book setup 2069 nijamati.indd

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o; klqsdf k|sflzt x'g] n]vx?df AoSt ul/Psf larf/x? n]vssf lghL
ePsf x'gfn] tL n]vx?n] n]vs sfo{/t ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 5}g .
n]v /rgfsf] nflu cg'/f]w
o; cfof]uaf6 cw{jflif{s ?kdf k|sflzt x'g] ælghfdtL ;]jf klqsfÆ df n]v /rgf k|sflzt
u/fpg rfxg] n]vs dxfg'efjx?nfO{ tnsf] 7]ufgfdf n]v÷/rgf k7fpg xflb{s cfXjfg
ul/G5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljljw kIf, cfly{s ultljlw / of]hgfa4 ljsf;;Fu ;Da4
df}lns, vf]hk"0f{, ljrf/–k|wfg tyf cg';Gwfgd"ns ljifo ;dflji6 ePsf n]v /rgfx?
k|sfzgsf] lgldQ a9L u|fXo x'g]5g\ .
k|sfzgfy{ k7fOg] n]v /rgfsf] z'?df æ;f/f+zÆ / cGTodf æ;Gbe{;"rLÆ ;+nUg ePsf]
x'g'kg]{5 . o; klqsfdf k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fOPsf n]v /rgfx? cGoq k|sflzt ug'{k/]df
k|sfzssf] k"j{–:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . klqsfdf k|sfzgfy{ k|fKt n]v /rgfx? :jLsf/ ug]{ jf
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EmaliM info@psc.gov.np, Website: www.psc.gov.np

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CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL
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PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
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lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg If]qsf ljljw ljifodf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf
n]vx?sf] ;+u|x xf] . cfof]usf] cw{jflif{s k|sfzgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] o; klqsfsf] gof“ c+s
oyf;dod} kf7s ;fd" Nofpg ;kmn ePsf]df xfdLnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . ljutdf h:t}
o; c+snfO{ klg plQs} :g]xk"j{s :jLsf/ ul/lbg' x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ .
o; klqsfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw cfofdx?dfly laåfg n]vsx?sf] ;}4flGts
Pj+ a}rfl/s dGyg u/fpg] ePsf]n] o;af6 pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 k|0ffnLsf] nflu s]xL g
s]xL ;xof]u k'Ug hfg] cfof]usf] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . o;n] cfof]uleqsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
af}l4stfsf] s;Ldf v8f x'g] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg ;3fpg] cfzf ;d]t lnOPsf] 5 .
;fy} ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] cWoog÷cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] nflu
klg klqsf rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . log} kl/b[iodf cfof]un] lghfdtL
;]jf klqsf k|sfzgsf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cGTodf, klqsf k|sfzgsf] nflu cfk\mgf cd"No n]vx? pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g] ljåfg
n]vsx?k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ . To;}u/L xfd|f] k|To]s c+sx?nfO{ ?rLk"j{s u|x0f ul/lbg'
x'g] cfb/0fLo kf7sju{k|lt xfdL s[t1 5f}+ . ;fy} cfufdL lbgx?df klg oxf“x?af6 klqsf
k|sfzgsf] nflu oy]i6 ;xof]u k|fKt eO/xg] s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}+ .
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8= k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] e"ldsf Zofds'df/ e§/fO{ *^
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13 lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[ofM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ 6Lsf/fd 9sfn !*#
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15= Public Service Delivery
16= Overview on Conflict Management
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Shyam Prasad
Mainali
Dr. Niranjan Prasad
Upadhyay
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;f/f+z
k|zf;gdfq geO{ b}lgs hLjg ;+rfngdf ;d]t cfrf/gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 . sfg"gn] ;d]t
sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg cfrf/gLltn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 . o; kIfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;a}jf6
cfrf/gLltsf] kfngf x'g' h?/L 5 . o; n]vdf cfrf/gLltsf] ;}4flGts ljj]rgf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
ljifoj:t'sf] kl/efiff, dxTj, o;sf >f]tx?, cfrf/gLlt cg'z/0f gul/Pdf o;n] >[hgf ug]{
åGåx?, cfrf/gLltl;t ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx? / o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ pkfo k|:t't ul/Psf
5g\ . cGtdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( n] klxrfg u/]sf cfr/0fx? / ltgsf] kfngf
sd{rf/Ljf6 s'g xb;Dd ePsf] 5 eGg] jf/]sf] ;d]t 5f]6f] rrf{ k|:t't 5 .
!= k[i7e"ld
b}lgs ultljlw ;+rfngdf cfrf/gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cfrf/gLltnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
sfg'gsf] ;d]t lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;j{k|yd k|To]s JolStn] cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg ug{
x'g] / gx'g] sfo{sf] n]vfhf]vf cfkm}n] ug'{ kb{5 . gful/s zf:qsf] cWoogdf ;d]t JolQm ljz]ifn]
ug{ x'g] / gx'g] ljifosf] nfd} km]xl/:t tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] :jefljs} klg xf] . ;a} JolQmn]
cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s[ofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ klg ;dfh / kl/l:yltn] lbb}g . o; cy{df k|To]s JolStn]
ljj]sL eO{ s] ug{ x'G5 / s] ug{ x'Fb}g egL lg0f{o lng'kb{5 / ug{ gx'g] sfo{ Pj+ lg0f{oaf6 p cnu
/xg' kb{5 .
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;+rfngfy{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf sfg'gdf ;d]t cfr/0f dxn ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
sfo{ ;+rfngsf ;Gbe{df sd{rf/Ln] kfngf ug' {kg]{ lgodx? o;df pNn]v ul/G5g\ . oL lgod
pnª\3g ug] { sd{rf/L b08sf efuL x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ;a}n] o; cfr/0f dxnsf]
kfngf ug'{kb{5 . o;} ;Gbe{df pRr cf]xbfdf sfdug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt JolStTjaf6 ;ky
lng nufOG5 . d]l8sn 8S6/x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 lxkf]qm]l6s cf]y lng nufOG5,
of] ;j{dfGo k|rng xf] .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kl/efiff lgdf{0f ug] { ;Gbe{df l68 c8{j]n] k|zf;g / k|zf;snfO{ oxL
cfrf/gLlt leq ;+nUg u/L cyf{Psf 5g\ . pgs} zAbdf n]Vbf "Administration is a moral act and
administrator is a moral agent." cyf{t k|zf;g Pp6f g}lts sfo{ xf] eg] k|zf;s ;f] sfo{ lgjf{x
* k"j{ ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
1

ug]{ Ps ;xrf/L xf] . pgn] k|zf;g / k|zf;s b'j}nfO{ g}ltstf leq /fVg vf]h]sf 5g\ . oyfy{df
k|zf;gn] cfdgful/ssf] nflu sfo{ ug]{ ePsfn] p;n] d]/f] t]/f] gegL ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . ablnbf]
kl/j]zdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;sn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] km]xl/:tdf km]/abn ul/P tfklg oyfy{df
p;n] cfdgful/ssf e|"0fb]lv lrxfg ;Dd (Womb to Tomb) sf ofjt sfo{ ug] { kb{5 . ;/sf/
cfdgful/ssf] cleefjs ePsfn] cGttf]uTjf ;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;/sf/jf6} vf]lhG5 . o; cy{df
;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+oGqnfO{ cfrf/gLlt cg'?k sfo{ ug{ ;r]tgf (Whip) hf/L ul//x]sf]
x'G5 .
@= kl/efiff
cfrf/gLlt ;bfrf/l;t ;DalGwt 5 . cfrf/gLlt lgod sfg'g th{'df u/L o; cg'?k sfo{ u/
egL lgb{ ]lzt ul/g] ljifo dfq geO{ of] cfkm\gf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L cjnDag ug' {kg]{ ljifo xf] . s]=
c:jyKkf (K. Aswathappa) n] cfrf/gLltnfO{ o;/L k|i6\ofpg vf]h]sf] kfOG5M
"Ethics refers to a system of moral principles - a sense of right or wrong, and goodness and
badness of actions and motives and consequences of these actions. As applied to business
firms, ethics is the study of good and evel, right and wrong, and just and unjust actions of
businessmen" cyf{t cfrf/gLltn] g}lts l;4fGtnfO{ klxrfg ub{5 . tL l;4fGtdf 7Ls a]7Ls,
enf]kg / s'enf]kg lqmofsnfk / ltgsf] kl/0ffd cGt/lglxt x'G5g\ . Jofkf/L If]qsf] pbfx/0f
k|:t't ubf{ cfrf/gLlt Jofkf/Lx?n] cjnDag ug] { c;n / xfgLsf/s, 7Ls a]7Ls, Goflos /
u}/Goflos lqmofsnfksf] ;dli6ut cWoog xf] .
Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language df cfrf/gLltnfO{ o;/L cYof{OPsf]
5 M
1. The study of standards of conduct and moral judgement, morale philosophy.
2 A treatise of this study.
3. The system or code of morales of a particular person, religion, group, profession etc"
cyf{t\ cfrf/gLlt s'g} Jojxf/ Pj+ g}lts cj:yfsf] dfkg ;DaGwL cWoog xf] . of] o; ljifosf]
;+emf}tf xf], s'g}klg JolQm ;d"x, wd{ / k]zf ;+rfngsf] g}lts aGwg xf] .
pk/f]St cy{df JolQm ;d"x, wd{ Pj+ k]zfut ;d"xn] Jojxf/df cfTd;ft ul/Psf c;n v/fj
ultljlw sfof{no Pj+ Jofkfl/s If]qsf nflu ;d]t cg's/0fLo x'G5g\ .
2

#= l;4fGtM
cfrf/gLltsf] :jefj o;sf l;4fGt;Ft a9L cfa4 5g\ . o; cGt/ut b'O{j6f l;4fGt Jojxf/df
kfOG5g\ M
!= g}lts PsfOsf] l;4fGt M o; l;4fGt cg'?k ;dfhdf k|rlnt g}lts :t/ adf]lhd sfo{
ul/g' kb{5 .
@= u}/wdL{ l;4fGtM o; a'FbfnfO{ k"/} gsf/fTds b[li6n] gx]/L ;fGble{s cy{df x]l/g'kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu pBf]uklt jf Jofkf/Ln] k'/} ;dfh;]jfsf nflu dfq pTkfbg ÷ Jofkf/
gu/L d'gfkmfsf nflu ;d]t of] sfo{ ub{5g\ . cfrf/gLltsf] l;4fGtn] oxfF s'g} j:t'
;]jfdf nufOPsf] d'No a]7Ls elgP tfklg of] clgjfo{ klg 5 . nfut d"Nodf gfkmf
ghf]8L ljqmL d"No to ug{ ldNb}g . o;sf] u}/pkl:yltdf yf]s, ljrf}lnof / v'b|f Jofkf/L
s;}n] klg Jofkf/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . Jofkf/ ug]{ eg]s} d'gfkmf sdfpg] klg xf] oBlk ToxfF
;]jf sfo{ klg n'Kt b]lvG5 . ctM pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] If]qdf cwdL{ l;4fGtnfO{ klg
u|fXo t'NofOPsf] 5 . pBf]uklt Pj+ Jofkf/Ln] lng] d'gfkmfsf] k|ltztsf cfwf/df o;sf]
k'g/JofVof ul/g'kb{5 . tf]lsPsf] eGbf a9L d'gfkmf lng' klg u}/sfg'gL xf], cg}ltstf
xf] .
$=cfrf/gLltsf] dxTj
cfrf/gLltsf] dxTj Hofb} cx+ 5 . o;n] JolQm ljz]if, ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ ;+oldt t'NofpF5,
cg'zfl;t t'NofpF5 . o;sf] dfWodaf6 /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] VoftL k|bz{g ub{5 . /fi6« pQd sf]i6df
bh{ x'g oxfFsf jfl;Gbf slQsf] lzlIft 5g\, pgLx? slt >lds / nugzLn 5g\, To; b]zdf
e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf s:tf] s:tf] 5, b]zn] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf s:tf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf]
5, pgLx? slt g}ltsjfg 5g\ cflb ljleGg kIfdf cWoog ul/G5 . pRr sf]i6df bh{ ul/Psf]
/fi6«sf hg;+Vofdf pRr cfrf/gLlt ;d]t kfOG5 . o; k[i7e"lddf cfrf/gLltsf] dxTj dfkg ug{
;lsG5 . a'Fbfut ?kdf cfrf/gLltsf] dxTj b]xfosf a'Fbfdf k|:t't 5g\M
• cfrf/gLlt dfgjsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf cg'?k x'G5g\M dflg;sf JolStut cfrf/gLltn]
p;nfO{ dfq kl/lrt u/fpg] geO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ljj]sL / sfg'g
;Ddt sfo{ ug] { JolQmn] p;n] u/]sf] lg0f{ojf6 ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .
cfrf/gLltjf6 afFlwPsf] Joj:yfksn] unt lg0f{o lng ;Sb}g .
• d'NodfGotfn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf ljZjf; >[hgf ub{5M u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg, plrt d"No
;'netfsf] k|Tofe"ltn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf tf]lsPsf] sDkgL jf kmd{sf] pTkfbgdf ljZjf;
3

[hgf ub{5 . o:tf cj:yf s'zn Joj:yfksn] dfq >[hgf ug{ ;Sb5 . Ps rf]6L :yflkt
ul/Psf] ;b\efjn] rL/ sfn;Dd dfGotf kfO/xG5 .
• d"NodfGotfn] Joj:yfks / sd{rf/LjLrsf] ;f}xfb{tf a9fpF5M Joj:yfkssf] oyf]lrt
lg0f{os} sf/0f sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?df bf]x/f] cf:yf / ljZjf; >[hgf x'G5 . pRrtd
pTkfbg, pRrtd d'gfkmfn] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg pRrtd af]g; / cGo kmfObf lbg
;Sb5 . of] jftfj/0f >[hgf ug]{ Joj:yfks cfrf/gLltaf6 afFlwPsf] x'G5 .
• o;n] ;sf/fTds lg0f{o lng an k'¥ofp5M s'zn Joj:yfks hf] cfrf/gLltn] 8f]¥ofOPsf]
x'G5 p;n] cfdsd{rf/L / pkef]Stfsf] kIfdf ;sf/fTds lg0f{o lnG5 . ;sf/fTds
lg0f{ojf6 xhf/f}+ nfvf}+ u|fxsx? nfeflGjt x'g k'Ub5g\ .
• cfrf/gLlt / d'gfkmf Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\M cfrf/gLltjf6 8f]¥ofOPsf Joj:yfksx?
bL3{sfnLg ?kdf d'gfkmfdf /xG5g\ . ;xL lg0f{o / nufgLn] unt k|ltkmn lbg ;Sb}g .
o; cy{df oL b'O{ ljifo Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\ .
• sfg"gn] ;dfhsf] ;+/If0f gug{ ;Sb5 t/ cfrf/gLltn] ub{5M k|ljlwsf] rdTsfl/t ljsf;n]
ubf{ ;dfhdf l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . oL kl/jt{gsf] ;+/If0f cfrf/gLltn] dfq
ug{ ;Sb5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ ;do nfUg] ePsfn] s'zn Joj:yfksn] cfkm\gf] ljj]s
k|of]u u/L ljr}df b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 .
%= cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx?
cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx? ljleGg 5g\ . Ps jf csf]{ >f]tn] dflg;nfO{ o; dfu{df lx8\g pTk|]l/t
ub{5 . s;}n] PseGbf a9L >f]t ;d]t cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL >f]tx? o; k|sf/ 5g\M
s= wd{ M
xfdL xfd|f] wd{ u|Gydf …wdf]{ /Iflt /IftÚ eGg] plSt kfpF5f} . oxL cf:yfsf sf/0f xfdLn]
tf]s]sf] wd{ cg'z/0f u/L o;n] lgb] {z u/]sf l;4fGtx? cjnDag ub{5f} . jt{dfg ;dodf
ljZjdf sl/j Psnfvsf] ;+Vofdf wd{x? Jojxf/df 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjdf
cToflws dflg;n] cg'z/0f ug]{ wd{df lxGb", af}4, lqmlZrog, O:nfd cflb kb{5g\ . dflg;
h'g 7fpFdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] 5, h'g ;dfhdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] 5, cfkm\gf k'vf{x?n] h'g wd{
;gftg sfnb]lv ckgfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ ToxL wd{ p;n] u|x0f ub{5 . o;df s]xL ckjfb eP
klg oxL wd{nfO cfTd;ft u/L p;n] cfrf/gLlt cjnDag ub{5 . wd{n] dflg;nfO{ ug{
x'g] gx'g] s'/f lgb] {z u/]sf] x'G5 . wd{ lkR5] d"No dfGotf leGg /x] tfklg dflg;n] cfkm"n]
4

cg'z/0f u/]s} wd{ lgb] {zsf] kfngf ub{5 . k|To]s lk9Ln] cfkm\gf ;GttLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] wd{
kfngf ug{ / o;sf l;4fGt cjnDag ug{ lbIff lbG5 .
wd{n] cfbz{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu lbzfjf]w ub{5 . o;n] ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{xdf ;d]t
pTk|]l/t u/fpF5 . oxL wd{sf] ;+:sf/n] ;dfhnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ul//x]5 . o;sf]
u}/pkl:yltdf ;dfh ;+rfngdf cg]sg cj/f]w cfpg] lglZrt 5 .
v= ;f+:s[lts
;dfhdf k|rlnt d"No dfGotfsf] ;+:sf/n] ;d]t cfrf/gLltnfO{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . jt{dfg ;Eotf
kf}/fl0fs ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . s;} s;}n] ;+:s[ltsf] dxTj ga'em]/ o;sf] cfnf]rgf u/]
tfklg o;}sf] ;xfotfn] b]zdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx? cufl8 a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
;+:s[lt rnfodfg /xG5 . ljutsf] ;+:s[lt jt{dfg ;dodf kl/dfh{g ePsf pbfx/0f klg
k|;:t} kfOG5g\ . k"j{ ;Eotfdf kfzljs zlSt Jofkf/sf nflu u|fXo lyof] t/ jt{dfg o'udf
To:tf] 5}g .
s[lif o'u, cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfx? km/s 5g\ . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/n] gofF
d"No dfGotf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus o'usf d"No dfGotfn] s[lif o'udf d'No
dfGotf qmdzM lj:yflkt ub}{ nu]sf] pbfx/0f y'k|} b]lvG5 . ef]lnsf lbgdf gf}nf] ;+:s[ltn]
;d]t 7fpF cf]u6\b} hfg] lglZrt 5 .
lxGb" wd{df 5}6L, Gjf/fg, j|taGw, ljjfx cflb ;+:sf/ ljBdfg 5g\ . ;+:sf/sf] dxTj ga'emL
o;sf] lj/f]w eP tfklg oL ;+:sf/ k|rngdf kfOG5g\ . tf]lsPsf] o'udf k|rlnt ;+:sf/ k"/}
nf]k x'g w]/} ztfAbL nfUg ;Sb5 . t/ gofF o'udf k'/fgf] ;+:s[ltn] klg kl/jlt{t dfGotf
kfO/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL ;+:s[ltn] dflg; / ;dfhnfO{ cfrf/gLltdf cg'alGwt ub{5 .
u= sfg'gL k4tL
;/sf/n] ;+;bjf6 kfl/t u/]sf P]g lgodx? sfg'g x'g\ . o:tf sfg'gsf] cgle1tf IfDo
x'Fb}g . ctM ;/sf/4f/f kfl/t d'n'sL P]g ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfngf ug}{ kb{5 .
;dfhdf sfg'gsf] pNn+3g oqtq b]lvG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fn] s/ ltg'{ kb{5 . t/ s/ gltg]{
;d'bfo klg y'k|} e]l6G5g\ . vfBfGgdf ld;fj6 u/]/ Jofkf/Lx?n] d'gfkmf sdfO{/x]sf x'G5g\ .
o:tf ultljlw b08gLo x'G5g\ .
5

cfr/0f gLltsf pk/f]Qm tLgj6} >f]tx? Ps cfk;df cfj4 5g\ . ctM ltgLx?sf] JofVof
ljZn]if0f leGg lzif{sdf k|:t't u/]tfklg Ps ljifon] csf]{ ljifonfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sf]
x'G5g\ . wd{ ;+:s[lt / sfg"g ;a} ljifon] Ps csf{nfO{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . wd{ ;+:s[ltl;t
;DalGwt 5 eg] sfg'g wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] pkh xf] eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g .
oxfF jf]w ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cfrf/gLltsf >f]tx?df obfsbf Ps >f]tn] csf]{ >f]tdfly
k|e'Tj hdfO/x]sf] x'G5 . o; cy{df sfg'gsf] cy{ cx+ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} hf]8Ln]
lxGb" wd{ cg'?k ljjfx ;DkGg u/] tfklg To;sf] k|dfl0fs/0f geP;Dd To;n] sfg'gL?kdf
dfGotf gkfpg ;Sb5 . o; cy{df ljjfx btf{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
%= cfrf/gLltn] >[hgf ug]{ åGå
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;do ;dodf cfrf/gLltsf åGbjf6 k|efljt x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof o;sf >f]tx?
tLg a'Fbfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
s= cfdg]–;fdg] cfrf/ gLltM
;+u7g Pj+ Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk JolStx?jf6 ;+rflnt Joj;fo xf] . pTkfbs, demf}lnof,
ljqm]tf, pkef]Stf Ps csf{l;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . Ps lgsfosf] sfo{ / ultljlwn] csf]{
lgsfosf] sfo{df k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu yf]s ljqm]tfn] ;dodf ;fdfg
gkfPdf p;n] cGo Jofkf/LnfO{ ;fdfg pknAw u/fpg ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df pTkfbgstf{
/ yf]s ljqm]tfsf] ;d]t /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g' kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg
JolSt Ps csf{sf] ;Dks{df kb{5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg JolQm
;Dks{df cfpg' kg] { x'G5 . t/ klg b'O{ JolQm jf b'O{ ;d'xjLr /fd|f] / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /x]
tfklg ;do ;dodf ;+s6 >[hgf x'g ;Sb5 .
:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbgsf] sfo{ pTkfbg stf{sf] xf] . tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/ ;fdfg pTkfbg
geP, ld;fj6 kfOP klxnf] dtleGgtf pTkfbg stf{ / yf]s ljqm]tfdf kg{ hfG5 . of]
;DaGw lj:tf/ u|fxs ;dIf k'Ug] ePsfn] jLrdf cg]sg ;d:of cfpg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{
b'O{ JolQmlar ljBdfg ;DjGwdf s'g} s6'tf gcfcf]; eGgsf nflu ;a} JolSt / lgsfon]
cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkP cg'?ksf] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .
v= ;+u7gsf] gLlt ;DaGwL cfrf/ gLltM obf sbf ;+:yfg Pj+ sDkgLx? cfkm\gf] sfo{sf
l;nl;nfdf ;+s6df cNemG5g\ . b]xfosf a'Fbfjf6 o;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
6

