb}g . jf:tjdf lg/+s'z :j]R5frf/Ltf sfg"gL /fHosf] k|lts"n<br />
x'G5 . ===thljhL cyf{t\ :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u Gofo ;+ut 9+uaf6 x'g'k5{ . thljhL<br />
clwsf/ k|of]u klg sfg"g cg'?k x'g' k5{ / To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ablgotk"0f{<br />
x'g' x' Fb}g . === cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L tl/sfaf6 x'g x'Fb}g eGg] Gofosf] ;j{dfGo<br />
l;4fGt xf] . :j]R5frfl/tf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] gsf/fTds kIf xf] . === thljhL clwsf/sf]<br />
k|of]u ;kmf / ;bf;ok"0f{ Fairness and good faith x'g'k5{ . === sfg"gn] k|zf;sLo, sfo{sfl/0fL<br />
12 g]=sf=k= @)$* c+s ^ k[=@##<br />
13 g]=sf=k= @)$* c+s ( k[= %#^<br />
14 aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f lg0f{o ;+u|x, ;jf]{RRf cbfnt, efu !, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh, @)^^ k[= ^*<br />
92
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