• sDkgLn] tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgdf kl/jt{g g} gNofoL gofF ?k lbg vf]h]df, cyjf
o;jf/]sf] hfgsf/L KoflsË / kl/jt{gdf dfq u/L lj1fkg u/]df ljqmL a9\b5
eGg] cfPdf s:tf] lg0f{o lng pko'St xf]nf < o;n] s] s:tf] ;+rf/ k|jfx unf{ <
cflb jf/] ;d]t lg0f{o lng'kb{5 .
• cGo sDkgL 5f8L cfPsf] JolStnfO{ cfkm\gf] sDkgLdf egf{ ug'{ kg] { ePdf s:tf]
lg0f{o lng] <
• cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] nflu c?sf] pTkfbg :jLsfg'{ 7Ls xf] xf]Og <
• k'/:sf/ ;lxtsf] pTkfbg pkof]u ug'{ 7Ls xf] xf]Og <
• tf]lsPsf] pTkfbgn] xfgL k'¥ofpg] jf/] yfxf kfpbf kfpFb} To:tf pTkfbgsf]
ahf/Ls/0f ug'{ 7Ls xf] xf]Og .
oL k|ltlglw pbfx/0f dfq x'g\ . Jojxf/df o:tf y'k|} ;d:of cfOkb{5g\ h;n] åGb >[hgf
ug{ ;Sb5 .
u= sfo{If]q l;t ;DalGwt cfrf/ gLltM
sDkgLsf] sf/f]jf/df cfly{s lgikIftf s;/L sfod /fVg], ah]6, n]vf tyf n]vfk/LIf0fsf]
tYofÍ s;/L z'4u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{ cflb k|Zgn] ;d]t åGb pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 .
pTkfbg ug]{ jf Jofkf/ ;+rfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df d"No lgwf{/0f, o;sf] Jofkf/Ls/0f, lj1fkg
ultljlw cflbdf s]xL g s]xL k|nf]eg pTkfbs stf{ / Jofkf/L b'j}df kfOG5 . o;sf]
;dfwfg ug{ klg Tolt ;/n 5}g . ;+u7gsf ;a} lx;fj kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf
/fVbf /fVb} klg ;f] gx'g ;Sb5 .
pBf]u snsf/vfgf Pj+ Joj;fo ;dfhsf pkh x'g . ltgdf ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f ;d]t
/xG5 . t;y{ cfGtl/s lx;fj lstfj b'?:t g/fv] jf /fVg g;s] o:tf sDkgL jf ;+u7g
;+rfng sfg"gsf] 3]/fdf ;d]t cfpg ;Sb5g\ . o; kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL sDkgLn]
lg0f{o lng' kb{5 .
7"nf sDkgL / Joj;foLn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] lsgj]rdf ;/sf/ / ;Dk"0f{ u|fxsnfO{ ;d]t
ljleGg 5'6 / d"No s6f}tLjf6 cfslif{t ul//x]sf] ljj/0f s'g} uf]Ko 5}g . o;n] ubf{ slxn]
sfxL cGt/fli6«o hutd} To:tf sDkgLsf ;+rfns tyf Joj:yfksx?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf]
åGb ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 .
7

ctM pk/f]St ;a} lsl;dsf åGbl;t kl/lrt eO{ ;se/ ;+s6 g} >[hgf x'g glbg] / olb
e}xfn]df ltgsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;dfwfg ul/g' kb{5 . ;+s6 clgjfo{ 5, o;sf] cfsf/
7"nf] ;fgf] h:tf] klg x'g;Sb5 . t;y{ s'zn Joj:yfksn] o;sf] Go"lgs/0fsf nflu x/
;+ej pkfo /Rg' h?/L 5 .
^= cfrf/gLlt ;DaGwL ;jfnx?
sfof{nodf dfgj>f]t Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf y'k|} cfrf/gLlt ;jfnx? >[hgf x'g k'Ub5g\ . of]
ljifo cfkm}df olt j[xt 5 ls ;a} cfrf/gLltsf] pQ/ vf]Hg sl7g klg 5 . Ps JolStn] 7Ls
7x/fPsf] ljifo csf] {n] unt 7x/fpg ;Sb5 . oxfF cfbz{ kIfnfO{ eGbf klg sd{rf/L k|zf;gl;t
cfa4 ljifonfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL cfrf/gLltsf ;jfnx? k|:t't ul/Psf5g\ . sd{rf/L k|zf;g leq
>[hgf x'g] cfrf/gLltsf ljljw ;jfnx? b]xfosf] lrq dfkm{t af]w ug{ ;lsG5 M
gub Pj+ cGo
k|nf]eg
sfo{;Dkfbg
d"NofÍg
hflt tyf
ckfËtf
cfrf/gLlt
;jfnx?
/f]huf/L
;jfnx?
lghL cf:yfsf
;jfnx?
:jf:Yo tyf
;'/Iff
k"g/lgdf{0f tyf
avf{:tL
s= gub tyf cGo k|f]T;fxg
o; cGt/ut tna eQf, jf]g; / cGo cfly{s ultljlw kb{5g\ . ;j{k|yd Joj:yfksn] ;Dk"0f{
sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQfsf] dfkb08 tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx?sf] :t/ / sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L
8

o;jf/] lg0f{o lnOG5 . clws[t / ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] tna :s]n s;/L lgwf{/0f ug]{, hf]lvd
sfd ug] { / ;fwf/0f sfd ug]{sf] tna :s]ndf s] slt cGt/ ug]{, dflyNnf] :t/df sfd ug]{
kbflwsf/L / tNnf] :t/df sfdug]{ ;xof]uLsf] tna eQfsf] cGt/ slt sfod ug]{ cflb
ljifo dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] ;d]t ;xdlt lnP/ o:tf] ljifodf lg0f{o lnbf
Joj:yfksnfO{ sfo{ ug{ hlt ;/n x'G5 ;f] gx'Fbf Toltg} ;d:of klg >[hgf x'g ;Sb5 .
o;}u/L tnasf] jflif{s j[l4 s'g k|ltztdf ug]{, tnasf] a[l4 ;Fu} u| ]8df s:tf] kl/jt{g
Nofpg], jflif{s ?kdf tna j[l4 ubf{ To;sf] cGo ;+u7g / ahf/ efpdf s:tf] c;/ kb{5
cflb ljifodf ;d]t Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
cGo sd{rf/Lsf] t'ngfdf k|d'v sfo{sf/Lsf] tna slt km/s ug] { ljifo klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;fnj;fnL sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L / k|d'v sfo{sf/L (CEO) sf] tnadf lgs}
leGgtf kfOG5 . k|d'v sfo{sf/Ln] ;+u7gnfO{ ult lbg' kg]{, lg0f{o lng] sfo{df k|ToIf ;+nUg
/xg'kg]{ / ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{ lgb]{z ug'{kg]{ cflb j[xt lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f cGo sd{rf/Lsf]
t'ngfdf lghnfO{ lbOg] cfly{s ;'ljwf klg km/s g} x'G5 . oL ;a ;jfndf Joj:yfkgn] 7f];
lg0f{o lng' kg]{ x'G5 .
v= sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg
;+u7gdf sfo{sf] k|s[lt ljleGg x'G5 . s'g} sfo{ ;xh} dfkg ug{ ;lsG5g\ h:tf] ls tf]lsPsf]
lzIfsn] olt 306f k|fWofkg u¥of], jf tf]lsPsf] 8S6/n] olt ;+Vofdf zNos[of u¥of], eg] s'g}
sfo{ dfkg ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg slt txjf6 u/fpg], ;a} ;'k/Lj]Ifs jf d"NofÍg
stf{jf6 sd{rf/Lsf] lgikIf d"NofÍg ePsf] 5 5}g cflb ljifosf ;fy} sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/]/ klg
d"NofÍ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgaf6 lghsf] j[lQ ljsf;df k|efj kfg] { ePsfn] of] sfo{ j:t'lgi6 s;/L
t'Nofpg], j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s s;/L agfpg], d"NofÍg k4lt s] cjnDag ug]{ cflb ljifo
;j{dfGo t'Nofpg Joj:yfkgn] Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
u= hflt, lnË, pd]/ tyf ckfËtf
cfrf/gLlt ;DaGwL sfof{nodf jf/jf/ p7\g] ;jfn j|mdzM, s= hflt v= lnË u= pd]/ / 3=
ckfËtf klg x'g\ .
;+u7gdf ;a} hfthfltnfO{ egf{ sfo{df ;dfg gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] x' Fb}g . cf/If0fsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] leGg hfltsf nflu s:tf] k|ltzt to ul/Psf] 5 . egf{ sfo{df
9

;j{;fwf/0f / cf/lIft pDd]bjf/df s] cGt/ 5, o;n] ;+u7gsf] ;]jfdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf]
5 cflb ljifonfO{ 7Ls 9+un] ;Djf]wg ug{ g;s]df ;+u7g leq ljjfb >[hgf x'g ;Sb5 .
of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] d"Nodf cf/If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbFbf ;+u7gsf] pTkfbg÷;]jfdf s:tf] c;/
k/]sf] 5, cf/If0f ;bfsf nflu jf tf]lsPsf jif{sf nflu dfq lbg] cflb ljifodf ;d]t Wofg
k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .
;+u7gdf obfsbf dlxnfx?sf] cl:dtfdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\b5 . oL ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf ;DaGwdf
dlxnfx?nfO{ ;f]lwg] k|Zgn] pgLx? yk lkl8t gx'g, o; ;dfrf/n] cgfjZos ?k glncf];\,
;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;se/ ;DalGwt JolStsf] pkl:ylt /xf]; eGg]jf/] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg
cfjZos x'G5 .
3= k'glg{df{0f tyf avf{:tL
;+u7g ;+rfngdf nflu sd{rf/Lx? lgo'lQm ul/G5g\ . ljleGg sf/0fj; slxn]sfxLF sd{rf/Lx?
s6f}tL klg ug' {kg]{ x'G5 . pTkfbgsf] dfu gePdf, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, sd{rf/LnfO{
tflnd Pj+ yk Hofnf lbO{ pTk| ]/0ff u/fpFbfsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t sd{rf/L s6f}tL cfjZos
b]lvG5 . k'/fgf sd{rf/Laf6 gofF k|ljlwsf] ;~rfng gx'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;d]t
Joj:yfkgn] s]xL s7f]/ lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
o; ;Gbe{df sd{rf/LnfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] cj;/ h'6fP/, cyjf Psd'i6 yk cfly{s
k|nf]eg lbP/ sd{rf/L lgj[Q ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf o:tf] lg0f{on] s]xL sd{rf/LnfO{
k|lts"n c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . sd{rf/L lgj[Q klg gug]{ / pTkfbg klg j[l4 gul/Psf] cj:yfdf
;+u7gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsFb}g . t;y{ cfjZostf cg';f/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] k'g/lgdf{0f /
avf{:tL ;DaGwdf Joj:yfkgn] obfsbf clk|o lg0f{o klg lng} kb{5 .
ª= ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo
;+u7g, pBf]usf] pTkfbgsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf Joj:yfkgn]
ldnfpg' kb{5 . :6Ln ˆofS6«Ldf sfo{/t sd{rf/L, kfgLsf] ;txd'lg lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg sfdbf/,
clj/n cfjfh pTkfbg ug] { sf/vfgf / l;d]G6 pBf]udf ;+nUg tNnf] txsf sfdbf/x? (Blue
color workers) cflbsf] cj:yf af]w ubf{ ToxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if
k|aGw ldnfpg} kb{5 . Jo:yfkg o; g}lts aGwgaf6 cnu /xg ;Sb}g . /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gn] ;d]t o:tf sd{rf/Lsf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf nflu Wofg k'¥ofpg ljz]if cfu|x u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
10

s]lx jif{ cl3 ef/tsf] e"kfn Uof; sDkgLdf ePsf] r'xfj6n] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;d:ofaf6 xfdL
ckl/lrt 5}gf}+ . ;j{k|yd o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf gxf];\ eGg] / sy+ sbflrt e}xfn]df To;sf]
/f]syfd, xhf{gf cflbsf] k|aGw ldnfpg]af/] Joj:yfksn] Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
r= lghL cj:yfsf ;jfnx?
Joj:yfkgn] k|To]s >ldssf lghL cj:yfsf ;jfnx? ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . wd{,
/fhgLlts cj:yf ;fdflhs dfGotf cflbaf6} dflg; afFlwPsf] x'G5 . oL ljifonfO{ pk]Iff
ug{ ldNb}g . sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf /]l8of], l6eL 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'netf ePdf o;n] sfdbf/sf]
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 NofpF5 . o;}u/L sfof{nodf lrof gf:tfsf] k|aGw, zf}rfno, cflbsf] ;d]t
plrt k|aGw ldnfpg'kb{5 .
obfsbf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t dlxnf sfdbf/sf] lghL dfldnfdf l6sf l6Kk0fL ug]{, unt ;Gb]z
k|rf/ ug]{ cflb klg kfOG5 . o:tf ultljlw klg cg}lts sfo{ x'g\ . o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf
gxf];\ eGg] / eOxfn]df To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu cfjZos sfg"g ;d]t lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 .
;+u7g leq sd{rf/LaLr l;lh{t ;d:ofx? cfGtl/s ?kd} ;dfwfg ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
o;sf nflu lgs6td ;'k/efOh/, dWod :t/df /x]sf] ;'k/efOh/ / pRr Joj:yfks
;d]tnfO{ ;+nUg u/fOPsf] kfOG5 .
^=/f]huf/L ;jfn
sd{rf/LnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug] { ;Gbe{df cg]sg ;d:of cfOkb{5g\ . egf{df ;dodf s'g} pDd]bjf/n]
csf]{ pDd]bjf/sf] em'7f k|df0fkqsf] phfu/ u/]df jf lghsf] j}jflxt cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ul/lbPdf
klg lghsf] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ cj;/df km/s kg{ hfG5 .
o;}u/L s'g} sd{rf/L nfdf] ;do;Dd sfof{nodf sfo{/t 5 / sfnfGt/df p;sf] z}lIfs k|df0fkq
em'7f k|dfl0ft ePdf o;n] leGg lsl;dsf] g}lts ;jfn l;h{gf ub{5 .
ctM Ps s'zn Joj:yfksn] sd{rf/L k|zf;gl;t ;DalGwt dfly plNnlvt ljljw cfrf/ gLlt
;jfnx? af]w u/L ;+u7g ;~rfngdf cfˆgf] Ifdtf k|bz{g ug'{kb{5 .
&= cfrf/gLlt Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfo
jt{dfg ;dodf cfrf/ gLlt Jojl:yt ug] { ljleGg pkfo ;'emfOPsf 5g\ . oBlk of] ljifo
JolQml;t a9L ;DalGwt 5 / klg o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ lhDd]jf/
11

t'NofOPsf] kfOG5 . ;/nLs/0fsf nflu cfrf/ gLlt Jojl:yt ug{ b]xfosf k|f?k cg'z/0f ug{
;lsG5 M
s= zLif{ Joj:yfkg
cfrf/ gLlt Joj:yfkgdf ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg pRr Joj:yfkgsf] x'G5 . pRr Joj:yfkgn]
;+u7gsf] ;fËf] kfËf] Joj:yfkg ug' {kg]{ x'gfn] To;sf] ;+rfngsf nflu s:tf] pbfx/0f aGg]
s:tf] dfu{ lgb] {z ug]{, s] s:tf lgod sfg"g kfl/t ug] {, sfg"g pn+3g ug]{nfO{ s] s:tf] b08
;hfo lbg] cflb ljljw ljifodf lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
cfrf/gLltsf] k|s/0f 7"nf] ;fgf] ;fdfGo, c;fdfGo h:tf] klg x'G5 . ;fdfGo lsl;dsf
cfrf/gLlt pNn+3g ubf{ ;fgf] dfqfsf] :kli6s/0f / gl;xt hf/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg] of] qmlds
a9]/ ljleGg ljefuLo sf/afxLsf ;fy} ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q ;d]tsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 . ;fgf
k|sf/sf] gLlt lgod pNn+3g tNnf] txsf ;'k/Lj]Ifs÷sd{rf/Laf6 sfof{Gjog x'g] / 7"nf
k|s[ltsf km};nf cGttf]uTjf Joj:yfks;Dd k'Ug] ePsfn] oxfF zLif{ Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf
ljz]if pNn]vgLo kfOG5 .
v= cfrf/gLlt ;ldltx?
cfrf/ gLlt pNn+3g ePdf To;sf] klxnf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg ;ldltx? u7g ul/Psf
x'G5g\ . o:tf ;ldltx? cfrf/gLlt ;+rfngfy{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ t'NofOPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf
;ldltx?n] :yfgLo txdf ;d:of ;[hgf x'g glbg] / eOxfn]df k|fylds pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
u= cfrf/gLlt k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd (Ethics Training Programme)M
k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] cfkm\g} dxTj / pkfb]otf x'G5 . ctM ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf / sd{rf/L
;+Vof af]w u/L Joj:yfkg tx, dWod:t/sf Joj:yfkg / tNnf :t/sf sd{rf/Lsf nflu
o:tf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdsf] ;dofalw b'O{ tLg b]lv %.& lbg
x'g' pko'St b]lvG5 . sfo{qmddf 36gf cWoog, cflbsf] ;d]t k|:t'lt kmnbfoL x'G5 .
o;sf ;fy} gofF lgld{t sfg"gsf] hfgsf/L, ljZjdf k|rlnt sfg"g cflbsf] hfgsf/L u/fO{
;xefuLx?nfO{ jf/jf/ k|lzlIft ul/g'kb{5 .
*= g]kfnL ;Gbe{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] kl/R5]b & bkmf $! b]lv %@ / bkmf %$, %$ …sÚ, v, u / %% /
%% …sÚ df cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; cGt/ut ;d:t sd{rf/LnfO{ ;do
12

kfngf / lgoldttf jf/] ;r]t u/fOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L sd{rf/L cg'zfl;t / cf1fkfns x'g kg]{,
/fhg}lts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ gx'g] / /fhgLltdf efu lng gx'g] pNn]v 5 . bkmf $$ df
;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ gx'g], bkmf $^ n] ;/sf/L sfdsfh ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf k|ltaGw
nufPsf] 5 .
bkmf $& n] bfg pkxf/ rGbf cflb k|fKt ug{ / ;fk6L lngdf k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 eg] bkmf $*
df sDkgLsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng tyf Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ gx'g] pNn]v 5 .
bkmf $( df lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] s'g} klg /fhgLlts kbsf] nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf efu lng jf
s;}sf] lgldQ dt dfUg jf s'g} k|sf/sf] k|efj kfg{ x'Fb}g eGg] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf %) / %! x8tfn y'g5]s ;DalGwt 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bz{g / x8tfn ug{ k|ltaGw
nufOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} x8tfn y'g5]s tyf 3]/fp ug{df ;d]t k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L bkmf %$ df lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DkQL ljj/0f lbg'kg]{ t'NofOPsf] 5 eg] bkmf %$ …
sÚ df s;}nfO{ oftgf lbg gx'g] / of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ / 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ k|ltaGw
nufOPsf] 5 .
bkmf %$ …vÚ df cGo cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h; cGt/ut kb cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg
ug'{ kg]{, ;/sf/L ;DkQLsf] k|of]u 3/fo;L sfo{sf] nflu ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o;} qmddf ;]jfu|fxLn] plrt ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;s"g eGg] x]t'n] bkmf %$ …uÚ df ;]jfu|fxLk|lt dof{lbt
Jojxf/ ug{ lgb]{z ul/Psf] 5 .
cfr/0f dxnsf] clGtd bkmf %% …sÚ df lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] plNnlvt cfr/0f cjnDag gu/]df
r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg] / To:tf] r]tfjgLsf] clen]v lghsf] JolStut ljj/0f kmfOndf /fVg' kg]{
Joj:yf 5 .
pk/f]St k|fjwfgsf ;fy} cfrf/ dxns} bkmf %# df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] 6« ]8 o'lgog ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 xfn k|rngdf ^ j6f ljleGg gfdsf 6«]8 o'lgogx? ;+rfngdf /x]sf
5g\ .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Ln] cfr/0f dxnsf a' Fbf cg'z/0f u/]sf 5g\ eGg] cj:yf
b]lvGg . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog dfkm{t ;do ;dodf sfof{nodf aGb3]/fp, x8tfn cflb u/]sf
;dfrf/ klg g]kfnL k|zf;gdf gf}nf 5}gg\ . Psftkm{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /fhgLltdf nfUg gx'g] lgod
13

kfl/t ul/Psf] / csf]{ tkm{ Jojxf/df ;+rflnt ^ j6f 6«]8 o'lgogx? b]zdf ;+rflnt /fhgLlt
kf6L{s} elugL ;+:yfsf ?kdf sfo{/t /x]sfn] ;d:of emg\ uDeL/ aGb} uO/x]5 .
;+u7g ;+rfngdf cfr/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 . o;n] cfd sd{rf/LnfO{ a9L cg'zfl;t,
dof{lbt / ;]jfu|fxL klg t'NofpF5 . csf]{ jfSodf n]Vbf cfr/0f dxnsf] cg'z/0fn] b]zdf ;'zf;g
:yflkt ug{ ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv s]Gb|Ls[t Pj+ PsfTds 9+ujf6 ;+rfng ul/Psf]df
lj=;+= @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft b]zdf ax'bnLo zf;g k|0ffnL k|f/De ul/of] . o;} a]nfb]lv
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg cfk\mgf] k]zfut xslxtsf nflu 6« ]8 o'lgog vf]Ng] clwsf/ lbOof] . o;
clwsf/ k|flKt ;Fu} pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ ;+/lIft ub} { uP eg] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jfdf
vf;} Wofg lbg ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
;a} sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ j/fj/L 7fGg], / ;'ljwf dfq dfu ug]{ efjgf >[hgf eof] . o; eGbf klg
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f /fhgLlts kf6L{n] ;w} cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"lt{df sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pkof]u ub}{ nu] . o;}
kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|zf;g ljifodf sflGtk'/ b}lgs klqsfdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfpg] n]vs åo
>L xl/jxfb'/ yfkf / ls/0f e08f/Ln] cfkm\gf] k':ts …/fhgLlt bfpk]rleq sd{rf/L tGqÚ df n]v]sf
5g\ g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L tGqdf …P]g÷lgodcg';f/ geO{ /fhgLlts bjfj / ?rL cg';f/ k|zf;g
;~rfng ug] { k4lt a;]sf] 5 . lgikIf / t6:y sd{rf/L tGq …cf]7] k|lta4tfÚ dfq ag]sf] 5 .
kf6L{x?sf Jojxf/df …:KjfOn l;:6dÚ df hfg] rfxgf b]lvG5 .Ú
ljåfg\ k|f1 k|f= ob'gfy vgfnn] n]Vg' ePsf] 5 … ;To s] xf] eg] xfdL ;d"rf ?kdf h:tf 5f} To:t}
k|zf;g xfdL kfpF5f}+ .Ú oyfy{df s'g} klg b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf To; b]zsf] ;dfh eGbf k[ys
x'g ;Sb}g . jt{dfg ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jf leq klxrfg ul/Psf lj;+utL ljs[lt xfd|} ;dfh /
/fhgLltsf] k|ltljDj xf] eGbf cTo'lSt gxf]nf .
lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGb]fng kZrft xfdL gofF zf;g k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsf vf]Hb} 5f}+ . o;
;+qmd0fsfndf h;/L ljleGg If]qdf c:t Jo:ttf 5fPsf] 5 To;sf] s]xL c+z k|zf;gdf klg b]vf
k/]sf] 5 . k"j{ 3f]lift sfo{qmd cg';f/ h]7 !$, @)^( df b]zdf gf}nf] ;+ljwfg pknAw u/fpg
xfd|f g]tfx? c;kmn ePsfn] ljBdfg ;+qmd0fsfn nlDag] k|foM lglZrt 5 .
b]zsf] k|zf;g sd{rf/Låf/f cg';/0f ul/g] cfrf/gLlts} k|lta4tfdf cufl8 a9\b5 . sfg"g
km]n ePdf To;sf] ;+zf]wg jf gofF lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 t/ cfrf/gLlt km]n ePdf ;Dk"0f{ k4lt
;+rfngd} k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePsfn] k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kjf6 ;j{yf 6f9f /fVg} kb{5 .
-gf]6M o; n]vdf k|:t't ;}4flGts ljj]rgf s]= c:jyKkfsf] lstfaaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . _
14

;Gbe{ ;"rL
!= C.B. Mamoria, (1985) Personnel Management, Himalya Publishing House, India.
@= Dr. Govind Ram Agrawal, (2003) Principles of Management in Nepal, M.K. Publishers
and Distributors, Kathmandu.
#= George A. Steiner & John F. Steiner, (1997)Business, Government & Society, McGraw
Hill.
$= K. Aswathappa,(2002) Human Resource & Personnel Management, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi, India.
%= Ricky W. Griffin, (1984), Management, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, USA.
^= R. Calhoon (1964), Managing Personnel, Harper & Row, New York.
&= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%), g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g lstfa
Joj:yf ;ldlt, @)^$ .
*= k'?iff]Qd 9sfn, lghfdtL lstfjvfgf sd{rf/L clen]v / pknlAw, n]vs :jo+, sf7df8f}+,
@)$$ .
(= k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, >LdtL zlz e§, gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf, cd]l/sf, @)^% .
!)= 8f= eLdb]j e§, lghfdtL ;]jf ljrf/ / ljZn]if0f, n]vs :jo+, sf7df8f}+ @)$% .
!!= xl/jxfb'/ yfkf, ls/0f e08f/L, /fhgLlts bfpk]r leq sd{rf/L t+Gq, ldl8of / ;'zf;g
cWoog tyf k/fdz{ s]Gb|, sf7df8f}+, @)^% .
15

16
g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf / /f]huf/
k|Tofe"lt sfo{qmd th'{dfsf] k|of;
o'j/fh kf08]*
;f/f+z
s'g} sfdwGbf Joj;fo jf k]zfnfO{ /f]huf/ elgG5 . dflg;n] hLljsf jf pBf]u Joj;fosf
lglDt /f]huf/ ub{5 . OndwGbf s]xL gePsf] dflg;nfO{ a]/f]huf/ elgG5 . To;}u/L /f]huf/L
/ a]/f]huf/LnfO{ ljkl/tfy{s cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . /f]huf/LnfO{ ul/jL lgjf/0fsf]
cr"s cZqsf] ?kdf lnOg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] cfjlws of]hgfx? klg ;f]xL lbzftkm{
pGd'v b]lvG5g\ . k|:t't n]vdf /f]huf/Lsf] ;}4flGts kIf / g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!= kl/ro
g]kfnL zAb /f]huf/L / c+u|]hL zAb Employment n] Pp6} cy{ lbG5g\ . Employment n] klg k};f
sdfpgsf lglDt ul/g] sfo{ nfO{ hgfp5 (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary) . sf]lnG;\
l8S:g/L ckm Osf]gf]ldS;n] s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug{sf lglDt pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] ?kdf
>dsf] k|of]u (The use of labour as a factor input in the production of a good or service) sf]
?kdf Employment cyf{t\ /f]huf/LnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
>dzlQm ;j]{If0f Pj+ hgu0fgfsf] dfWodaf6 b]zdf slt k|ltzt >dzlQm /f]huf/ 5 / slt
k|ltzt hg;+Vof a]/f]huf/ 5 eGg] h:tf tYox?sf] klxrfg ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn]
cf=j= @)^$.^% df bf];|f] >dzlQm ;j]{If0f u/]sf] 5 . >dzlQm ;j]{If0fdf u0fgfk"j{sf] xKtfel/df
sDtLdf ! 306f s'g} k|sf/sf] cfly{s sfd u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] kl/efiff
cg';f/ xfn /f]huf/ JolQmsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] s'/f s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] pNn]v u/]sf]
5 -g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf, @)^^, k[= !! .
>dzlQm ;j] {If0fsf] qmddf ;j] {If0fsf] Ps xKtfk"j{sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df x/]s kfFr
jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf JolQmnfO{ æxfn /f]huf/Æ, æxfn a]/f]huf/Æ / æxfn lgl:qmoÆ sf]
;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug]{ sfd ePsf] kfOG5 . xfn /f]huf/ / xfn a]/f]huf/ b'a} hg;+Vofsf] of]u æxfn
cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo hg;+VofÆ sf] ;d"x aGb5 / To;}nfO{ g} >dzlQm (Labour force) elgG5 . >d
* k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

;j]{If0fsf nflu cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo JolQmx?dWo] ut xKtf $) 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfd ug] {x?nfO{
k"0f{ /f]huf/ sf] ?kdf / $) 306feGbf sd sfd ug]{x?nfO{ cw{a]/f]huf/sf] ?kdf klxrfg ug]{
sfd ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L cl3Nnf] xKtfdf k6Ss} sfd gkfPsfx?nfO{ a]/f]huf/sf] ?kdf
klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/ /f]huf/LnfO{ k"0f{ /f]huf/ (Full Employment) cw{a]/f]huf/ (Under
Employment) / a]/f]huf/ (Unemployment) u/L # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . /f]huf/Lsf]
cj:yfnfO{ /f]huf/ jf a]/f]huf/ eg]/ hDdf b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L /f]huf/nfO{ k"0f{ /f]huf/ /
cw{ a]/f]huf/ eg]/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/]/ klg cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] >dsf] Go"g jf
cNk pkof]u (Under utilization of labour) sf lgDg kfFr ?ksf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ –
!= k|ToIf a]/f]huf/L — :j]lR5s / jfWofTds b'a} k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
@= cNk/f]huf/L -sfd ug{ rfxg] / ;Sg] ;doeGbf sd ;dodfq} sfd ug{ kfPsf] cj:yfnfO{
cGo /f]huf/Ln] hgfp5 .
#= k|ToIf ?kn] ;lqmo cNk pkof]u - b]Vbf ;lqmo b]lvP klg c? sfd gkfPsf] sf/0fn] lgDg
ljleGg lsl;dn] ;do ljtfpgsf lglDt s]xL g s]xL sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf] cj:yf–
s_ cb[io jf n'Kt a]/f]huf/L - v]tLkftLdf jf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k"/f ;do latfpg] w]/}
dflg;x?n] pgLx?n] h] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ Tof] sfd ug{sf lglDt pgLx?n] hlt ;do
lbPsf x'G5g\ To;eGbf sd ;do lbP klg k'Ug] cj:yf /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs tyf gLlh
pBf]udf kg]{ ;fdflhs bafan] klg o:tf] a]/f]huf/L hGdfp5 .
v_ uf]Ko jf cb[io a]/f]huf/L- sltko dflg;x?n] of]Uotf cg';f/sf] sfd gkfPsf] sf/0fn]
jf c? sltko sf/0fn] cfˆgf] bf];|f] k|fyldstfsf] sfd u/]sf x'G5g\ . w]/} dflg;n] c?
sfd gkfPsf] v08df cfkm"nfO{ lzIf0f ;+:yfdf jf 3/]n' sfdsfhdf nufp5g\ .
u_ ckl/kSj lgj[lQ - w]/} d'n'sdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cjsf;sf] pd]/ 36]sf] / dflg;sf]
cf};t cfo' a9]sf] kfOG5 .
$= sdhf]/ zf/Ll/s cj:yf – sltko dflg;x?n] k"/f ;do sfd u/]sf eP klg s'kf]if0f jf
pkrf/sf] cefjn] ubf{ ltgLx?n] /fd|f] / kof{Kt ldlxg]t ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
%= cg'Tkfbs – sltko dflg;x?n] pTkfbgzLn sfd ug{ ;Sg] eP klg pgLx?n] cfˆgf c?
cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf lglDt ;do nufpF5g\ .
17

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] >d zlQm ;j]{If0fsf] lglDt lgDg rf/ k|sf/sf] cw{ a]/f]huf/Lsf] klxrfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 –
-s_ a]/f]huf/L
-v_ ;do ;DaGwL cNk /f]huf/L
-u_ ckof{Kt sdfOo'Qm cw{ a]/f]huf/L
-3_ ;Lk;+u cldNbf] /f]huf/L
cko{fKt sdfOo'Qm /f]huf/L / ;Lk;Fu cldNbf] /f]huf/LnfO{ n'Kt /f]huf/Lsf b'O{ ?ksf] lx;fan]
;d]t klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] klxrfg u/]sf] n'Kt a]/f]huf/L / cb[io a]/f]huf/L b'a}nfO{
n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] cEof;sf] ?kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . P8\jf8{;\n] klxrfg u/]sf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf
>dsf] pkof]u x'g] cNk pkof]u / s'kf]if0f jf c? sf/0fn] k|lt >ldssf] pTkfbg kl/df0f sd x'g]
lsl;dsf] >dsf] cNk pkof]unfO{ klg n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] k[ys cEof;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/f ly/Njfn\n] u/]sf] n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf] juL{s/0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 . pgn] n'Kt a]/f]huf/Lsf lgDg
kfFr k|sf/sf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ –
s_ s'kf]if0f jf sdhf]/ :jf:Yosf] sf/0fn] k|lt >lds ;+efJo pTkfbg xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yf .
v_ pRrtd pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf lglDt nfUg rflxg] pTk| ]/0ffsf] sdLn] ubf{ k|lt >lds
pTkfbgsf] :t/ Go"g /x]sf] cj:yf .
u_ km';{bsf] t'ngfdf ef}lts cfok|ltsf] cfsif{0f sd /x]sf] sf/0fn] cf};t pTkfbg 36L x'g]
cj:yf .
3_ k|ljlw ;DaGwL a]/f]huf/L cyjf ;xof]uL ;fwgx?sf] cefjn] ubf{ l;lh{t a]/f]huf/L .
ª_ df};dL a]/f]huf/L .
o;/L ljleGg ljåfg / ljZn]ifsx?n] a]/f]huf/L / >dsf] cNk pkof]unfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f
ug]{ k|of; u/]sf x'gfn] a]/f]huf/L / cNk a]/f]huf/Lsf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/f :ki6 x'G5 tfklg >dsf] ljleGg k|sf/sf] cNk jf Go"g pkof]unfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt n'Kt
a]/f]huf/L zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] cWoogdf ;/ntf cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
18

@= g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.)^% n] g]kfndf !% jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof
! s/f]8 !& nfv &( xhf/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
of] ;+Vof ;f] pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] *!=& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L !% jif{eGbf
dflysf JolQmx?n] cfly{s sfddf Joltt u/]sf] hDdf ;do %@ s/f]8 306f /x]sf] lyof] eg] %–!$
jif{sf jfnaflnsfx?n] cfly{s sfddf vr{ u/]sf] s'n ;do $ s/f]8 306f /x]sf] kfOof] .
cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo JolQmx?dWo] ut xKtf $) 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfd ug]{ s/La ^^=* k|ltzt
/x]sf lyP eg] k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ jf k6Ss} sfd gkfPsf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof @=! k|ltzt /x]sf]
lyof] . k"0f{?kn] a]/f]huf/ k'?ifsf] ;+Vof @=@ k|ltzt / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
@) b]lv #( 306f;Dd sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof !(=% k|ltzt / !( 306f jf ;f] eGbf sd
cjlw sfd u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof !!=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd
ug]{ JolQmx? dWo] c:j}lR5s sf/0fn] cem a9L sfd ug{ g;s]sfx?sf] k|ltzt @! k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L æ:j]lR5s sf/0fÆn] xKtfdf $) 306feGbf sd sfd u/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof cf=j=
@)%%.%^ df *# k|ltzt /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^$.^% df &( k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^% cg';f/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf]
>d cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . >dsf] cNk pkof]u ePsf ;d"x cGtu{t ljefhg
ubf{ >d zlQmsf] @=! k|ltzt a]/f]huf/ ^=& k|ltzt rfx]/ klg k"0f{ /f]huf/L gkfPsf *=! k|ltzt
ckof{Kt sdfO{ ePsf / !#=@ k|ltzt lzIff ;'xfpbf] k]zf gePsf pk;d"xdf k/]sf 5g\ -g]kfn >d
zlQm ;j] {If0f, bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[= !$_ . >dzlQmsf] cNk pkof]usf] b/ zx/L If]qdf $(=(
k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf @^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
>d zlQm ;j] {If0f bf];|f]n] xfn em08} ! s/f]8 !* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx? dWo] em08} @) nfv cyf{t\
sl/a !^=( k|ltztn] tnj Hofnfdf sfd u/]sf] s'/f ;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] tnj Hofnfdf
sfd ug]{ @) nfv afx]ssf afsL (* nfv /f]huf/ JolQmx?sf] :j–Aoj;fosf] /f]huf/ 5 .
!% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] xfn /f]huf/ JolQmx?dWo] s[lif If]qdf &#=( k|ltzt / u}/s[lif If]qdf
@^=! k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 ->d zlQm ;j]{If0f bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf k[=
!!_ .
ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf]
b/ ;aeGbf prf] cyf{t\ #=# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ !=*
19

k|ltzt / klZrdf~rn If]qdf !=% k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdf
dWoklZrdf~rn If]qsf] a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ )=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.)^% cg';f/ s/La @! nfv $@ xhf/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vof
u}/s[lif cgf}krfl/s If]qdf /f]huf/df /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . of] u}/s[lif If]qsf] hDdf /f]huf/Lsf]
s/La &) k|ltzt x'G5 . s[lif If]qdf x'g] cgf}krfl/s lqmofsnfkfsf] dfkg sl7g ePsf]n] u}/s[lif
If]qdf dfq cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] ;+nUgtf x]g]{ k|rng /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t >d zlQm ;j] {If0f k|ltj]bgn]
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 -g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, bf];|f] ;+lIfKt glthf, @)^^, k[= !&_ . csf{lt/ cf}krfl/s
If]q -;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL ;+ul7t ;+:yf cflb_ df sfd ug]{ / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ;'ljwfx?
tyf tnaL labf cflb gkfpg] JolQmx?sf] sfd klg cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/L cGtu{t k5{ .
>dzlQm ;j] {If0fn] % jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf hg;+Vofsf] s/La ^!=! k|ltzt Ps jf PseGbf
a9L u}/cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf] cg'dfg ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . >dzlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^%
n] cfˆg} pkof]usf] nflu ul/g] ;]jf sfo{x? -h:t}– 3/wGbf, afnaflnsf tyf a[4x?sf] x]/rfx,
vfgf ksfpg], n'uf w'g], cflb_ nfO{ u}/cfly{slqmofsnfksf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf
dfly pd]/ ePsf k'?ifn] cf};t %=& 306f / dlxnfn] cf};t @#=@ 306f u}/cfly{s3/fo;L sfddf
nufPsf] cg'dfg ;j]{If0fn] u/]sf] 5 .
!% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf] >dzlQmsf] ;xeflutf b/ cf=j= @)^$.^% df *#=$ k|ltzt
/x]sf] s'/f ;d]t >d zlQm ;j]{If0f, @))* n] b]vfPsf] 5 .
>d zlQm ;j]{If0f @)^$.^% n] !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] xfn /f]huf/ hg;+Vofdf lgDg ljleGg
If]qsf] Aoj;fodf /x]sf] >d zlQm lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 –
Aoj;fo
hDdf k'?if dlxnf
k|ltzt
!= ljwfosx? pRrtxsf clwsf/Lx? 0.6 1.1 0.2
@= Aoj;foljb\x? 1.7 2.8 0.8
#= k|fljlwsx? / P;f]l;P6 k|f]km];gN;\ 2.0 2.7 1.3
$= Sns{x? jf sfof{no ;xfosx? 1.0 1.8 0.3
%= ;]jf If]qsf sfdbf/x? 7.3 9.3 5.5
^= jhf/d'vL s[lif 3.1 2.7 3.5
&= lgjf{xd"vL s[lif 64.0 52.9 73.7
*= x:tsnf (;DjGwLt Aoj;fodf ;+nUg sfdbf/x? 8.4 11.6 5.5
(= sf/vfgf / pks/0f ;~rfnsx? 1.4 2.7 0.2
20

!)= k|f/lDes vfnsf Aoj;fox? 10.5 12.2 9.1
!!= ;z:q an 0.1 0.1 0.0
Source: Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008, P-74
;j]{If0fn] !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo JolQmx? lgDg ljleGg pBf]u
Aoj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
pBf]u hDdf k'?if dlxnf
!= s[lif / jg 73.9 62.1 84.3
@= dT:o 0.0 0.0 0.0
#= vlgh / Sjfl/ª 0.2 0.4 0.1
$= Dofg'ˆofSrl/ª 6.6 8.5 4.9
%= pBf]u, UofF; / kfgL 0.9 0.7 1.1
^= lgdf{0f 3.1 5.9 0.7
&= xf]n;]n, l/6]n / Aofkf/ 5.9 8.1 3.9
*= xf]6]n / /]:6'/]G6 1.7 1.7 1.7
( 9'jfgL :6f]/]h / ;~rf/ 1.7 3.5 0.1
!)= ljQLo dWo:ytf 0.3 0.4 0.2
!!= l/on :6]6, /]lG6ª tyf Aoj;fo 0.6 1.0 0.2
!@= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / k|lt/Iff 0.9 1.7 0.2
!#= lzIff 2.4 3.4 1.5
!$= :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs sfo{ 0.7 0.8 0.5
!%= cGo ;fd'bflos / ;fdflhs sfo{ 0.8 1.4 0.4
!^= lghL 3/]n' sfdbf/ 0.3 0.3 0.3
!&= PS:6«f 6]l/6f]l/on cu{gfOh];g 0.0 0.1 0.0
Source: Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008, P-76
o;/L cf}krfl/s tYofÍn] g]kfndf a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ lgs} sd @=! k|ltzt dfq} /x]sf] b]vfPsf]
eP klg lgjf{xd'vL s[lifdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/ >dzlQm ^$ k|ltzt /x]sf] / tna Hofnf lnP/
sfd ug]{ >dzlQmsf] ;+Vof !^=( k|ltzt dfq} /x]sf] b]vfPsf] s'/fn] g} g]kfndf a]/f]huf/L cToGt
hl6n ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kf5{ . >dzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f j}b]lzs /f]huf/df
lge{/ /x]sf] s'/fn] klg xfd|f] b]zdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of slt hl6n 5 eGg] b]vfp5 . cf}krfl/s
21

tYofÍn] g} >dsf] cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt b]vfPsf] s'/fn] klg xfd|f] d'n'sdf a]/f]huf/Lsf]
;d:of cToGt uDeL/ 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 .
g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] em08} @%=$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnLx?nfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ;/b/ @!@$ lsnf] Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ /
;f] Sofnf]/Lsf] k|fKtL / c? cfjf;, nQfsk8f, :jf:Yo, lzIff tyf cGo vr{ ;d]tsf] u}/ vfB
cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf lglDt ?= %)*( cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg u/L ;f] cfDbfgLnfO{ ;g\ !((%.(^
sf] ;j] {If0fn] u/LaLsf] /]vfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfn
hLjg:t/ ;j] {If0f @))#.)$ / g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)!) df klg u/LaLsf] /]vfsf] cfDbfgLsf]
cg'dfg u/L u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vof PsLg ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,
g]kfndf ul/aL dfkg cEof; / u/Lasf] ;+Vof @)^&, k[= @–$_ . t/ :jtGq cWo]tf / ljZn]ifsx?n]
u/LaLsf] /]vfsf] cfDbfgLsf] ?kdf PsLg ul/Psf] cfDbfgL dfgjf]lrt hLjgofkgsf] nflu ckof{Kt
/x]sf] s'/f ;d]t atfpb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] cf}krfl/s tj/n] cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 u/LaLsf]
/]vfsf] cfDbfgLsf] ?kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cfDbfgLn] ul/aLsf] /]vfnfO{ j:t'ut ?kn] kl/eflift
u/]sf] 5}g eGg] dt klg alnof] /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o"=Pg\=l8=kL= sf] nflu cS;kmf]8{
ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx?sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] xfn;fn} u/]sf] Pp6f cWoogn] cl3 ;f/]sf] ul/aLsf]
ax'cfoflds ;"rs (Multidimentional Poverty Index- MPI) sf cfwf/df g]kfndf ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vof em08} ^% k|ltzt /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;f] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] ;fj{hlgs
agfPsf] xf] . g]kfndf ul/aLsf] dfkgsf] lglDt ckgfOPsf] tl/sf / dfkb08df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f klg p7\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ul/aLsf] dfkb08sf] kl/jt{g ePdf u/LaLsf]
/]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vof a9L b]vfkg]{ ;+efjgf ;d]t /x]sf] / clxn]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ g} dfkg ubf{
klg d'n'ssf] Ps rf}yfO{ hg;+Vof u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] s'/fn] klg ul/aL g]kfnsf] 7"nf] ;d:of
xf] eGg] b]vfp5 . ul/aLsf] dfkgdf dflg;sf] cfDbfgLsf] :t/sf] lg0f{o k|efj k5{ eg] /f]huf/Ln]
dflg;sf] cfDbfgLdf k|ToIf / lg0ff{os k|efj kf5{ . To;}n] klg a]/f]huf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf]
Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lng'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ l:jsf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfp5 .
#= /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf pkfox?
cy{zf:qLx?n] /f]huf/L lgwf{/0fsf ljleGg 9frfx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut k|lt:kwf{Tds
v'nf ahf/ 9frfn] /f]huf/Lsf] :t/ / Hofnfb/sf] lgwf{/0fdf dfu / cfk"lt{sf zlQmx?sf] lg0ff{os
e"ldsf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fV5 .
pTkfbg /f]huf/L ;di6L 9frfn] k"hL lgdf{0f Pj+ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] a[l4n] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf]
l;h{gf / lj:tf/ u5{ eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
22

gjzf:qLo d"No pTk|]/0ff 9frfn] k"hL / >dsf] ;fk]lIfs d"Non] k"FhL / >dsf] cTo'Qd -Go"gtd
nfut_ ld>0fsf] lgdf{0f u5{ / bIftfk"0f{ jf pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] rog u5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . o;
9fFrfn] >dsf] d"No 36\bf pTkfbsx?n] k"hLsf] k|of]u 36fP/ >dsf] k|of]u j9fp5g\ eGg] lg:sif{
lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . >d–k|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ pTkfbg g36fO{ s'g /f]huf/sf cj;/x?
a9fpg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] s'/fdf >d k"hL k|lt:yfkg ;DaGwL o; 9frfn] hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
o;/L /f]huf/L ;DaGwL pNn]lvt l;4fGt / 9fFrfx?n] >dsf] ;fk]lIfs d"No, pTkfbg / nufgLsf]
a[l4 / >d k|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLltsf] th'{df h:tf pkfosf] cjnDag u/]/
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . :jb]zL
pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] / pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df nufgL cfslif{t x'g] vfnsf] jftfj/0fn] l;h{gf
ug]{ sfdaf6 klg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf / lj:tf/ ug]{ sfddf d2t k'U5 . ;Lkd"ns tfnLd
sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng u/]/ ;Lko'Qm bIf hgzlQmsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / pTkfbgd"ns sfo{ jf pBf]u
Joj;fodf nufgL ug{sf] lglDt nufgLstf{nfO{ k"hLsf] cefj gx'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u/]/ klg
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . a}b]lzs nufgL ;DaGwL gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
u/]/ ljb]zL k"hL nufgL cfslif{t x'g] / ljb]zL nufgLaf6 ;~rflnt pBf]u Joj;fodf :yfgLo
hgzlQmn] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug] { jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of; ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fk]lIft nfesf
If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/]/ tL If]qdf lgof{td"ns pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; ug] { / :jb]zL pkef]usf]
lglDt cfjZos kg]{ j:t'sf] pTkfbg :jb]zd} ug{sf] lglDt ;f] cg'?ksf pBf]u Joj;fosf] :yfkgf
ug]{ h:tf pkfo klg /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf lglDt pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] pkef]u
a9\g] lx;fan] pkef]usf] 9fFrf / z}nLdf kl/jt{g x'g ;Sof] eg] klg /f]huf/Lsf gofF cj;/x?
l;h{gf x'g ;S5g\ . :jb]zL j:t' / ;]jfsf] k|of]uaf6 pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df d2t k'U5
/ cfkm\gf] >d / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u cfkm\g} b]zdf ug{ ;lsof] eg] d'n's ;d[4 x'G5 eGg] vfnsf]
gful/s r]tgfsf] ljsf; klg /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{sf] lglDt pkof]uL x'G5 . g]kfnn] klg g]kfndf
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf ug{sf lglDt lgDg ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5–
-!_ sfdsf] nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd– lgdf{0f sfo{df >dsf] pkof]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{ vfBfGg pknAw
u/fpg] sfo{qmd .
-@_ s0ff{nL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd– k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cfof]hgfdf sfd ug{ rfxg] :yfgLo JolQmnfO{
/f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] h:tf Joj:yf,
-#_ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f kl/of]hgfdf :yfgLo a]/f]huf/ JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] sfo{qmd .
-$_ :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] lgdf{0fsf lglDt pTkfbgzLn Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] JolQmnfO{ C0f
pknAw u/fpg] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; cfof]hgf u|fdL0f ljsf; sf]if, u|fdL0f j}+s cflb h:tf
sfo{qmdx?,
23

-%_ Joj;fod"ns ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwL tfnLd / k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng
-^_ :yfgLo pTkfbgsf j:t'sf] v/Lb u/L ahf/df k'¥ofP/ ljqmL ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] vfnsf
sfo{qmdx?,
-&_ :yfgLo j:t' / ;]jfsf] pkef]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] vfnsf gLltut Joj:yfx?,
-*_ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt C0f tyf s/ 5'6 h:tf ;'ljwf lbg] gLltut / sfg"gL Joj:yfx?
-(_ pTkfbgzLn sfo{df nufgL cfslif{t x'g] vfnsf cGo gLltut Joj:yf / sfo{qmdx?
-!)_ >d k|wfg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg] gLltut Joj:yfx?
-!!_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog
-!@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|oTg
$= g]kfndf /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;j{k|yd @)^^ ;fndf cfof]usf ;b:o;lrj o'j/fh kf08]sf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno / o'jf
tyf v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw /x]sf] ;f] sfo{bnn] @)^& sflt{s ( ut]
/f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt pQm sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;d]t tof/ ul/
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{bnn] tof/ u/]sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf
nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt P]g d:of}bfdf lgDg ljleGg kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\–
!_ ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De tyf kl/efiff
@_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL Joj:yf / a]/f]huf/ eQf
#_ :yfgLo, lhNnf :t/Lo / s]Gb|Lo /f]huf/ ;dGjo ;ldlt ;DaGwL Joj:yf
$_ /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt sf]if tyf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
%_ lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
^_ lgodfjnL agfpg] / afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] ;d]tsf ljljw Joj:yf .
ef/t nufotsf l5d]sL d'n's / ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf cGo d'n'sdf /x]sf] /f]huf/
k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ;d]t u/]/ sfo{bnn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/]sf] s'/f sfo{bnn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . sfo{bnn] lg/k]If ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'gLsf] kl/jf/sf sDtLdf Pshgf ;Ifd Pj+ OR5's ;b:onfO{ ;f] cfly{s jif{ {leq ;~rfng
24

x'g] lgdf{0f tyf >dd"ns sfo{df jif{df a9Ldf !)) lbgsf] Go"gtd Hofnf kfpg] u/L /f]huf/L
pknAw u/fpg] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd sfd ug{ OR5's /f]huf/
pknAw u/fpg g;s]df To:tf] a]/f]huf/ JolQmnfO{ !)) lbgsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds lx;fan] x'g
cfpg] /sdsf] Go"gtd %) k|ltzt /sd a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] gLltsf] lgdf{0f
ug]{ ;'emfj ;d]t sfo{bnn] lbPsf] 5 . sfo{bnn] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{sf lglDt lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;f] adf]lhdsf] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt
;DaGwL kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg] gLltut Joj:yf ug] { ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . sfo{bnn] tof/
u/]sf] sfg"gsf] d:of}bfdf /f]huf/ k|fKt ug{sf lglDt lgj]bg lbg] k|lqmof, lgj]bgsf] 5fgjLg ug]{
k|lqmof / /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof ;d]tsf k|lqmofx? klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/anfO{
nlIft u/]/ o:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ b]ze/L Ps} k6s nfu' gu/]/ r/0fa4 ?kdf klxn]
lglZrt If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ /f]huf/ gkfPsf ul/a kl/jf/af6 sDtLdf PshgfnfO{ o:tf] /f]huf/
pknAw u/fpg] gLlt lng pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj ;d]t ;f] sfo{bnn] lbPsf] 5 .
lzlIft a]/f]huf/x?nfO{ nlIft u/]/ lzlIft a]/f]huf/x?nfO{ /f]huf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] csf]{
sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug] { sfd ;d]t cfjZos / pkof]uL x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf sfo{bnsf clwsf+z
;b:ox? ;xdt /x]sf] ;d]t sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf P;=Pn=;L=
pQL0f{ u/]sf o'jfx?nfO{ lzIf0f cflb lglZrt ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ug] { u/L dfl;s ?kn] #.$ xhf/ ?k} +of
/ :gfts pQL0f{ u/]sf o'jfx?nfO{ klg To:t} ;]jfd"ns sfo{ ug]{ u/L dfl;s ?kdf $.% xhf/
?k}+of -df]6fdf]6L ?kdf Go"gtd dfl;s Hofnfb/sf] lx;fan] x'g cfpg] a/fa/sf] /sd hlt ?k}of_
lbg] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] a]/f]huf/ o'jfsf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u x'G5 / /fi6«nfO{ kmfObf
k'U5 eGg] ;'emfj ;d]t sfo{bnn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
kf08] sfo{bnn] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] em08} 8]9 jif{kl5 ;/sf/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf lglDt /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL
P]gsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf lglDt Joj:yflksfdf ljw]os btf{ u/]sf] s'/f ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 .
%= lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ / /f]huf/s]lGb|t ljsf; k|of;
lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|fKt ug{
;Ddfghgs / nfehGo /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg], If]qLo ;Gt'ng xfl;n
ug]{, ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fnfO{ x6fpb} cfd g]kfnLsf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / bLuf] cfly{s
a[l4 dfkm{t\ o; of]hgfsf] cGTodf ul/aLnfO{ @! k|ltztdf k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L
s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s a[l4 u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fp
k'¥ofpb} cfd hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg] p2]Zo of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 .
-lqjifL{o of]hgf, c;f/ @)^*, k[= !&_
25

^= of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf lglDt ckgfpg'kg]{ pkfo
of]hgfn] /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos cfly{s a[l4sf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] eP klg o; of]hgfn]
cfˆgf] d"ne"t p2]Zo / of]hgfsf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] aLrdf ;d'lrt ;dGjosf]
:yfkgf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . rfn' of]hgfn] of]hgf cjlwsf !! nfv ^$ xhf/ /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'g] /
k|ltjif{ s/La $ nfvsf b/n] of]hgf cjlwsf !@ nfv JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ cg'dfg u/]sf]
x'gfn] klg of]hgfn] of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug{ / kl/df0ffTds nIosf]
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d]t g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . of]hgf cjlwdf /f]huf/Ldf jflif{s #=^ k|ltztsf b/n] a[l4
ug]{ nIonfO{ klg jflif{s # k|ltztn] a[l4 ug]{ o; cl3sf] lq–jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfsf] nIoeGbf
cfwf/e"t ?kn] leGg b]lvb}g . csf{lt/ s[lif, pBf]u cflb ljifout If]q ;DjGwL sfo{qmddf klg
/f]huf/sf yk cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ p2]Zon] th'{df ul/Psf sfo{qmdsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= pk;+xf/
rfn' of]hgfn] cl3 ;f/]sf] /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ljsf;sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{] xf] eg] ljifout If]q ;DaGwL
nIo / sfo{qmdx?df ;f] cg'?k ;dfof]hg / ;'wf/ ug{ / of]hgfsf] afFsL cjlwsf] lglDt
/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ;DaGwL Pp6f j:t'ut sfo{ of]hgf agfO{ nfu' ug{ cfjZos 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
!_ Central Statistical Bureau, Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008
@_ Michael P. Todoro, 1997, Economic Development, Addison-Wesley
#_ A.P. Thirdwall, 1999, Growth and Development, Macmillan Pren Limited
$_ Collins Dictionary of Economics, 1993, Harper Collins Publishes
%_ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
^_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^&, ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf]
k|ltj]bg, @)^& -kf08] sfo{bn_
&_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^&, g]kfndf ul/aL dfkg cEof; / u/Lasf] ;+Vof
*_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&.^*–@)^(.&)_
(_ g]kfndf >d zlQm ;j]{If0f–bf];|f] -@)^$.^%_, ;+lIfKt glthf @)^^
26

ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfn ;Gbe{
z/brGb|| kf}8]n]*
;f/f+z
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;+3Lotf / ;dfj]zL
zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] dfu{lrq k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . gof aGg] ;ljwfgdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] :j?knfO{
lnP/ g]kfndf ;dflhs tgfjsf] cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] zlGtk"0f{ hLjgofkg ul//x]sf
g]kfnLx?df Ps lsl;dsf] t+/u NofO{ lbPsf] 5 .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] tf}/tl/sfsf] jf/]df jt{dfgsf] tgfj vf; u/]/ b'O{ ljrf/ ;d"xjLr /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . Psy/L ljrf/sf] g]t[Tj hghflt÷cflbjf;L ;d'bfon] ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx? o;
cl3sf] /fHo;Qfn] cfkm"x?nfO{ e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf]n] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fhgLlts
cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf] :jfoQtf / hftLo /fHosf] dfu u/L/x]sf 5g\ . csf]{y/L ljrf/sf] jsfnt
ul//x]sf jf“sL ;d"xn] /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/, :jfoQtf / hftLo /fHo d'n's ljv08gsf] ljpm
xf], o;n] g]kfnsf] ;fe{ef}dQfnfO{ vl08t ub{5 eGb5g\ . pgLx? ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tfsf] cg'kd\
gd"gfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf lje]b\k"0f{ cj:yf h'g ?kdf prflnPsf] 5 Tof] ?kdf 5}g
eGb} ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf] hftLo /fHo / :jfoQtf, gful/s ;dfgtfdf
cwfl/t cwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ljkl/t x'G5
eg] wf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fO{ /x]sf 5g\ .
o; k[i7e"lddf o; n]vdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg;+u ;DjlGwt dxTjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ s]nfO{ g]kfnn] c+l·sf/
ug'{ kg]{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] tl/sf s] s:tf] x'g' k5{ egL lgisif{df k'Ug] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;fd'lxs ?kdf k|s6 x'g] u'0ffTds rl/qx?nfO{ ljljwtf elgG5 1 . ljljwtf eGgfn] efiff, wd{,
hfltotf, /fli6«otf, ;+:s[lt, / gZnsf] cfwf/df k|s6 x'g] ;fd'lxs u'0ffTds rl/qx? j'emg' kb{5 .
ljljwtf 3]/} lsl;dsf] x'G5 tfklg ;fdflhs -hflt_, ;+f:s[lts -eflifs, wfld{s cflb_, hftLo jf
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . ljljwtf k|To]s ;dfhsf] oyfy{tf xf]2 cyf{t
s'g} klg ;dfhdf jf /fi6«df ljljwtf /x]s} x'G5 . ;+;f/df Ps hflt Ps efifL jf Ps k/+k/f,
Ps ;+:s[lt jf Ps wd{dfq ePsf] /fHo lj/n} kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf] clxn]sf] hg;+Vofsf]
(% k|ltzt jx';+f:s[lts /fHodf a:b5g\3 . To;} u/L ;+;f/df %,))) b]lv *,))) j6f hftLo
1 Watt, R and Kincaid J in Watt, R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity Learining from Each Other" Vol 1, Forum
of Federations 2008, pp-XI
2 Oommen,T.K, "Nation Building and Diversity", in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited æUnity in Diversity , Learning form
Each other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp -22
3 Fleiner, Thomas." The challenges of Ethnic Diverisity to Federalism" in Jean Francois Gaudrault Desbiens and Fabian Gelinas
edited" The States and Moods of Federalism: Governance , Identity and Methedology" Canada , Les Edition Yvon Blais 2005 pp
-172.
* ;x;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
27

;+f:s[lts ;d'xx? /x]sf 5g\4 . km/s otL xf] sL slx ljljwtf w}/} 5 eg] sxL sd 5 . To;}sf/0f
k|foM ;j} d'n'sx?n] ljljwtfsf] ;fdgf ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 .
d'n's / ;dfh leqsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fHon] Wofg glbbf 4G4sf] cj:yf cfpg] x'G5 .
;+;f/sf w]/} d'n'sx?n] cfh oxL sf/0fjf6 4G4sf] cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . ljljwtf cfkm}df s]xL
klg xf]OgM ha ;+f:s[lts / hftLo ljljwtf ;fd'lxs c;dfgtfsf] cwf/ aGb5 jf hj Ps ;d'xn]
csf]{ ;d'x eGbf cfkm'nfO{ prf] jf lgrf] 7fGb5 tj ljljwtf /fHosf] nflu ;d:of aGb5 5 .
To;}sf/0f s'g} klg /fHo ljljwtf Joj:yfkgdf lgis[o a:g ldNb}g . ljljwtf oyfy{tf xf] eg]
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg cfw'lgs /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] .
cfhef]ln t ljljwtfnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] elgG5 . h;/L ;d'xdf sfo{ ubf{ JolStut
ljljwtfn] l;ghL{ pTkGg ub{5 To;} u/L ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] cfly{s ljsf;df l;ghL{ pTkGg
ub{5, kmn:j?k ljsf;sf] ult ltj| x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ;'b[9 ePsf] 5 . oxL tYonfO{ cfTd;ft
u/L sltko d'n'sx?n] cfk|jf;sf] dfWodjf6 klg ljljwtfnfO{ leq\ofO{6 /x]sf 5g\ .
@= dfgj clwsf/
dflg; ;a} k|f0fL eGbf km/s dfq xf]Og >]i7 klg xf] . dflg; ;d:t k|f0fL eGbf km/s dfq 5}g
k|To]s dfG5] klg km/s 5, cyf{t s'g} b'O{ dfG5] slxNo} ;dfg x'b}gg\ . dfgj clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGt o;}df cfwfl/t 5 . of] cfwf/e"t tYonfO{ :jLsfg{ g;lsPsf] sf/0f dfgj ;Dotfdf Ps
JolSt jf ;d'xn] csf]{ JolSt jf ;d'xnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]s} sf/0f ljutdf
n8fO{ emu8f eO{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dfgjsf] ;+xf/ ePsf], dfgj dof{bf / ;Ddfg sfod x'g g;s]sf]
lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] . oxL k[i7e"lddf ;+;f/df dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff e]b\efjsf] sf/0f
pTkGg x'g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/ dfkb08x?n]
;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . ;dfgtfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ df}lns xs clwsf/sf] sfg'gL jf ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf, sfg'gsf] zf;g / Goflos ;jf]{Rrtf h:tf ljifox?nfO{ cfw'lgs /fHo ;+rfngsf] cfwf/
agfOPsf] x'G5 .
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/;+ +u tgfj /x]sf] x'b}g . jf:tjdf ljljwtfn] s'g}
klg b]zsf] /fhgLlt, ;+:s[lt, ljwfog / Goflos sfo{nfO{ emg} ;+j[4 agfpF5 7 . ljljwtfn]
4 Karmis D and Norman W." Theories of Fedaralism : A Reader". NewYork, Palgrave Macmillan 2005 pp -13
5 Oommen,T.K, "Nation Building and Diversity", in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited æUnity in Diversity , Learning form
Each other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp - 22
6 ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf ljljwtf lrÝf k|0ffnL dfkm{t / Sofg8f, ci6«]lnof, hfkfg h:tf d'n'sx?n] jif]{lg cfk|jf;gsf] dfWodjf6
7"nf] kl/df0fdf hgzlSt b]zdf leq\of/x]sf 5g\ .
7 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P in Watt R and Chattopadhya R edited Unity in Diversity , Learning form Each
other", Vol 1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp - 7
28

dflg;x?df ;lxi0f'tf, nrstf / Ps cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efjsf] cj:yf >[hgf ub{5 . dfgj
:jefjtM ljljwtfo'St k|f0fL xf], ljljwtfjf6 p;nfO{ cnu ug{ ;lsb}g . ljljwtf p;sf] klxrfg
klg xf] . dflg; dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;dfg ;b:o dfq xf]Og, p kl/jf/ jf vf; ;d'bfosf] ;b:o klg
/x]sf] x'G5 h;sf] sf/0f p;df ljljwtf ;dflxt ePsf] x'G5 . of] ;fdflhs yyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/
ub}{ ljljwtfnfO{ ;dflxt u/]/ To;}sf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] /fhgLltn] dfq j9L Gofo / dfgj
clwsf/sf] /fd|f] Uof/]G6L ub{5 lsg ls o;n] dflg;sf] :jfefjhGo ljljwtfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{
;Ddfg u/]sf] x'G5 .
# ;fd"lxs jf JolStut ljz]if clwsf/
k"jf{u|x cljZjf;sf] sf/0f pTkGg x'G5, cljZjf; cfkm}df csf{sf] jf:tf gug]{ jf hfgsf/Lsf]
cefjsf] k|ltkmn xf] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;d'x jf hftLo tKsfx? jLrsf] ;fdflhs ;+jfbsf]
cefjn] ;+VofTds ?kdf sd / ;fdflhs ?kdf sdhf]/ /x]sf ;d'xnfO{ cfkm}4f/f kf]lift /+ue]bL
cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 . t/, cfk\mgf] klxrfg / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f c?;+usf] ;+jfbljxLgtfjf6 ug{
;lsb}g . cfkm"nfO{ cnUf /fVg] sfo{n] ;+jfbljxLgtf / k"jf{u|xL efjgfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . cNksfnsf]
c;Gt'i6L bL3{sfndf ljb|f]xdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5 . o;n] cGt/;fdflhs ;b\efj / zflGtnfO{ vnn\
k'¥ofpF5 .
oxL tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ g} dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/{fli6«o dfkb08x?n] k|To]s dfG5] jLrsf]
;dfgtfnfO{ hf]8 lbP klg ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ /xg] s'/fdf klg plQs} hf]8
lbPsf 5g\ . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 8 cGt/ut p;n] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts x}l;ot
lgwf{/0f ug{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;nfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg kfpg]
s'/fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 9 . o;/L xfdL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?n] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfb}{
JolStut ;dfgtf / JolStut jf ;fd'lxs :jfoQtfnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] kfpF5f} . oxL cGt/{fli6«o
dfkb08 cg'?k d'n'sx?n] /fli6«o sfg'gx?df ;fd'lxs jf JolStut clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf
x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] JolStut ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ dfgj clwsf/,
sfg'gsf] zf;g h:tf cjojnfO{ zf;g ;+rfngsf] cfwf/ agfPsf] ePtf klg ;d'x jf JolStsf]
clwsf/sf] nflu ljif]z Joj:Yff ug{ ;lsg] k|jfwfgx? ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 10 . o;/L /fli6«o /
cGt/{fli6«o sfg"gdf ;d]t ljljwtf Joj:yfkg / dfgj clwsf/ jLr lj/f]wfefif b]lvb}g j?
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;du| dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] kfOG5 .
8 lkmNg/ JolSt /fHosf] ;b:o x'g] ljlQs} p:n] cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] s]xL lx:;f /fHon] lnG5 / o;/L u'd]sf] cfTklg0f{osf] clwsf/
:joQtf jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f dfkm{t k'gM JolStn] k|fKt ub{5 eGb5g\ .
9 dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGwx?sf] ;+ufnf], g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, l;+xbf/jf/,
sf7df08f}, @)^$ k[i7 – (^
10 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#, wf/f (!#)
29

$= k|hftGq
k|hftGq eg]sf jx'dtsf] zf;g xf] . k|hftflGqs k|s[ofn] 4G4 ;dfwfgsf] nflu zflGtk"0f{ jf6f]
pknJw u/fPsf] x'G5 . To;} u/L k|hfltGqs k4ltn] k|To]s JolStsf] rxgf / c+fsfIffnfO{ :yfg
lbPsf] x'G5 . otL x'bfF x'b} klg Jojxf/df eg] k|hftGqdf ;Lldttfx? b]vf k/L/x]sf x'G5g\ .
elgG5, k|hftGq pQd zf;g Joj:yf t xf]Og t/ o;sf ljsNkx? eGbf of] pQd rfFxL 5 .
;+:s[lt, k/+k/f, wd{ / efiff dfgj JolStTjsf] cleGg c+Ë xf] . k|hftflGqs /fhgLltn] JolStsf
oL cGt/lgxLt cjojx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/ jx'dtn] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf ljifox?nfO{ dfq 5fGg
ldNb}g . k|hftGqdf jx'dtn] cNkdt k|lt ;lxi0f'tf / ;+emf}tfsf] nflu nrstf b]vfpg} kb{5 .
;w} jx'dtLo cfwf/df dfq 5gf}6sf] lg0f{o ug]{ xf]Og Gofof]lrt ljifo k|lt ;xdtLo Jojxf/ klg
b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . xf]Og eg] 5'§ofOPsf] ljljwtfn] ;dfhnfO{ l5Gg leGg kfb{5, o:tf] ;dfhsf
;b:ox?n] cfkm"nfO{ e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 7fGb5g\ / jx'dtsf] k|hftGqdf cfkm'nfO{ :yfoL
x?jfsf] ?kdf 7fGg] cj:yf cfpF5 11 . ;fdflhs c;Gtf]if sfnfGt/df ljb|f]xdf ?kfGt/0f x'g slQ
j]/ nfUb}g .
k/+k/fut /fhgLltdf ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lnOP klg cfw'lgs /fhgLltn]
ljljwtfnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljljwtfnfO{ b]z
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ef/sf] ?kdf geO{ ;+kltsf] ?kdf lng] k|rngsf] ;'?jft e} ;s]sf] 5 . d'n'sn]
ljljwtfnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ dfq xf]Og, ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ / k|jw{g u/]/ b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ dfq
lbuf] / zflGtk"0f{ ljsf; ;+ej x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/f ;a}n] :jLsfg{ yfln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
%= /fli6«o Pstf
/fi6« / /fli6«otfdf j}rfl/s eGbf efjgfTds tTj a9L /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ljifo k|lt gful/sx?
gtd:ts x'G5g\ . /fli6«o Pstfdf r'gf}lt cfpg] ljifo gful/sx?sf] nflu lk|o x'g ;Sb}g .
k/+k/fut wf/0fdf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr lj/f]wfefif x'G5 elgYof] / o;n] /fli6«o Pstfdf vnn
k'¥ofpF5 elgGyf] . kmn:j?k, Psn ;+:s[lt / Ps b]zsf] ljrf/ alnof] lyof] .
;'Gbf ljljwtf / Pstf jLr cGt/lgxLt lj/f]wfefif /xG5 eGg] nfu] klg oL b'O{ jLr lj/f]wfefif
5}g . Pstf ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t x'g ;S5 cyf{t ljljwtfn] Pstf >[hgf ub{5 . /fi6« leqsf ;a}
hft, hflt, efiff, efifL, wfld{s ;d'bfo cflb jLr cfk;L ;b\efj, ljZjf; / ;dtfn] g} /fli6«o
Pstfsf] k|jw{g ub{5 . PlSnPsf] c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] nflu /fli6«otf sd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'G5 .
km]l/ /fli6«otf s;}df yf]kg{ ;lsg] ljifo klg xf]Og . To;}sf/0f Pstfsf] gfddf ljljwtfnfO{
11 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp. cited pp-9
30

d]6fpbf c;Gt'i6 ;d'xsf] hGd x'g] ePsf]n] ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] ;fdflhs lj4]ifsf] cj:yf
>[hgf u/]/ b]z 6's|g] vt/f emg} a9\5 . Ps /fi6« Ps ;+:s[lt l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k"j{;f]leot
;+w, r]sf]:nfeflsof, k'j{o'uf]:nfleof h:tf ;+3x? s]xL ;do kl5 6's|f 6's|f eP t/ ljljwtfnfO{
:jLsf/]sf] ef/t cyfx ljljwtf jLr klg Ps /fi6« ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of gePsf] rfxL xf]Og . ljleGg ;d'x jLrsf] ltSttfn] cbIftf /
rnxn g} ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf (Stalemate) NoFfpg klg ;Sb5 . ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ k|To]s
lg0f{o k|s[ofn] ;d'xsf] ljljwtfsf dxTjk"0f{ :jfy{x? / k|To]s gful/ssf] :jfy{ jLr /fd|f] ;Gt'ng
agfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . jx'dtsf] :jfy{nfO{ dxTj lbPs} x'g' kb{5 . jx'dtn] klg cNkdtsf] ljljw
rl/qnfO{ :yfg lbg} kb{5, pgLx?sf] efjgfnfO{ sb/ ug} { kb{5, ;+emf}tfsf] nflu nrstf b]vfpg'
kb{5 / ;xdtLo ;+:sf/ klg b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . of] cj:yfdf ;a} ljljwtf jf]s]sf ;d'xn] dfGg]
u/L ;Gt'ng agfpg] sfo{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf r'gf}ltk"0f{ / ufx|f] x'G5 .
^= ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf pkud
;+;f/df ljljlwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu b'O{ lsl;dsf] pkfudsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . klxnf]
pkfudn] ljljwtfnfO{ b]z lgdf{0fsf] jfwssf] ?kdf lnG5, ljljwtfnfO{ /fhgLlts lgdf{0fsf]
cfwf/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ub} {g / ljljwtfnfO{ sd ug{ Ps ;+:s[ltsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .
ljt]sf] ;dodf w]/} d'n'sx?sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6« vfnL gful/sx?jf6 dfq ag]sf] x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df
ljljlwtfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOb}g . ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg clwsf/ / ;a} gful/s k|lt /fi6«sf]
;dfg Jojxf/sf] cfwf/df /fhgLlt Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] pkfudn] /fi6« lgdf{0f jx'dt
;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/df dfq x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] x'G5 . hd{gL / cd]l/sf o;df pbfx/0f
x'g\ . cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnof h:tf cfk|jf;gsf d'n'sx?n] æd]lN6u k6Æ sf] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df
cfk|jf;Lx?sf] ljljwtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt;+u PsLs[t u/]sf 5g\12 .
csf]{ pkfud rfxL ljljwtf ;dfhsf] cGt/lgxLt cjoj xf], ljljwtf b]z lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ xf]
;d:of xf]Og / ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ljgf lbuf] ljsf; ;+ej 5}g eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
of] pkud k|of]u ug]{x?n] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fhgLlts lgdf{0f;+u cufl8 a9fPsf x'G5g\ .
of] cjwf/0ff /fVg] d'n'sx?n] ls t ;+3LotfnfO{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf pkof]u
u/]sf 5g\ ls t PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf cGt/ut clwsf/ ;DkGg :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x?nfO{
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5g\ . /fhgLlt lgdf{0f;+u ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{
hf]8\g] ljifo ;+3Lo jf PsfTds zf;sLo k|0ffnL eGbf klg /fhgLlt1sf] dfgl;stf / /fi6«sf]
cj:yf;+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
12 Majid A, Elaigwu J I , Fleiner T, and Singh M P opp cited pp-4
31

&= ;+3Lotf
;+;f/df kl5Nnf ;dodf ePsf] oftfoft / ;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] nflu 7"nf /
;fgf /fhgLlts PsfO{x?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Ps} rf]6L phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf
b'O{ zlStzfnL, cGt/lge{/, t/ ljlzi6 / jf:tjd} ljkl/t ljrf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 13 . Pp6f
ljrf/ cfly{s ljsf;, ;'/Iff / ljZj dGrdf k|efj hdfpgsf] nflu ultzLn, bIf / cfw'lgs /fHo
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;+ +3Lotf cufNg];+u ;DjlGwt 5 eg] csf]{ ljrf/ Oltxf;, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
/ eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;Sg] ;fgf], k|ToIf pQ/bfoL :jfoQ /fhgLlts PsfO{ dfkm{t
ljlzi6 klxrfgsf] rxgf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ ljifo;+u ;DalGwt 5 . oL b'j} cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]6\g] x'gfn]
g} ;+3Lotfsf] cfsif{0f ljt]sf] s]xL ;do b]lv a9L /x]sf] 5 14 .
;+3Lotfn] lglZrt ;femf p2]Zox?sf] nflu 7"nf /fhgLlts PsfO{ jLr zf;sLo Joj:yf Ps
cfk;df ljt/0f ug]{ Shared Rule / ljljw ;d'xsf] nflu :jfoQ, k|ToIf / k|hftflGqs ?kdf
lgjf{rsx? k|lt pQ/bfoL /xg] ;;fgf ;/sf/sf PsfO{x? :yfkgf ug]{ self rule b'a}sf] cj;/
pknJw u/fpF5 . cyf{t, ;+3Lo ;dfhn] PsLs/0f / v08Ls/0f b'j}sf] rl/q b]vfpF5 . v08Ls/0f /
:yfgLos/0fsf] rl/q self rule ;+u tfbfDo /fV5 eg] ljZjJoflks/0f jf PsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ shared
rule cGt/ut kb{5 15 . o;/L ;+3Lotfn] 7"nf PsfO{x? jLr Shared Rule / ;fgf If]qLo PsfO{x?df
Self rule pknJw u/fpg] Ifdtf /fVg] x'gfn] ;+3LotfnfO{ cfw'lgs ljZjsf] hl6n jx';f+:s[lts /
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts jf:tljstfsf] jx'cfoflds rl/qnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut
Joj:yf elgG5 . g]kfndf ;+3Lotf :yfkgfsf] nflu cl3 ;fl/Psf y'k|} sf/0fx? dWo] of] klg Pp6f
sf/0f xf]16 .
*= ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] tl/sf
PsfTds jf ;+3Lo h'g;'s} zf;sLo k|0ffnL c+lËsf/ u/] klg ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;d'xx?sf]
:jfoQtf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cfkmgf] nflu cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug]{ eg]sf] :jfoQtf xf] . :jfoQtf self
rule sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ljljw rl/q af]s]sf ;d'xx?n] cfkm\gf] jf/]df cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug]{
/fhgLlts clwsf/ gkfpFbf;Dd tL ;d'xx?sf] rl/qsf] hu]gf{ x'g ;Sb}g . To;}sf/0f ljljwtf
Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6} / ;j{dfGo tl/sf eg]sf] :jfoQtf g} xf] . t/, :jfoQtfsf] ljt/0f eg]
;d'xx?sf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f / pkl:yltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
13 Watt, R and Kincaid J in Watt, R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity, Learining from Each Other" Vol 1, Forum
of Federations 2008, pp-xii
14 ibid , pp-xi
15 Tanggol, Sukarno D." Regional Autonomy and Federalism", MSU- LLigan Institue of Technology, the Phillippines 2012 pp -
54
16 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f} , @)^#, wf/f (!#*)
32

k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cufn]sf] d'n'sdf jx'dtsf] cefjdf zf;g ;+rfngn] j}wtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .
To;}sf/0f tf]lsPsf] ef}uf]lns If]qdf lglZrt ;d'xsf] jx'dt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq :jfoQtf ;+ej
x'G5 . t/, jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf :jfoQtfsf] cEof; x'g ;Sb}g . jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf
:jfoQtfdf k|bfg ubf{ jx'dtsf] sb/ x'b}g kmn:j?k jx'dtlj?4 e]befj x'g hfG5 . km]l/ lglZrt
;d'xsf] jx'dt k'¥ofpgsf] nflu dfq ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ljefhg klg ;j{yf plrt x'b}g . cfly{s
clwsf/ ljgfsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ bx|f] x'b}g, To;}sf/0f cfly{s ;fdYo{nfO{ j]jf:tf u/]/ ef}uf]lns
If]qsf] /fhgLlts ljefhg ug{ klg ;lsb}g .
ef}uf]lns :jfoQtf ;+ej gePsf] cj:yfdf ;fd'lxs :jfoQtfsf] ;§f JolStut jf ;+f:s[lts
:jfoQtfsf] Joj:yf ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . cyf{t, lglZrt ;d'xsf ;b:ox? Jff ;d'xnfO{ ljif]z clwsf/sf]
Joj:yf . g]kfndf hghfltsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ul/Psf] cf/If0fsf]17 Joj:yf JolStut
ljif]z clwsf/ jf :jfoQtf xf] eg] cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ 18 ;+f:s[lts
clwsf/ jf JolStut :jfoQtf xf] . lkmnLlkG;df d';ndfg ;d'bfosf] nflu lbOPsf] ;l/of
sfg"gsf] Joj:yf d';ndfg ;d'bfosf] JolStut :jfoQtf leq kb{5 .
JolStut jf ;fd'lxs ?kdf ljif]z clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ubf{ ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgdf vf;} tgfj
b]lvb}g lsgls o;df l;dLt clwsf/ dfq k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/, ef}uf]lns cfwf/df :jfoQtfsf]
Joj:yfkg ubf{ Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] ljZjJofkL cg'ej 5 . ef}uf]lns ;Ldf
lgwf{/0f u/]/ lglZrt jx'dt k'¥ofP/ :jfoQtf k|bfg ubf{ h] h;/L ef}uf]lns ;Ldf sfod u/] klg
ljljwtf j9L ePsf] d'n'sdf pSt ;Ldf leq gofF cNkdtsf] hGd e} xfN5 / jx'dt cNkdtsf]
slxNo} cGt gx'g] b'Zrs| ;'? x'G5 . k|To]s ef}uf]lns If]qdf jx'dt / gofF cNkdtsf] >[hgf x'G5 .
gfOh]l/of o:sf] HjnGt pbfxf/0f xf] . s/Lj @%) hfltsf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] gfOh]l/ofnfO{ # j6fjf6
#^ ef}uf]lns OsfO{df ljefhg ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 tfklg ;d'xx?sf] c;Gt'i6L sd ePsf] 5}g .
s'g} lglZrt ;dodf jx'dtdf /x]sf] ;d'x cNkdtdf kg] { cj:yf klg cfpF5 . jx'dtdf ePsf]
;d'x sfnfGt/df a;fO{ ;/fOsf] dfWodjf6 cNkdtdf kg{ ;S5 . o; cj:yfdf :jtM tgfj
pTkGg x'G5 . km]l/ Ps 7fpFdf jx'dtdf ePsf] ;d'x csf]{ 7fFpdf cNkdtdf /xg ;Sb5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf pSt ;d'xn] jx'dtsf] :yfgdf kfPsf] :jfoQtf cNkdt ePsf] 7fpFdf kfpb}gg\ /
Ps} ;d'xsf ;b:ojLr klg /fi6«jf6 c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g k'Ub5 . k|m]Gr efifL Sofg]l8ogx?df
of] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 19 . ef}uf]lns :jfoQtfsf] Joj:yfkg pko'St9+ujf6 ul/Pg eg] sltko
17 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g -bf]>f] ;+;f]wg_ @)^$, g]kfn /fhkq @)^$.$.@#, d'b|0f ljefu, sf7df08f}
18 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ,@)^# , sfg'g lstfj ljsf; ;ldlt , sf7df08f} , @)^#, 3f/f (!&).
19 Sofg8fsf] So'j]sdf k|m|]GrefifL ;d'x jx'dtdf 5 / of] ;d'xn] :joQtfsf] pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 eg] cGoq j:g] k|m]|GrefifLx?nfO{
o:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt 5}g .
33

cj:yfdf ljv08gsf] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 20 . ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtfsf] v]fhL
ubf{ jx'dtsf] nflu hfltut ;+xf/ jf jnft\ :yfgfGt/0fsf] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 21 . jf]l:gofdf of]
cj:yf b]lvPsf] lyof]22 .
(= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
g]kfn d"ntM cNk;+Vosx?sf] b]z xf] 23 . ljs|d ;+Djt\ @)%* sf] hgu0fgf 24 df klxrfg ul/Psf
!)) hft÷hflt dWo] ^ cf]6f hft÷hfltsf] hg;+Vof dfq s'n hg;+Vofsf] % k|ltzt eGbf j9L
5 . s'n hg;+Vofsf] )=% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ePsf hft÷hflt #! Dffq 5g\ . w]/} hft÷hfltsf]
hg;+Vof Psbd} sd 5 M %# j6f hft÷hflt ;d'xsf] hg;+Vof %),))) eGbf sd 5 . o; dWo]
klg !( j6f ;d'xsf] ;Vof %,))) eGbf sd 5 25 .
g]kfndf hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;a} eGbf 7"nf !! ;d'xsf] hg;+Vof s/Lj ^*=$ k|ltzt /x]sf]
5 . oL !! ;d'x dWo] % ;d'x dfq lhNnfdf jx'dt cyf{t %) k|ltzt eGbf dfly /x]sf 5g\ eg]
7"nf] hg;+Vosf] ;d'x x'bf x'b} klg ^ ;d'x s'g} klg lhNnfdf jx'dtdf 5}gg\ . If]qL gf} lhNnfdf,
du/, yf?, tdfË, / u'?Ë Ps Ps lhNnfdf %) k|ltzt eGbf j9L ;+Vofdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
s'g} Ps hft÷hflt hg;Vofsf] jx'dt ePsf] lhNnfsf] ;Vof dfq !$ /x]sf] 5, jfFsL lhNnfx?df
s'g} klg ;d'x jx'dtdf b]lvb}g -x]g'{xf];\ tnsf] tfnLsfdf pNn]lvt ljj/0f_ .
g]kfndf krxQ/ lhNnf /x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ If]qL ;d'x jfx]s s'g} klg ;d'x clxn]sf]
lhNnfnfO{ oyfjt\ /fVbf jx'dt /xg] u/L ;Lldt ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;+ej b]lvb}g . j9L
ef}uf]lns If]q ljefhg cfly{s / k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fjf6 ;+ej b]lvb}g .
20 Poirier , J : Autonomy and Diverstiy in , R and chattopadhaya, R edited : "Unity in Diversity Learining from Each Other" Vol
1, Forum of Federations 2008, pp- 45
21 Ibid pp- 45
22 k"j{o'uf]:nfleofsf] Ps efu Jff]l:gofdf jx'dtdf /x]sf d';ndfg ;d'xnfO{ cNkdtdf k¥'ofpg ;j{x?n] ;g\ !((@ b]lv !((% ;Dd
d';ndfgx?sf] cfdg/;+xf/ / jnft\ :yfgfGt/0f u/]sf lyP .
23 Zfdf{ lktfDj/ , g]kfnL Sofgefifsf /+Ëx?, hftLotfsf] ef}uf]lns kIf , lxdfn lstfj , sf7df08f} , @))* k[i6 – !
24 kl5Nnf] k6ssf] hgu0fgf @)^* ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf] ePtf klg j[:t[t ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g To;}n] oxfF @)%* sf]
hgu0fgfsf] tYoÍnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .
25 Zfdf{ lktfDj/, g]kfnL Sofgefifsf /+Ëx?, hftLotfsf] ef}uf]lns kIf , lxdfn lstfj , sf7df08f} , @))* k[i6 – !)
34

s'n
hg;+Vofdf
k|ltzt
lhNnfut ?kdf jx';+Vos hft÷hflt ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof
;a} eGbf 7"nf]
;d'xsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
lhNnf ;+Vof -s_
%) k|ltzt eGbf dfly
hg;+Vof /x]sf
lhNnf -v_
-s_ / -v_
sf] hf]8
s'n
k|ltzt
If]qL !%=* !@ ( @! @*=))
Jffx'g !@=& !) ) !) !#=#
du/ &=! ^ ! & (=#
Yff? ^=& # ! $ %=#
Tffdf8 %=^ ^ ! & (=#
g]jf/ %=% @ ! # $=)
D'f;ndfg $=# % ) % ^=&
ofbj #=( % ) % ^=&
/fO{ @=* ^ ) ^ *=)
Uf'?ª @=$ # ! $ %=#
lnDj' !=^ # ) # $=)
hDdf ^*=$ ^! !$ &% !))=))
>f]t M g]kfnL SFofgef;sf /+ux?, lxdfn lstfj, sf7df08f}, @))*, k[i6 – !%
of] tYofÍn] g]kfnnfO{ hftLo ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljefhg u/]/ jx'dtdf cwfl/t ;+3Lotfdf k'gM
;+/rgf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]vfpFb}g . To;}sf/0f g]kfndf hftLo cfwf/sf] ;+3Lotf ;+ej b]lvb}g .
jx'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf cu|flwsf/ ;lxtsf] :jfoQtf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL leq c6fpg ;Sb}g .
;a} dflg; j/fj/ x'G5g\ / ;j} k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf
dfGotf;u o:tf] /fhgLlts clwsf/n] tfbfDotf /fVg ;Sb}g . cfw'lgs o'udf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL
eGbf jflx/ uP/ zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf ug' { eg]sf] ;Eotfsf] k5fl8 kms{g' xf] . o; cj:yfdf
;+3Lotfdf /xg] k|fb]lzs txdf k|d'v hflt jf hftsf] :jfoQtfsf] nflu JolStut jf ;+f:s[lts
:jfoQtf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . k|d'v ;d'xx?sf] :jfoQtf k|fb]lzs tx eGbf tnsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/
txdf dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof hlt w]/} /xG5 ptL g} w]/} ;d'xsf] nflu
:jfoQtf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} u/L :yfgLo txdf hlt w]/} clwsf/ /xG5 ptL g} dfqfdf
:jfoQtfsf] ;3gtf a9\5 .
of] l:yltdf s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ k|b]zdf ;f/]/ dfq g]kfnsf] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sb}g . o;n]
l;+xb/jf/sf] s]xL clwsf/ t k|b]zdf ;nf{ t/ g]kfnsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{
;Sb}g . Ps k6s 4G4sf] rk]6df kl/;s]sf] g]kfnsf] nflu k|fb]lzs txdf /xg] clwsf/n] hft
35

hfltx?nfO{ :jfoQQf k|bfg ug{ ;lsb}g . o; cj:yfdf xfn of] ;d'bfodf b]lvPsf] c;Gt'li6 sd
ug{ ;lsb}g kmn:j?k 4G4sf] cj:yf >[hgf x'g] vt/f /xLg} /xG5 . /fHo jf k|b]zsf] lgdf{0fjf6
jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g] l:ylt b]lvb}g . To;}sf/0f k|ultzLn
clwsf/ ;lxtsf] ;;fgf :yfgLo lgsfo Jojl:yt u/]/ dfq g]kfnsf ljljw ;d'xnfO{ :jfoQtf
k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu ;+3Lo zf;sLo Joj:yf clgjfo{ klg 5}g lsg sL stLko
PsfTds Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sdf ;+3Lo Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sdf eGbf ;d'xsf] :jfoQtf w]/} 5 26 .
To;}sf/0f g]kfndf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :yfgLo txnfO{ a9L clwsf/ lbg' cfjZos 5 .
g]kfnsf] zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k'gM;+/rgf x'g u} /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljljwtfsf] pko'St9+ujf6
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k|fb]lzs txdf JolStut jf ;f:s[lts :jfoQtf / :yfgLo txdf ;d'xut
:jfoQtfsf] tl/sf cjnDjg ug' { kb{5 . To;}sf/0f ;d'xx?sf] dfu :yfgLotxdf a9L clwsf/sf]
Uof/]G6L ug]{ ljifodf s]Gb|Lt x'g' kb{5 g ls k|fb]lzs txdf .
!)= lgisif{
ljljwtf ePsf] d'n'sdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ePg eg] 4G4sf] cj:yf cfpF5 . To;}sf/0f k|To]s
jx';+f:s[lts d'n'sn] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 . ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff Ps d'n's
Ps gful/ssf] l;4fGt, dfgj clwsf/sf ljZjJofkL dfGotf, ;/sf/ ;+rfngsf dfGo cfwf/x?,
k|hftGq / /fli6«o Pstf;+u lj/f]wfefifdf /x]sf] 5}g t/ ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg / jx'dtsf] k|s[of
jLr ;Gt'ng ldnfpg] sfo{ rfxL r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg ;lsPg eg] d'n's
6's|g] vt/f klg /xG5 . ;3Lotfdf k'gM;/rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf k|d'v hft÷hfltn] p7fO{
cfPsf] k|fb]lzs txsf] :jfoQtf pknJw h+g;+Vofsf] tYofÍn] ;+ej b]vfpb}g, k|fb]lzs txdf
JolStut jf ;f+:s[lts :jfoQtf dfq ;+ej bl]vG5 . To;}sf/0f ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
:yfgLo txnfO{ a9L clwsf/ ;DkGg jgfpg] Ps dfq jf6f] xfdL ;fd' 5 . g]kfnsf] ljutsf] nfdf]
;dosf] cg'ejdf :ygLo txdf clwsf/ lbg] s'/fdf /fhgLlt1x?df pbf/tf eGbf ;+s'lrt ljrf/
xfjL ePsf] b]lvG5 . s]Gb|Ls[t zf;sLo Joj:yfdf bLlIft xfd|f /fhgLlt1jf6 :yfgLo txdf w]/}
clwsf/ lgIf]k0f x'G5 eg]/ cfZj:t x'g ;lsb}g . h'g txdf /Xof] ToxL txnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg
agfpg' kg]{ ljrf/ af]Sg] k|j[lQ 5 x.d|f /fhgLlt1x?df . To;}sf/0f :yfgLo txnfO{ alnof] agfpg]
u/L gofF ;ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{df ;a}sf] Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 . xf]Og eg] h+uf/ t¥of] nf}/f]
ljl;{of] h:tf] x'g hfg]5 .
26 PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf ePsf hfkfg / :jL8]gsf :yfgLo lgsfosf] :joQtf ;+3Lot d'n'sdf k|bQ :jfoQtf eGbf a9L 5 .
36

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# , sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt , sf7df08f}, @)^#
@= Donnelly, J "International Human Rights Dilemmas in World Politics" Third Edition,
Westview Press, 2007.
#. Tanggol, Sukarno D. "Regional Autonomy and Federalism Concept and Issues for the
Bangsamoro Government" MSU-Lligan Institute of Technology, Phillippines, 2012
$= Fleiner, Thomas."The Challenges of Ethnic Diversity to Federalism The states and moods
of federalism: Government Identity and Methedology" Eds. Jean Francois Gaudrault
Desbians and Fabian Geinas: Les Edition Yvon Blais, 2005.
%= Weissbrodt D, Fitzpatrick J, Newman F, Hoffman M, and Rumsey M "Selected International
Human Rights Instruments," Third Edition, Anderson Publishing Co. 2001.
^= Anderson G, "Federalism: An Introduction" Forum of Federations, Oxford Univerity
Press. 2008
&= Watt R and Chattopadhaya R Edited "Unity in Diversity Learning from Each Other" vol 1
Building on and Accomodating Diversities, Forum of Federations, 2008.
*= Watt R. "Comparing Federal Systems" Third Edition Institute of Intergovernmental
Relation, McGill Queen's University Press, 2008
(= Watt R and Chattopadhaya R Edited "Unity in Diversity Learning from Each Other" vol 4
Local Government in Federal Systems, Forum of Federations , 2008
!)= Watt R and Chattopadhaya R Edited "Unity in Diversity Learning from Each Other" vol 5
Policy Issues in Federalism International Perspectives , Forum of Federations , 2008
37

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pTk| ]/0ffsf ;DaGwdf
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g
" The two great movers of the human mind are the desire of good, and the fear of evil."
- Samuel Johnson
xl/bQ kf08]o]*
;f/f+z
s'g} klg ;+u7gdf hgzlSQsf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . hgzlSQn] g} ;+u7gsf] nflu
cfjZos / ;+u7gdf pknAw cGo ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng, k|of]u / pkef]u ug]{ ePsf]n] hgzlSQdf
;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff gx'“bf;Dd cGo ;fwgx?sf] ;kmnQd pkof]u x'g ;Sb}g . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t\
s'g} JolQm÷sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] kbLobfloTj÷lhDd]jf/Lk|lt bQlrQeO{ lghdf cGtlg{lxt Ifdtfsf]
dxQd ;b'kof]u u/L ;f] bfloTj÷lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{tk{m ;lqmo u/fpg]
dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf pTk|]/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . hgzlSQ pTk|]l/t gx“'bf;Dd ;+u7gsf cGo
;fwg / >f]tnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf kl/rfng ug{ ;lsb}g / kl/0ffdtM ;+u7gfTds p2]Zo xfl;n
ug{ ;lsb}g . k|efjsf/L pTk|]/0ffsf] nflu AolQmljz]ifsf] JolQmTj klxrfg ug]{ / cg's/0fLo
pbfx/0f k|ltljlDjt ug]{ g]t[Tj cfjZos x'G5 . o;}u/L clwg:y sd{rf/Ldf ljZjf; ug]{, pgsf
;d:ofx? Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg], pgsf] nflu pko'SQ sfo{jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] tyf c;n
sd{rf/L gLlt th'{df ug]{ / sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ u/fpg] sfd ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj
txsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf klg pTk|]/0ffsf df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s tTjx?af6 k|efljt
/x]sf] 5 . o; ;]jfdf cGo ;+u7gx? h:t} JolQmsf cfjZostfx?sf] d"NofÍg / ;Ddfg ul/g]
k|rngsf] ljsf; ul/g'kg]{tk{m ljleGg cWoog÷cg';Gwfgx?n] hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L :ki6
sfo{ljefhg, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍgsf] nflu j:t'ut, j}1flgs / dfkgLo ;"rsf+s, u'gf;f] ;'Gg]
;+oGq, lhDd]jf/Lk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL, cflbn] sd{rf/Lsf]
pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yfdf c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] ;'zf;g -Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g
-Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% n] sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf nflu s]xL dxTjk"0f{ u}/df}lb|s
pTk|]/s tTjx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL tTjx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf pkof]udf Nofpg ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf Psftk{m d'n'ssf] ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsg] / csf]{tk{m lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
* ;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
38

!= pTk|]/0ff
sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sfdk|lt clek| ]l/t ug]{ jf p;sf] Ifdtf / ;DefjgfnfO{ pRrtd tj/n] ;lqmo
Pj+ d"t{ agfpg] k|of; g} pTk|]/0ff xf] . pTk|]/0ffsf] ;+u7gfTds sfo{s'zntf;Fu clt 3lgi7
;DaGw ePsf] sf/0fn] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu of] Ps dxTjk"0f{ pks/0f dflgG5 . sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
a9LeGbf a9L pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ tyf sfo{ ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt u/fpgsf] nflu Joj:yfkgsf]
tkm{af6 h'g pkfox?sf] cjnDag ul/G5, ltg}nfO{ pTk| ]/0ff eGg] ul/G5 . pTk|]/0ffsf] nflu xfn
k|of]u x' Fb} cfPsf] c+u|]hL zAb 'Motivation' Nofl6g zAb 'Motive' af6 Jo'TklQ ePsf] xf], h;sf]
cy{ x'G5 M æOR5fzlQm hfu[t u/fpg' .Æ o;k|sf/ pTk|]/0ffn] o:tf] zlQmnfO{ af]w u/fpF5 h;n]
JolQmx?df sfd u/fpg] OR5f k}bf ub{5 . /]lG;g lns6{n] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] Åbo (Core
of Management) eg]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L x]g/L km]cf]nn] o;nfO{ cfb]zsf] ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5
eg] s'G6\h cf]–8f]g]nn] o;nfO{ lgb]{zsf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 .
!=! pTk|]/0ff / Aojxf/
pTk|]/0ffnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf Jojxf/x?af6 JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . lsDan / ufd]{hLn] lgDg tLg
k|sf/sf pTk|]l/t Jojxf/nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf s'/f :k]G;/n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . -:k]G;/ !(&@M$*_
-s_ pkef]u ;DaGwL Jojxf/ (Consummatory Behaviour) - o;n] tLj| cfjZostfnfO{ ;Gt'i6
kfb{5 —-ef]hg vfg'÷ef]s d]6fpg'_, kfgL lkpg' ÷Kof; d]6fpg', k|]d ug'{÷of}g OR5f k"/f ug{',
ldqx?;Fu e]63f6 ug'{ ÷;DaGw a9fpg cyjf cfˆgf] k|lti7f sfod ug'{ .
-v_ cfb]zfTds Jojxf/ (Instrumental Behaviour) - o;k|sf/sf] Jojxf/n] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{sf]
nflu s]xL sfd ug{ nufpFb5, pbfx/0fsf] nflu ef]s d]6fpgsf] nflu ef]hgfnotkm{ hfg' .
-u_ k|lt:yflkt Jojxf/ (Substitute Behaviour) - of] clek|]l/t Jojxf/ xf] t/ o;nfO{ :ki6 kfg{
;ls+b}g .
39

!=@ pTk|]/0ffnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ k|d'v tTjx?
pTk|]/0ffnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ k|d'v tTjx?M
-s_ df}lb|s cyjf ljQLo tTjx?
–tna÷Hofnf÷kfl/>lds
–sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if
–ladf ;'ljwf
–cltl/Qm ;dodf sfd u/]jfkt yk
kfl/>lds÷eQf
–cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] nflu cfly{s ;'ljwf
–pkbfg÷lgj[lQe/0f
–af]g;
–gub k'/:sf/
–u[x lgdf{0f ;fk6L÷cGo ;fk6Lsf]
Joj:yf, cflb .
-s_ df}lb|s cyjf ljQLo tTjsf] k|efj
-v_ u}/df}lb|s cyjf u}/ljQLo tTjx?
–;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
–dfGotf, k|z+;f, k'/:sf/, ;Tsf/
–zL3| pGgltsf] cj;/
–s'zn÷;Ifd ;'k/Lj]Ifs÷g]t[Tj
–:ki6 sfo{ ljj/0f÷lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f
–lgikIf÷kf/bzL{ sfo{ jftfj/0f
–;xof]uL ldqx?
–;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkg
– k|efjsf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg
–clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
–c;n ;~rf/ k|0ffnL
–clwg:y sd{rf/Lx?k|lt ;b\efjk"0f{
Jojxf/
–sfdsf] nflu nlrnf] ;do
–;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljBdfgtf
–cGo /rgfTds jftfj/0f
–:ki6 P]g sfg"g tyf sfo{ljlw
–qf;o'Qm jftfj/0f, cflb .
ca|fxd df:nf]sf] Need Hierarchy Therory of Motivation cg';f/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f
ug{sf] nflu df}lb|s ;'ljwf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . df}lb|s tTjx?sf] k|of]uaf6 b]xfo cg';f/sf] pknlAw
x'g ;S5 M
• ;+u7gk|lt ;Ifd÷k|ltefjfg÷of]Uo ÷pTk|]l/t JolQmx? cfslif{t x'g],
• sd{rf/L / ;]jfu|xLsf] ;Gt'li6 a9\g],
• sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ -JolQm, ;d"x / ;+u7g :t/ _ df ;'wf/ x'g],
40

• >d÷sfo{sf] :t/ / k'/:sf/aLr tfbfTDo sfod ug{ ;lsg],
• JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] pRrtd nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug],
• k|efjsf/L tyf lgoGq0fsf/L k|]/s tTjsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg],
• d'b|fn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{'sf] ;fy} Social Status Needs k"/f ug{df ;d]t
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg],
• JolQm / p;df cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ eljiosf] clglZrttf -ljz]ifu/L j[4fj:yf, v/fa :jf:Yo,
b'3{6gf cflb_ ;Fu h'Wg cfly{s ;fdYo{ a9fpg] .
-v_ u}/df}lb|s cyjf u}/ljQLo tTjx?sf] k|efj
ON6g dfof]sf xfy|f]g k|of]ukZrft xh{au{n] pTk|]/0ff;DaGwL b'O{ tTjsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L
;+u7gsf] gLlt lgod, Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, sfo{ jftfj/0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f, tna eQf nufotsf
cfly{s ;'ljwf h:tf tTjx? kof{Kt x'Fb}df JolQm÷sd{rf/Ln] sfdk|lt k"0f{?kdf pTk|]l/t x'g ;Sb}g
eGg] ts{ cl3 ;f/] . o;y{ JolQm÷sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xL9+un] sfd;Fu ;dfof]hg u/fpgsf] nflu p;sf]
sfd, p;n] u/]sf] sfd÷pknlAwsf] dfGotf, pQ/bfloTj / ljsf;sf] cj;/, pknlAw h:tf
u}/df}lb|s tTjx? ;d]t cfjZos x'g] egL Hygiene Factors / Motivating Factors u/L b'O{ tTjsf]
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/] . pgn] Motivating Factors cGtu{t Achievement, Recognition, Possibility
of growth, advancement, responsibility / The work itself ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . xh{ju{sf cg';f/
pknlAw, sfdsf] dfGotf, pQ/bfloTj / pRr txsf] k|ultnfO{ d'b|fdf dfkg / d"Nof+sg ug{
;lsFb}g . o;k|sf/;Fu ;+u7gdf df}lb|s tTjx? cyjf u}/df}lb|s tTjx? PSn}n] dfq sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] ;du| ?kdf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpgsf] nflu
df}lb|s / u}/ df}lb|s b'j} tTjx?sf] plrt k|of]u / ;+of]hg ul/g'k5{ . o; ;Gbe{df John Adair
sf] lgDg egfO ;fGble{s b]lvG5— "Opportunities for professional development and personal
growth are especially valuable to good people, but money has a strategic importance for most
people, not least as a measure of recognition for the significance of their contributions. As the
means of exchange and as a store of wealth, money is probably the most useful material reward
you can give." (Adair, 1996)
@= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ df ;dflji6 pTk|]/s tTjx?
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+ +rfng_ P] ]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfo{k|lt pTk| ]l/t / lhDd]jf/L k|lt pQ/bfoL
41

jgfpgsf lglDt dGqL, d'Vo ;lra, ;lra, ljefuLo k|d'v Pj+ sfof{no k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L Pj+
st{Jo :ki6?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf /xg] clwsf/Lx?nfO{
cfk\mgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/k|lt ;hu u/fpFb} ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'zf;go'Qm agfpgsf
nflu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, gful/s j8f kq, w'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng,
zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfOsf] u7g, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? ;' 'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+ +rfng_ P] ]g tyf lgodfjnLx?df ;dflji6
ul/Psf 5g\ . oL k|fjwfgx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff;+u k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf?kdf
;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] oxfF ;+lIfKt?dfdf oL k|jwfgx? dfly k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@=! k|zf;lgs g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L kl/eflift
@=!=! d'Vo ;lrj
d'Vo ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo clwsf/L x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf lghn] cfˆgf]
lhDd]jf/L jxg ug' {kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ jf cGo
k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo,
clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L /xg] 5 .
• k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf ;f] sfof{nosf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrjx? tyf cGo ljlzi6 >]0fLsf clws[tsf] ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] x}l;otn]
lghx?n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ tyf ;lrjn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ k|zf;lgs
sfo{sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
• ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ;dGjo ug] { jf
u/fpg],
• zf;sLo ;'wf/nfO{ d'n'sL k|zf;gsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ jf u/fpg ljleGg
dGqfno / cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{,
• dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ / ;f]xL x}l;otdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{,
• g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug{, u/fpg ;DalGwt dGqfnox?nfO{
kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg] / tL lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,
• d'n'ssf] k|zf;gtGqnfO{ r':t / k'mlt{nf] agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj tyf cGo sd{rf/LnfO{
pTk|]l/t ug]{,
42

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;do–;dodf ;lrj a}7s cfof]hgf
ug]{ / ;lrj a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• ljleGg dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo txsf sfof{nox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfd–sf/afxLsf] cg'udg,
lg/LIf0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf] nflu ;lrjn] k]z u/]sf] k|:tfjdf cfjZos s'/fx? k'u] gk'u]sf]
hfFrL] k|:tfjnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ ;dIf k]z ug]{ / cË gk'u]sf] kfOPdf ;DalGwt
;lrjsxfF lkmtf{ k7fpg] jf k7fpg nufpg],
• g]kfn kIf ePsf låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;lGw;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] cg'udg ug]{
u/fpg],
• tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
P]gåf/f lgwf{l/t pko'{Qm lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod # n] d'Vo ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
• s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{nosf]
k|ult ljj/0f lng] jf lng nufpg], To;sf] ;dLIff ug] { jf u/fpg] jf tT;DaGwdf cfjZos
lgb]{zg lbg],
• s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxtsf lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{noaf6
s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]
s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt
kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxtsf lgsfo, cfof]hgf, sfof{nox?sf]
lg/LIf0faf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{
eO/x]sf] jf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf
x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
@=! @ ;lrjsf] lhDd]]jf/L
;lrj ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{nosf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo
kbflwsf/L x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf lghn] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf !! df ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo /
43

clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm ;lrjsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] Joxf]/f o; P]gdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|ltkfbg ug'{kg]{ gLltsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt dGqLnfO{ ;3fpg],
• ;DalGwt dGqLsf] lgb] {zg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cwLgdf /xL cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf
;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf gLltut
ljifodf s'g} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt dGqL ;dIf ;f]sf] k|:tfj k]z ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg,
b}lgs sfo{;~rfng, sd{rf/Lpk/ lgoGq0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no cGtu{tsf ljefu,
sfof{no jf To:tf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no dftxtsf cGo
lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLpk/ cfjZos ;'k/Lj]If0f jf lgoGq0f ug] { / cfjZostf cg';f/
lgb]{zg lbg],
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no tyf ;f];Fu
;DalGwt cGo lgsfon] k|To]s dlxgf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg tf]lsP adf]lhd
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug]{,
• dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nosf] jflif{s sfo{qmd th'{df u/L dGqL
;dIf k]z ug] { / :jLs[t sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf ;fy} k|ult ;dLIff ug]{
u/fpg],
• dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{noaf6 jif{el/df ;Dkfbg ul/Psf k|d'v
sfd sf/afxLsf af/]df jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no jf ;f] cGtu{tsf
/fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf jf kb:yfkgf ug]{ jf sfh v6fpg], t/ Ps
dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf cGo lgsfo jf ;f] cGt{utsf
ljefu jf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ csf] { dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf
sfof{no jf lgsfo jf ;f] cGtu{tsf ljefu jf sfof{nodf ul/g] ;?jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
44

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . o:tf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePkl5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L tTsfn ;DalGwt
dGqLnfO{ u/fpg],
• j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd, cWoog e|d0f jf cGo ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]z e|d0fsf
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog ug]{ /
j}b]lzs e|d0f sfh :jLs[t ug]{ / ;f] ;DaGwL Joxf]/f tTsfn} ;DjlGwt d+qLnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg],
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] dGqfno jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / To:tf]
lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{,
• ;lrj a}7saf6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• cToGt pTs[i6 Pj+ k|z+;gLo sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f
pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/:j?k tLg u| ]8;Dd yk lbg] jf Psk6sdf kfFr xhf/
?k}ofF;Ddsf] Psd'i6 k'/:sf/ lbg],
• dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf ;f] dftxtsf ljefuLo k|d'v jf
cfof]hgf k|d'vn] ;~rfng u/]sf cfof]hgfsf] ;do–;dodf lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos lgb{]zg
lbg], o;/L lg/LIf0f ubf{ ;~rfng ePsf cfof]hgf ;dodf k"/f x'g g;s]sf] kfOPdf jf
k"/f ePsf] cfof]hgfsf] u'0f:t/ Go"g b]lvPdf To;sf] cfjZos 5fgaLg u/L bf]ifL b]lvPsf
;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d'v jf cfof]hgf k|d'vnfO{ cfjZos sf/afxL ug] {, tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
P]gaf6 lglb{i6 pko'{Qm lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod $ n] ;lrjsf] sfd, st{Jo / cl3sf/ cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf
jf sfof{nosf] k|ult ljj/0f lng] jf lng nufpg], To;sf] ;dLIff ug]{ jf u/fpg] / To;/L
;dLIff ubf{ jf u/fpFbf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug] {, :ynut lg/LIf0f ug]{ jf
u/fpg] jf tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf,
sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cg';GwgfTds jf cGj]if0ffTds sfo{
eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg
cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg],
45

• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] dGqfno, ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf
jf sfof{noaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{
eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf
To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• dftxt lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
pNn]lvt lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt ;lrjn] hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ / cfk"m axfn /x]sf]
dGqfno jf ;Dj}wflgs lgsfo jf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dfu]sf] cj:yfdf cBfjlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;lrasf] lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo x'g] Joxf]/f
;d]t pSQ lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf $_
@=!=# ljefuLo k|d'v
ljefuLo k|d'v ;DalGwt ljefusf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L x'g]5 / ;f]xL x}l;otdf cfˆgf]
lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 egL P]gsf] bkmf !@ n] df elgPsf] 5 .
ljefuLo k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/sf cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf !@_
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefusf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng, cfˆgf] dftxtdf /x]sf
sd{rf/Lpk/ ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgoGq0f ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] sfd sf/afxL / sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;DaGwL sfo{ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;'wf/ ub} { ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{non] sfof{Gjog ug] { s'g} sfg"g jf gLltdf
;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;f]sf] sf/0f ;lxt ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf bIftfsf]
:t/ lg/Gt/?kdf clej[l4 ug{ k|lzIf0f tyf tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu tyf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfl;s, jflif{s
jf cGo k|ltj]bg ;lrj ;dIf k]z ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu cGtu{tsf /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf /
kb:yfkg ug]{ tyf sfh v6fpg],
46

• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf s'g} sd{rf/Ln] cToGt pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfd
u/]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df
k'/:sf/:j?k Ps u|]8;Dd yk lbg] jf Psk6sdf b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] Psd'i6 k'/:sf/
lbg] .
P]gsf] bkmf !@ df plNnlvt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g - Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng _ lgodfjnL, @)^% ljefuLo k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{nosf] k|ult ljj/0f lng]
jf lng nufpg], To;sf] ;dLIff ug] { jf u/fpg] / To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ jf u/fpFbf b]lvPsf
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug] {, :ynut lg/LIf0f ug] { jf u/fpg] jf tt\;DjGwdf cfjZos
lgb]{zg lbg],
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfo, cfof]hgf jf sfof{noaf6 s'g} pkof]uL,
pbfx/0fLo, l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt
kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] ljefu jf dftxt lgsfoaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt,
sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg
;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• dftxtsf lgsfox?jLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
@=!=$ sfof{no k|d'v
k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf cltl/Qm sfof{no k|d'vsf] cGo sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 egL P]gsf] bkmf !# df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg, b}lgs sfo{;~rfng tyf ;f] sfof{nodf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lgoGq0f ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no / cGtu{tsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfh v6fpg],
47

• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no / cGtu{t sfof{nosf /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps
sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf ug]{,
• Hofb} pTs[i6 / k|z+;gLo sfd ug]{ cfˆgf] sfof{nosf] sd{rf/LnfO{ u|]8 yk jf gub
k'/:sf/sf nflu lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v u/L ljefuLo k|d'v ;dIf
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{no cGtu{t ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] sfd lglZrt ;doleq
;DkGg ug{ nufpg],
• cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{noaf6 hg;fwf/0fnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
• tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
P]gn] lglb{i6 pko'{SQ lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/St ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] lgdo ^ n] sfof{no k|d'vsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 M
• cfkm" jxfn /x]sf] sfof{no, dftxtsf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ?kdf :ynut
lg/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], k|ult ljj/0f dfu ug] {, ;dLIff ug]{ / To;/L ;dLIff ubf{ b]lvPsf
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug]{ jf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 s'g} pkof]uL, pbfx/0fLo,
l;h{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds jf cg';GwgfTds sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ;|f]taf6
hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jf u/fpg],
• cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{no jf dftxt lgsfo jf cfof]hgfaf6 k|rlnt sfg"g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
gLlt, sfo{qmd jf lg0f{osf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g
cfPdf jf lg/LIf0faf6 ;f] s'/f b]lvg cfPdf To:tf] sfo{ x'g glbg jf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt
kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] Pj+,
• dftxt lgsfox?sf] k|zf;lgs sfd sf/afxLnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
@=!=% cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg gx'g]
o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug' {kg]{ kbflwsf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] jf o;
P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd lgwf{l/t zt{ tyf cjlwleq ;Dkfbg
ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @!
48

@=!=^ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]
s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfd cfk"m ;/xsf]
jf cfˆgf] dftxtsf] cGo s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5g t/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq lghn] cfˆgf] kbLo
lhDd]jf/Laf6 5"6 kfPsf] dflgg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @@
@=!=& c?sf] clwsf/df x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g]
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{
Ps kbflwsf/Ln] csf]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L jf st{Jopk/ x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ##
@=!=* c;n lgotn] u/]s]sf] sfdsf] arfp
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ug{] kbflwsf/Ln] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg
ubf{ jf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{ lghn] c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
lghpk/ s'g} sf/afxL gx'g] Joj:yf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $#_
@=!=( sfo{ ;Dkfbg s/f/ ug{ ;lsg]
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ s'g} sfd lglZrt cjlwleq ;Dkfbg ul/;Sg' kg]{ -k/km/d]G;
sG6«fS6_ jf lglZrt kl/df0fsf] pknlAw x'g]u/L ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ePdf jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o
b[li6sf]0fn] k|fyldstf k|fKt s'g} sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug' {kg]{ ePdf s'g} kbflwsf/L;Fu
sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/L To:tf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lghnfO{ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-P]gsf] bkmf !(_
@=!=!) ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO u/fpg' kg]{]{]{
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ If]qLo, c~rn, lhNnf jf :yfgLo :t/df sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ sfof{no
k|d'vn] cfk"m axfn /x]sf] sfof{nosf] sfd, sf/afxLnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg /
;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] sfg"g;Ddt ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tf]lsP adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs
;'g'jfO u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #)_
49

@=!=!! sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs
o; P]g jdf]lhd s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs tf]lsP jdf]lhd
x'g] Joj:yf] ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $@_
@=!=!@ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;lsg]
k|To]s dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo Pj+ sfof{non] cfˆgf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf]
cfwf/df sDKo"6/Ls[t ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #&_
@=!=!# u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg
k|To]s dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo Pj+ sfof{nodf ;f] dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L
lgsfo Pj+ sfof{non] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf tyf To;df x'g ;Sg]
clgoldttfsf] ;DaGwdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf u'gf;f] k]l6sf /fVg' kg] { Joj:yf P]gsf]
bkmf #! df ul/Psf] 5 .
@=!=!$ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt
;/sf/L ;]jf / ;'ljwfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ k|zf;gtGqnfO{ ;]jfk|bfossf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{
tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L
tyf u'0f:t/Lo9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg eP jf gePsf] s'/fsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf]
;+of]hsTjdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] Ps s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt u7g x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #*_
#= ;]jf k|jfx
#=! gful/s a8fkq /fVg' kg]{
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug] { k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n] b]Vg]
7fpFdf tf]lsP adf]lhd gful/s a8fkq /fVg' kg] { lgoddf ul/P cg'?k b]xfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @%_
• ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft,
• ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf ;DaGwdf u/]sf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] kb / gfd,
• ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] tfn's sfof{no / 6]lnkmf]g gDj/,
50

• ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf,
• Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx? .
#=@ 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs jf j}olQmut ;/f]sf/ /xg] s'g} ;]jfnfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jfu|fxL /x]a;]sf]
Onfsfdf g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do–;dodf tf]s]sf sfof{non] tf]lsP
adf]lhd 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @^_
#=# zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
k|To]s dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{sf] u7g ul/g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf @(_
$= kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfk"m kbdf axfn /xFbf jf h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cjsfz k|fKtn]
;d]t kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug' {kg{] Joj:yf ul/g'sf ;fy} To:tf JolQmn] cfkm" kbdf
jxfn /xFbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug' {kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . -P]g sf]
bkmf @#_
• cg'zf;gdf /xL OdfGbf/L / tTk/tfsf ;fy st{Jo kfng ug'{kg]{,
• /fhgLlts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ gx'g],
• /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ gx'g]
• ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ gx'g] ,
• sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] uf]Kotf sfod ug'{kg]{,
• tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dkfbgdf s'g} k|sf/n] c;/ kg{ ;Sg] u/L bfg, pkxf/, rGbf k|fKt ug{
/ ;fk6L lng lbg gx'g],
• sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf Jofkf/ Jofj;fo ug{ gx'g],
• lgjf{rgdf s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] k|rf/ ug]{ / ;dy{s eO{ efu lng gx'g],
• st{Jo kfng ubf{ zLi6 / dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ .
51

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cfr/0fx?sf] cltl/Qm ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] h'g;'s} sf/0fn]
cfjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg sfg"g adf]lhdsf] uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ljifo ;w} uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{5 .
-P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -!_
o;}u/L cGo ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff u/]sf JolQmsf] nflu ;DalGwt dGqfnon] kbLo jf k]zfut
cfr/0f jgfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ljb]zl:yt a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng' rfxg]
kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Ln] vftf vf]Ng kgf{sf] sf/0f;lxt d'Vo ;lrjn] eP k|wfgdGqL;dIf, ;lrjn]
eP d'Vo ;lrj;dIf / ;lrj dftxt lgsfosf cGo kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Ln] eP ;DalGwt
;lrj;dIf lgj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] b]xfosf] cfj:yfdf eg] :jLs[lt lnOg/xg' kg]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf #@ sf] pkbkmf -@__
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]gog eO{ jf k"j{ :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L cWoog jf tflnddf
efu lng ljb]z uPsf] ePdf,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ uPsf] ePdf,
;/sf/L sfd sfh ug{ ljb]zdf vl6uPsf] ePdf .
%= k'/:sf/ ;DjGwL Joj:yf
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbFbf jf k'/:sf/sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ b]xfosf] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . -lgodfjnLsf] lgod *_
sfo{k|s[of ;/nLs/0f u/L ;]jf k|jfx l56f]5l/tf] jgfpg of]ubfg u/]sf],
;]jf k|jfxsf] ;DaGwdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f ;sf/fTds /x]sf],
/fhZj a[l4sf] nflu pNn]vgLo sfd u/]sf],
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /xL tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L eGbf a9L sfo{ s'zntfk"j{s
;DkGg u/]sf],
ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv s'g} ljefuLo ;hfo gkfPsf] .
k'/:sf/sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] sd{rf/L s] s:tf] sf/0faf6 k'/:sf/sf] nflu of]Uo ePsf] xf]
;f]sf] :ki6 sf/0f / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ v'nfpg' kg]{5 / cfjZostf cg';f/ To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{
;lsg] .
52

^= ;]jf ;'ljwf
k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] ;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfo{fno
k|d'vn] ;f] x}l;otdf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf tyf ;f] x}l;otn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/] afkt kfpg]
cGo ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -P]gsf] bkmf $)_
&= pk;xf/
sfo{:ynsf] pTk|]/0ffn] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/df0f / kl/0ffd b'j}sf] clej[lå ug{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k'¥ofpFb5 . pTk|]/0ffnfO{ afXo / cfGtl/s u/L b'O{j6f :j?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . jfXo pTk|]0ffn] Ps
lglZrt ;Ldf kf/ ul/;s]kl5 cfGtl/s pTk| ]/0ff jfXo pTk| ]/0ffsf] t'ngfdf j9L k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg]
s'/f ljleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g . ljleGg k|sf/sf u}/df}lb|s pTk| ]/s tTjx?n] sd{rf/LnfO{
:j–Aoa:yfkg ug{df 6]jf k'¥ofpF5g / cGttf]uTjf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmdf cfGtl/s pTk| ]/0ff
pTkGg u/fpF5g . o:tf u}/df}lb|s tTjx?df :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ d"Nof+sg, :ki6 /
dfkgof]Uo ;"rsf+s, sfo{k|lqmof / sfo{glthfdf kf/blz{tf, sd{rf/L / ;'k/Lj]IfsjLrsf] :ki6
sfo{;DaGw, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lzi6Aojxf/ k|bz{g ul/g] sfo{;+:s[lt / sfo{d}qL jftfj/0f, clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg / hafkmb]lxtfsf] ;':ki6 Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df k'/:s[t / bl08t ug]{
kf/bzL{ / dfkgof]Uo k|0ffnL, k|efjsf/L u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg ;+oGq cflbsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfng ;DjGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Aoj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ b]zsf]
d"nsfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# n] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]
/ o:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g] Aoa:yf u/]
cg'?k b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf d"ntM lghfdtL ;]jf, P]g @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
åf/f lgb]{lzt 5, tyflk ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf d'Vo
;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{
sfo{, lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/L lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g gkfpg] Aoa:yf, sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] Aoa:yf,
sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsf+s lgdf{0f ug' {kg]{ k|fjwfg, sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmof / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofdf
kf/blz{tf, gful/s j8f kqsf] Aoa:yf Pj+ u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg / gful/s ;'g'jfOsf] Aoa:yf
nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO dof{lbt, cg'zfl;t / st{Jolgi7 agfpg'df ljz]if e"ldsf /xg]
dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx? ;dflji6 ePsf] ;'zf;g -Aoa:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g tyf lgodfjnLn]
lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf cfGtl/s pTk|]/s tTjx?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu gLltut Aoa:yf u/]sf] dfGg
;lsG5 . s'g}klg ;'wf/sf] nflu gLltut Aoa:yf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}gÙ o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog /
sfo{Gjog:t/sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg klg lgtfGt cfjZos x'g] oyfy{nfO{ eg] lj;{g
;lsb}g .
53

;Gbe{ ;"rLM
• Adhikari, D. R. (2003), Organization Behaviour, Buddha Academic Publishers and
Distributors Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu
• Adair, J. (1996), Effective Motivation, PAN Books, New Whart Road, London.
• Brelson, Bernard and Gray A. Steiner, (1964), Human Behaviour: An Inventory of
Scientific Findings, Harcourt Brace and World Inc., New York, P. 240.
• Lillis, J. C. (1958), "What Makes Sammy Run?" in Advance Management Journal, July
1958, P. 5.
• Robbins, S. P., (2002), Organizational Behaviour, IX Edition, Pentice Hall of India, Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
• Spencer, Hayden (1972), "Psychology on of Business Scene," Organizational Dynamics,
Summer, 1972, P. 48.
• Stanford, Fillimore and Lawrence S.W. (1970), Psychology, Book’s/Cole Publishing
Company, Belmont California, P.189.
• kf08]o, xl/bQ, -@)%* lj= ;+=_, æ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;g, Æ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne"t
kIfx?, -an/fd yfkfsf] ;Dkfbg_, P;= s]= a'S; P08 :6]zg;{, lj/f6gu/, g]kfn, k[i7 !)%–
!)( .
• kf08]o, xl/bQ, -@)^! lj= ;+=_, æ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pTk|]/0ff / dgf]ansf] dxTjÆ, /fh:j,
jif{ @%, c+s #, @)^! kf}if, nlntk'/ M /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|, k[i7 $(–%& .
• kml8of, aL= Pn=, -@))@_, nf]s k|zf;g, ;flxTo ejg klAns];g, cfu/f .
• ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$
• ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%
54

hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8
;f/f+z
jflif{s ah]6 tyf lasf; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf sfo{qmdx?n] /fli6«o k|fyldstfk|fKt laifonfO{
slt ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5g eGg] kIfjf6 sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nofs+g ug]{ k/Dk/f a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . laZjd} xfn hnjfo' kl/jt{g tLa|?kn] x'“b} uPsf] / o;n] cg]s lakQL >[hgf ug]{
ePsf]n] o;sf] Aoa:yfkg ;d]t /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] nflu x'g] u/]sf]
vr{sf] gD;{ tyf dfkb08 :yfkgf eO;s]sf] b]lvb}g . To;}n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ ;fdgf
ug{ ;Sg] u/L aflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug{ cTofaZos eO;s]sf] 5 . k|:t't n]vdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
Aoa:yfkgsf nflu ah]6 sf]8sf] cfaZostf,cf}lrTotf tyf tl/sfx?af/] k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljifo k|j]z
ah]6 s'g}klg ;/sf/sf nflu lglZrt cjlwdf ;/sf/n] ug] { sfo{sf] dxTjk"0f{ gLlt ;+oGq
xf] . ah]6df ;dfj]z ge}sg s'g}klg gLlt÷sfo{qmdn] jf:tljs ?k g} u|x0f ub}{gg\, g ah]6sf]
;dy{g ljgf sfof{Gjog g} x'g ;Sb5 . ah]6n] ;du| /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ rnfodfg kfg]{ x}l;ot
/fVb5 . To;}n] hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/ hlxn] klg ah]6nfO{ jf:tljs / k|ltj4tf cg'?k sfof{Gjog
ug]{ lbzfdf k|oTgzLn /xG5 . zf:qLo cjwf/0ffdf ah]6 eGg] ljlQs} ;/sf/sf] /fh:j / vr{sf]
Joj:yfkgsf ?kdf lng] ul/GYof] t/ clxn] ah]6sf] cy{ / lqmofzLntf lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 . ah]6
dfkm{t ljlgof]hgsf] k|:tfj / vr{sf] clVtof/L dfq} hf/L ul/b}g, g of] ;/sf/n] ;Dkfbg ug]{
sfo{If]qdf dfq ;Lldt /xG5 . o;n] lglZrt cjlw -cfly{s jif{_ sf] ;d:t gLlt, sfo{9fFrf /
hLjg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t k|efljt kfg]{ ub{5 . To;}n] zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] g}
ah]6 xf], ah]6sf] ;'wf/ g} w]/} xbdf /fHo k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ xf] .
ah]6 ;'wf/ / ah]6 sf]8
g]kfndf sfo{qmd ah]6n] ;Lldt ?kdf cjwf/0ffut dxTj @)@^ ;fnb]lv kfpFb} cfPklg jf:tljs
?kdf sfo{qmd ah]6sf] yfngL eg] @)$% lt/af6 x'g uof] hltj]nf /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]
* ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
uf]kLgfy d}gfnL]*
55

;xof]udf cy{ dGqfnon] ljBdfg ah]6 ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{] k|of; eof] . To; ;do ;j}
sfo{qmd vr{df ljlgof]hgsf cfwf/, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkjLr ;DaGw :yfkgf / ah]6/L
;"rgfsf] k|jfx h:tf kIfnfO{ :ki6 kl/Psf] lyof] eg] ljifout dGqfnox?df Ifdtf ljsf;sf
sfo{qmd ah]6sf] lgb] {zsf lgdf{0fsf sfd ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ng efu ! kl5 s]xL
;dosf nflu o; cleofgn] lg/Gt/tf kfPg . cf7f}F of]hgf cjlwb]lv pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjwf/0ff
cg'?k ;fj{hlgs If]q k'g;+/rgfsf] sfo{n] dxTj kfof] eg] gjf} of]hgf cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs vr{
Joj:yfkgsf d'2fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOof] . ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Psn
p2]ZonfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] bzf} of]hgfsf] cleGg cª\usf] ?kdf cfof]hgf
k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ lnOPkl5 eg] aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfjlws of]hgfsf] /0fgLltaLr cfj4tf
:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ eof] . o; cjlwb]lv aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf sfo{qmdx?n]
ul/jL lgjf/0fdf slt of]ubfg ub{5g\ eGg] lgSof} {nsf nflu k|:tfljt ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf
/0fgLlts ;ª\s]t (Strategic code) / ul/aL ;ª\s]t (Pro-poor code) /fVg] / o;}sf] cfwf/df
;dli6ut cfly{s pknlJw / ;fwg ljlgof]hgaLrsf] ;DaGw ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ x'g yfNof] . tLg
aifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ af6 eg] csf]{ Ps ah]6 ;ª\s]t yk u/L jfli{fs
sfo{qmd / ljlgof]hgsf] dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf kg]{ gLlt c;/ ljZn]if0fsf nflu n}lª\us ;ª\s]t
(Gender Code) nfO{ klg k|of]udf Nofpg yflnPsf] 5 . oL ;ª\s]tn] /fli6«o nufgL / /0fgLlts
k|fyldstfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . ;fy} oL ah]6 ;ª\s]taf6 ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf gLlt
sfo{qmdsf] k|efj / eljiodf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ (Input) k|fKt x'g]
ub{5 . o;n] ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf gLlt sfo{qmd / k|ltj4tfdf ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{
ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;d]t cfwf/ lbG5 . kl/0ffdtM ah]6nfO{ jf:tljs agfpg] ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ;d]t ah]6
sf]8nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/
hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|s[ltdfly dfgj cltqmd0fsf] :jfefljs k|ltlqmofsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
w/ltsf] ;Lldt ef/jfxg Ifdtfdfly dfgj cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfksf] cljj]szLntfn] ubf{ x'g]
xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gsf sf/0f hLjg ;xof]u k|0ffnLsf ?kdf /x]sf] jfo'd08ndf tfkdfg
a9\b} uPsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfk a9\g] qmd;+u} To;sf] jftfj/0fLo Ifltk"lt{sf pko'Qm k|ljlw
gckgfpFbf of] qmd lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s k|lt:kwf{sf
sf/0f k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] cTolws bf]xg u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f k|ljlwnfO{
k|s[lt;Ddt k|of]u ul/Pg . h;sf sf/0f ;d:t k|f0fLhutsf] jIf:yn k[YjL / o;sf] jftfj/0f
jfo'd08ndf lg/Gt/ tfkdfg a[l4 x'guO{ jfo'd08nsf :jfefljs k|lqmofx? lju|b} uPsf] 5g\ .
of] klg elg/xg' kb} {g, o;sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x? g} x'g . pgLx?sf k|To]s cfly{s
56

lqmofsnfk k[YjLsf] rf]vf]kg ljufg{df p2t 5g\ / o;sf] hf]lvd eg] sd ljsl;t / ljkGg
d'n'sx?n] p7fpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;k|lt ljZjJofkL g}lts bjfj ljZj;d'bfon] lbg g;Sbf eljio
emg} cWof/f] eP/ uPsf] 5 . kmntM hd{gL, cd]l/sfh:tf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x?sf] k|ultsf] df/ xfd|f]
h:tf] d'n'sn] ;xg' k/]sf] 5 .
k|To]s ljklQsf] klxnf] df/ u/Lj / lakGgdfly kb{5 . ;Defljt ljkQL / hf]lvd jxgsf] k"j{;fjwfgL
ljkGgx?sf] Ifdtfsf] ljifo xf]Og . To;}n] ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] ljkGg / u/Lj /fi6«x?nfO{ lbPsf]
pkxf/sf ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gh:tf] k|fs[lts ljkQLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cGo k|fs[lts ljkQL
36gfsf ?kdf cfp5, Psk6s cfPkl5 To;af6 p4f/ ug]{ nufotsf ljkQL Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf
klg ;xh ?kdf cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g h:tf] …lg/Gt/ k|fs[lts k|lqmofÚ nfO{
;fwg, ;|f]t / Ifdtf Go"g ePsf d'n'sx?n] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] ljs/fn r'gf}tL b]lvPsf]
5 . of] s]xL s/f]8 8n/ ;xof]u lbP/ ;dfwfg x'g] ljifo klg xf]Og . t/ ljZjJofkL tfkdfg j[l4sf
sf/s /fi6«x? o;nfO{ k'g bofsf] bfgdfkm{t ck/fwaf6 kl~5g vf]Hb}5g\ . To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f
s]xL cl3 ;DkGg sf]k !% / !^ sf] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf klg b]lvof] . . of] jf Tof] jxfgfdf cf}Bf]lus
/fi6«x? hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]vLd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;fFRr} k|ltj4 b]lvPgg\ . lgwf{x?sf] :j/ klg
jlnof] b]lvPg, Plss[t klg b]lvPg .
jfo'd08ndf a9]sf] tfkdfgn] g]kfnL hghLjgdf uDeL/ c;/ kb} {5 . klxnf] c;/sf ?kdf
tfntn}of ;'Sg] k|j[QL b]lvPsf] 5 . lxdgbLx? cNksfndf a9\b} uPklg s]xL jif{kl5 hj lxdfn
sfnf] aGg]5, To;kl5 hn cfotg / jxfj klg 36\g] 5 . o;n] vfg]kfgL, hnljB't tyf
l;rfOh:tf hnpkof]usf If]qdf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{5 . o;sf] c;/ s[lif pTkfbg, vfB ;'/Iff tyf
dxfdf/L nufotsf ;+qmd0fx?df b]lvg] 5 . ;fy} df};dsf] :jefj kl/jt{g x'g u} ;'Vvf, cltj[li6,
jf9L–k}¥xf]h:tf k|sf]kx? klg a9\g]5g\ . hf]vLd If]qdf /xg] ;LdfGt s[ifs, u/Lj tyf ljkGgsf
j;f]jf;, v]tLk|0ffnL, hLjg lgjf{xnfO{ w]/} k|efj kfg] {5 . o;n] cGttM jg ljgf; / e"IfonfO{
a9fjf lbO{ k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng ljufg{ yk rfk k}bf ug] {5 . clxn] g} xfdLn] dxz"; ul//x]sf 5f} ls
k|To]s jif{ udL{sf lbgsf] ;+Vof a9\b} 5 / jif{ tyf dg;"gsf] k|s[lt km]l/b} 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{g /f]Sg ;lsb}g . o;af6 kg{;Sg] k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f cg's"ngtf a9fpg jfx]s
xfdL;+u c? ljsNk klg 5}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg{;Sg] k|efjdf hLjg k|0ffnLnfO{ cg's"n
agfpb} hfg cg's"ng xf] . h:tf] ls tfkdfg j[l4sf sf/0f sf7df8f}{df ;'Gtnfsf ;§f cfFk /
pi0f k|b]zLo kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5, lxdfnL If]qdf dWo kxf8df clxn] nufO{
/x]sf] wfg ds} nufotsf km;nsf] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . kfgLsf ;|f]tx? l/QLg] ePsfn] jif{sf]
kfgL ;ª\sng u/]/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} df};d cg's"nsf v]tL, ag:klt / kz' hftLk|hftL
ljsf; u/]/ To;nfO{ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ljsf; cfof]hgfx?df k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?
57

cfof]hgf klxrfgsf ;dob]lv Joj:yfkgsf x/]s r/0fx?df cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] h}ljs
k|ljlw -jfof] Ol~hlgol/ª_ dfkm{t hnfwf/ tyf e";+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu k|ljlw lj:tf/
/ cg';Gwfg nufot cg's"ng cleofgdfgdf cGt/fli6«o–If]qLo–:yfgLo kfq;+u ;xsfo{ cfjZos
5 . xfn /fli6«o :t/df /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd sfo{of]hgf -gfkf_ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5 .
t/ hghLjgdf df};d kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{of]hgf -gfdf_ agfpg
eg] ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L k|of; ePsf 5}gg\ . ;r]tgf lj:tf/ nufotsf k|rf/ lqmofsnfkx?
s]xL ePtf klg tL lqmofsnfk Plss[t ;dGoLt ?kdf ;~rfngdf 5}gg\ . u}/;/sf/L kfqx? dfq
xf]Ogg\, ;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr g} sfo{qmd k|rf/d'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfng / j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng xf]8
rNg yfn]sf] 5 . h; lng] k|lt:kwf{ klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf w]/} cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?n]
gfkf / gfdf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Plss[t ?kaf6 tof/ u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn oL sfo{x?df kl5 kg{
uof] eg] o;af6 jfXo ;xfotf kl/rfng / ;xsfo{df kl5 kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy} d'n's
clxn] csf] { cfjlws of]hgfsf] tof/Ldf /x]sfn] If]qut sfo{qmdnfO{ gfkf tyf gfdf sfo{qmdaLr
;fdf~h:otf :yflkt ub} { n}hfgsf nflu klg Ifdtf ljsf;, gLlt tyf lgsfoaLrsf] ;dGjo ;lxt
pRr:t/sf] OR5fzlQm cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . pk]lIft kIf eg]sf] u|fdL0f hghLjg;Dd lj:tf/ x'g]
u/L lj1fg k|ljlw lj:tf/ ug] { tkm{ ;f]lrPsf] 5}g . lj1fg k|ljlwsf lgsfo / ljZjljBfnox?nfO{
o;tkm{ kl/rfng ug]{ kxn l9nf e};s]sf] 5 .
dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f ljZjdf ePsf] sfj{g pT;h{g / tfkdfg a[l4n] hLjg rqm k|0ffnLdf
k|lts"n c;/ kl//x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|efjnfO{ gLltut ?kdf ;+jf]wg ug{sf nflu ah]6 k|0ffnL slQ
;Ifd 5 eg]/ ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8 cfufdL
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) af6 nfu" ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 .
o;sf nflu rfn" cf j sf] z'?df g} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf cy{,
jftfj/0f, ag, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;Dj4 kbflwsf/L ePsf] Ps sfo{bn u7g u/L ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnf ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8 (Climate Expenditure Budget
Code) th'{df ul/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 sfo{qmdnfO{ clGtd ?k
lbbf /0fgLlts ;ª\s]t, ul/jL ;ª\s]t tyf n}lus ;+s]tsf ;fy o;nfO{ klg cjnDjg ug] { ePsf]
5 . ;+ejt g]kfn g} ljZjsf] klxnf] d'n's xf] h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf d'2fnfO{ jflif{s ljsf;
sfo{qmdaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ z'? u/]sf] 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8sf] ;Gbe{
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ljZjsf ;j}h;f] d'n'sx? k|efljt x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf
;3fp k'¥ofpg] sfdddf g]kfn h:tf clt sd ljsfl;t d'n'ssf] vf;} of]ubfg g/xg] klg o;sf]
k|efjsf] hf]lvd eg] a9L g} /x]sf] 5 . oL k|efjaf6 aRg, cg's"lnt x'g / k|efj 36fpg ljsl;t
58

tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} ;d"xsf d'n'sx?n] ljleGg k|of;x? ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf]
nufgL klg ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . t/ s] rflx hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ePsf] vr{ xf],
s] rflx xf]Og, To;sf cfwf/ s] x'g\ eGg] ljifodf eg] vf;} gD;{ tyf dfkb08 lgdf{0f ePsf]
kfOb}g . g t o; ljifodf cGt/fli6«o k|rng g} :yfkgf g} ePsf] 5 . clxn] cGt/fli6«o ljsf;
;xof]usf] Pp6f zt{sf ?kdf ;d]t hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljifon] dxTj kfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / To;sf r'gf}tLx? b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] / o;af6 hn;|f]t, s[lif tyf
vfBfGg, jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, ef}lts k"Jff{wf/, hg:jf:Yo / ko{6g nufot hLljsf]kfh{gsf
;+;fwgx? cToflws dfqfdf k|efljt x'Fb} uO/x]sf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ /
lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . oL ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^&
n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efj Go"gLs/0f ub{ } hnjfo' cg's'lnt x' Fb}, Go"g sfj{g–pGd'v
;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf; kynfO{ cjnDag ub{} hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
;DoGqdf ePsf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k ;xof]u tyf ;xsfo{sf] k|j4{g u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
nIo lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o sGe]G;gsf] kIf /fi6« ePsfn] klg Toxfsf] k|ltj4tf
cg'?ksf] sfo{ ug{ g}lts / k|fljlws ?kdf afWo 5 . ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfdf s]jn jftfj/0fLo
kIfnfO{ dfq Wofg lbP/ cfof]hgfsf] lbuf]kgf ljZn]if0f ul/GYof] . rfn" lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf]
qmdb]lv g} of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ s;/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gd}qL (Climate Resilient) agfpg
;lsG5 eGg] kIfdf Wofg lbOof] . of]hgfn] ;j} sfo{qmdnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cfvfn] ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] lyof] / jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] ;Gbe{df ;d]t cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf
cfwf/x? (Climate Resilient Planning Frameworks) k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogsf nflu dxTjk'0f{ x'g] cfly{s kIfsf ;DaGwdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)^&
n] Ps hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L ;a} If]qaf6 k|fKt /sdx? sf]ifdf hDdf u/L :ynut
sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6sf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt /sd l;w} sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf k7fpg] gLlt
lnPsf] 5 . gLltdf ;d]l6Psf ljifox?nfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] ;Gbe{df cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgf /
ah]6 sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;dGjofTds 9ª\un] k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ nufgLsf]
/0fgLlts ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug{' h?/L x'G5, h;n] nufgLsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ 'sf ;fy} ljleGg
;|f]t af6 k|fKt /sdsf] nufgLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg ;3fp k'¥ofcf];\ . nufgLsf] /0fgLlts ;+/rgf
lgdf{0f ug{ ] ;Gbe{df hnjfo' kl/jtg{sf If]qdf xfn eO/fv]sf ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k'g/fjnf]sgn]
s]xL dfu{bz{g ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 Ps cWoog ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] ljsf;
ah]6df hnjfo' kl/jt{g sf]8sf] k|of]u ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .
59

hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8sf] cf}lrTo
ah]6 sf]8sf] ;fGble{stf / cf}lrTonfO{ ljleGg kf6f]af6 x]g{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/
oxf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 :yflkt Jofjxfl/s kIfdf dfq hf]8 lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . hnjfo'
kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;a}h;f] sfo{sf] ;dGjo jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ul//x]sf] ePtfklg cGo ;/sf/L
lgsfoaf6 klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+u k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . tL
sfo{qmdx? jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] sfddf ;d]l6g] cj:yf 5}g . To:t} cg';Gwfg jf ljsf; lgdf{0f
h:tf cGo lzif{s cGtu{tsf ljsf; sfo{leq hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ul/Psf sfo{df
ePsf] nufgL af/] hfgsf/L pknJw x'g sl7g 5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / lghL If]qn] ub{} cfPsf
hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s]lGb|t sfo{ klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sfo{;"rLdf ;d]6\g ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g .
kmntM hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf s] slt nufgL ePsf] 5 / x'g' cfjZos 5 eGg] olsg ug{] :ki6
cfwf/ 5}g . ah]6 ljj/0fdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sfo{qmdx? :ki6 gb]lvg] x'Fbf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
If]qdf ePsf nufgLsf] cg'udgdf sl7gfO{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ cfufdL aif{x?df hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf If]qdf nufgLsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{} of]hgf th{'df ug{ sl7gfO /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljsf;sf ;a} If]qnfO{ c;/ ug{ ] / tL c;/x? Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt / cfwfl/t
;d]t x'g] ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;d'bfo nufot ;+:yfx?sf] cg's'ng
Ifdtf clea[lWb ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf tL If]q jLrsf ;DaGwsf
af/]df ;"rgf / hfgsf/L a9fpFb} n}hfg'kg{] x'G5 . s'g s'g ;+:yf jf ;+:yfsf s'g s'g sfo{qmd
hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s]lGb|t 5g\ jf cfufdL lbgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s;/L s]lGb|t x'b} hfg]5g\
eGg] af/] hfgsf/L pknJw x'g ;s]df cg's'ng Ifdtf clea[lWbsf ;fy} nufgL ;dGjodf ;d]t
;3fp k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jftfj/0fsf sfo{qmdsf aLr /x]sf] leGgtf
olsg u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf dfq ePsf] vr{ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/sf] ljsf; ug{' klg TolQs} h?/L
x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu æhnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8Æ sf] k|of]u ug{' dgfl;j x'g] ePsf] /
pQm sf]8sf] k|of]un] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{df ePsf] nufgLsf] cg'udg tyf k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8sf] k|of]u cfjZos x'g cfPsf]
5 .
hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8n] ;Daf]wg ug{] ljifox?
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8sf] k|of]un] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf
cfOkg{] cfly{s bfloTjsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg k|Zgx?nfO ;Daf]wg ug{ ;3fpg] 5 M
• s] s:tf] vr{nfO hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf] vr{ dfGg] <
60

• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df x'g] k"FhLut vr{ jf ;fna;fnL vr{nfO hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf
ePsf] vr{ dfGg] ls gdfGg] <
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu x'g] vr{ :YffgLo:t/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 5}g s;/L olsg ug{] <
• If]qut -;]S6/jfOh_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{nfO{ s;/L cl3 a9fpg] <
• hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{sf] nflu s]Gb|df cfjZos ;dGjonfO{ s;/L ;/n agfpg] <
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsfnflu ul/g] nufgLnfO lbuf] agfpg cfjZos cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{
s;/L xfdf{]gfOH8 ug{] <
hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx?
s] s:tf sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf ;+jf]wg ub{5 eGg]
ljifodf /fli6o ?kdf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gePsf]n] ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ePsf nufgL sfo{qmdx?
hnjfo'd}qL -Climate Resilient_ eP jf ePgg\ eGg ;lsg] l:ylt xfn ;Dd gePsfn] /fli6o
of]hgf cfo]uaf6 ul7t sfo{bnn] cGt/fli6o k|rng, l;4fGt tyf xfd|} /fli6o kl/j]zsf cfwf/df
lgDg sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt sfo{dfgL tL sfo{qmx?df x'g] jf ePsf] vr{nfO{
hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf] vr{ dfgL æhnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8Æ k|of]u ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
lyof], h;nfO{ cfof]un] lg0f{o u/L cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf pkof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5 .
!= k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf xl/ofnL clea[lWb ug]{ sfo{qmd .
@= e"pkof]u of]hgf tyf hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO y]Ug;Sg] (resilient) ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
lasf;sfo{qmd .
#= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf b]vfkg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ /f]syfd tyf
lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{qmd .
$= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 vt/fdf k/]sf lhj (endangered species) / h}ljs ljljwtf
%= xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g sd ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] kmf]x/d}nf Aoa:yfkg ug]{ sfo{qmd .
^= phf{, l;+rfO{ / :jR5 vfg]kflgsf nfuL hn;|f]tsf] bLuf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd .
&= vfB :jR5tf tyf ;'/Iff ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmd .
61

*= hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg ljkb hf]lvdnfO Go"g ug]{ .
(= xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g sd ug]{ tyf Go"g—sfj{g pT;h{g ug]{ phf{sf] k|of]u ug{sfnfuL
k'gg{ljs/0fLo Pj+ j}slNks phf{sf] pTkfbg, k|of]u tyf o; ;DaGwL k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{
sfo{qmd .
!)= hnjfo" kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgf, lzIff, ;~rf/, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; Pj+ tTYofÍ
;Íng ug{] sfo{qmd .
!!= hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;+jGwdf cfjZos gLlt, sfg"g Pj+ sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{ sfo{qmd .
hnjfo' ah]6 sf]l8ª ug]{ tl/sf
dfly pNn]lvt sfo{qmx? cyf{t xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g sd ug]{ jf j9\g glbg], jfo'd08ndf
ePsf] xl/tu[x UofF; k|zf]rg ug] {, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fjf6 dfgjLo tyf k|fs[lts k|0ffnLdf
kg]{ k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ] Ifdtf clea[l4 jf cg's'ng ug]{ h:tf sfo{x?df lgDg adf]lhd vr{
ePdf jf x'g] ePdf sfo{qmd ah]6 kmf/ddf lgDg adf]lhdsf] hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8 -;ª\s]t_ k|of]u
ug{' kb{5 .
vr{sf] cg'kft
pkfb]otf
ah]6df pNN]fv
x'g] sf]8 -;+s]t_
^) k|ltzteGbf a9L vr{x'g] ePdf cToGt ;fGble{s !
@) k|ltztb]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd vr{x'g] ePdf ;fGble{s @
@) k|ltzteGbf sd vr{x'g] ePdf jf k|:tfljt sfo{
hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt gePdf
t6:y #
k|:tfljt ah]6df hnjfo' ah]6 sf]8 lgDg adf]lhd k|of]u ug{'kg{]5 M
• hnjfo' ah]6 sf]l8ª ubf{ ljsf; tkm{sf] vr{dfq sf]l8ª ug{], ;fwf/0ftkm{ sf]l8ª ug{ gkg{]
• dGqfno÷ljefux?n] cf–cfkm\gf] k|:tfljt aflif{s sfo{qmdsf] k|To]s sfo{qmd hnjfo'
kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt eP gePsf] pNn]v ug{ æ5Æ jf æ5}gÆ n]Vg] .
• æ5Æ n]lvPsf ;a} sfo{qmsf] ah]6 hf]8\g] / k|ltzt lgsfNg] .
• pQm k|ltztsf] cfwf/df pQm sfo{qmd !, @ jf # s'gdf k5{ to ug{] .
62

• to ul/Psf] pQm ;+s]t -!, @ jf #_ nfO{ ah]6 km/fdsf] dfyL of}6f aS; agfP/ n]Vg] .
• ah]6 ;DalGw efu ! kmf/fddf n}lËs ;ª\s]t kl5 æhnjfo' ;ª\s]tÆ dxn yKg] / k|To]s
sfo{qmdsf] nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;ª\s]t n]Vg] .
pk;+xf/
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljifo cGt/ If]qnfO{ k|efj kfg] { ljifo xf] . o;n] hghLjgsf ;j} cfofdnfO{
k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 . o;af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ Go'g ug{ / cg's"lnt x'g /fHoaf6 clVtof/ ul/g]
gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gd}qL agfpg' cfjZos 5 . cf j @)^(÷&) sf]
ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th' {dfsf ;dob]lv Climate Expenditure Budget Code nfO{ jflif{s ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f cfwf/ ;"rssf ?kdf ckgfpg nfluPsf] 5 . o;n] /fHosf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn]
hnjfo' kl/jt{g h:tf] uDeL/ / b"/ufdL k|efj kfg]{ ljifonfO{ s;/L / s'g :t/df ;+jf]wg u/]sf]
5 eGg] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} /fHoaf6 th'{df x'g] gLlt÷sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/ ;d]t
aGb5 . o;sf cnfjf g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o hutdf u/]sf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k gLlt sfo{qmd s;/L
;+jf]wg ePsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/ ;d]t lbg] x'gfn] g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sf]if k|jfx /
;xfotf kl/rfngnfO{ ;d]t ;3fp k'¥ofpg] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ah]6 sf]8 k|of]u ug]{ g]kfn klxnf]
d'n's ePsf]n] o;sf] 5'§} dxTj klg 5 . t/ ;/f]sf/ lgsfo tyf dGqfnox?af6 o;nfO{ kmut
cf}krfl/stfsf] ?kdf glnO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ul/g' eg] cfjZos 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?M
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 sf]8 -;Gbe{ k'l:tsf_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)%( .
g]kfndf ah]6 / of]hgf, uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df8f} +, @)^& .
63

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g
sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf
jL/jxfb'/ /fO{]*
;f/f+z
c;n ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Joj;flos sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf;, kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/,
;ztm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfh;+u ;xsfo{, sfg"gsf] zf;g, /fhgLlts j}wflgstf
/ pQ/bfloTj, lgikIf / e/kbf]{ Gofo k|0ffnL, cleJoltm tyf ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt, r':t
/ k|efjsf/L9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, ljs]Gb|Lt sfo{qmd / ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;,
k|efjsf/L zf;g Joj:yf, e|i6rf//lxt k|zf;goGq / clwsf/;lxtsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
h:tf ljifox? ;dfj]z /x]sf x'G5g . o;n] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ bIf, lqmofzLn, hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL,
:jR5, lgikIf, OdfGbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ck]Iffsf]] ;fy} ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf], ;dtfd'vL, ljsf; /
k|zf;gdf hf]8, k|zf;gsf] bIftf, k|lta4tf, ultzLntf / hgtfk|lt rf;f] /fVg] k|j[lQsf]
sfo{k|0ffnL cjnDag ub{5 . o;n] ;dtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf h:tf ljifonfO{
;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . k|:t't n]vdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf log} ;+/rgf / k|lqmof tyf
cfk;L aGwgnfO{ Jojl:yt / j}1flgs agfp“b} dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg] ;'zf;gsf nflu
ul/Psf Aoa:yf / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog kIfjf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;'zf;g
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf] nflu lgwf{l/t p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{] clek|fon]
:yflkt Ps ;+oGq xf] . o:n] /fHosf ljleGg gLltx¿sf] th{'dfdf ;xof]u / sfof{Gjog ug{], /fli6«o
ljsf; / ljsf;fTds ultljlw ;+rfng, ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg, hgtfnfO{ ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf]
¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf, ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ], hgtfsf] ;j{ËL0f lxt / ;d'Ggltsf] nflu ljwLsf] zf;g
cg'?k Gofo k|bfg ug{ ] h:tf ljifox? /x]sf x'G5g . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] nlIft ;d"x hgtf xf] /
of] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] of] /fHo tyf ;/sf/sf] d'6' xf] . o;sf] kl/j]z
/ jftfj/0f hg;d'bfoaf6 leGg x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] hgtfsf nflu ul/g] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ g}
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tyf nf]s k|zf;g elgG5 . ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf tyf c;kmntf ;fy} /fi6«sf]
cfbz{ / klxrfg klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog / sfo{Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 .
* ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
64

j[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf] cy{ pQd lsl;dsf] zf;g, pQd /fHo Joj:yf elgPsf]
5 . Good Governance zAb ;g\ !(() sf] ljZjJofkL k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ng;Fu} ljZj /fhgLlt
/ k|zf;g If]qdf ax'k|rf/df cfPsf zAbx¿dWo] Ps xf] . ljZja}Ín] ;g\ !(*( df cfkmgf]
k|ltj]bgdf klxnf] k6s ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffut (Conceptual) pNn]v u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(() kl5
clwsf+z bft[/fi6« tyf ;xof]u lgsfon] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] clgjfo{ k"j{zt{sf] ?kdf ;'zf;gnfO{
/fVg yfNof] . cfhsn w]/} cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n] ;'zf;g / ljsf;nfO{ cGof]Gofl>t ¿kdf klg x]g{]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ;a}h;f] /fi6«x?n] /fi6«sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L,
u}/ ;/sf/L / lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;'zf;g sfod
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg yflnPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g zf;g ;~rfng k4ltsf] cGt/j:t' Pj+
sfo{k4lt b'j}sf] ;dli6 ?k xf] .
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffleq ljljw ljifox? ;dfj]z x'G5 jf x'g'k5{ eGg]af/]df ljleGg ljåfg\ tyf
;+:yfx¿aLr Ps¿ktf kfOb} +g . ;'zf;gnfO{ s;}n] k|efjsf/L ljsf; sfof{Gjog, ;+u7g jf
;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;xL Joj:yfkg, hgtfdf l56f] 5l/tf] / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f / hgtfsf] b'Mvdf
dxnd nufpg] /fHosf] ;+oGqsf] sfo{ cflbnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g . t/ klg w]/}n] ;'zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ff cGtu{t pk/f]Qm ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf, k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx,
sfg"gL zf;g, hg;xefuLtf, pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf h:tf tTjnfO{ ;'zf;gsf ljifox?sf
¿kdf :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . "Good governance leads to good management, good performance,
good stewardship of public money, good public engagement and, ultimately, good outcomes.
(Website) ;'zf;g eGgf;fy kf/bzL{, hgpQ/bflo ;/sf/, ;zQm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s
;dfh, sfo{sf] hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / sfg"gsf] zf;g elgG5 . k|zf;gljb\ s'nz]v/ zdf{sf
cg';f/ ;'zf;g zlQm / ;fwg;|f]tnfO{ hgtfsf] clwstd sNof0f x'g]u/L kl/rfng ug{]÷k|of]u ug{]
s'/fl;t ;DalGwt 5Ú . To;}u/L UNDP n] /fhgLlts j}wflgstf, pQ/bfloTj, lgikIf / e/kbf]{
Gofok|0ffnL, k|zf;lgs pQ/bfloTj vf;ul/ cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] k|Zgdf, cleJoltm tyf ;"rgfsf]
xssf] k|Tofe"lt, r':t / k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkg / gful/s ;dfhsf]
;xsfo{nfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g . To;}n] jt{dfgdf ;'zf;gsf] ljifo tyf If]q j[xt/ x'b} uPsf] 5 .
@= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cj:yf
ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cj:yf Hofb} c;xhsf] jftfj/0faf6 u'h|b}
cfPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do t o;sf] cfkm\gf ;Ldf, pQ/bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo cflb ;d]t
lj;]{sf] cf/f]k nfUg yfn]sf] 5 . cTolws /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, cl:y/ k|zf;g oGq, /fd|f dfG5] eGbf
klg xfd|f dfG5]Æ sf] k|j[lQsf] xfjL, /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] gLlt lgdf{0f eGbf sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf rf;f]
-;?jf, a9'jf cflb_ ;'zf;g P]gn] dGqL, d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj cflbsf] :ki6 lhDd]jf/L tf]lsP klg ;f]
65

cg'?k sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf], lghfdtL sd{rf/L lglZrt P]g, sfg"g / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] cfwf/df
afFlwPsf] ePklg /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"xdf ljeflht / sfo{ z}nL klg ;f]xL
cg'?k w]/} xb;Dd cg'z/0f ePsf] kfOg', :jtGq / sfdsfhL sd{rf/Lx?df pTk|]/0ff / dgf]an
pRr x'gg;s]sf], e|i6rf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ljleGg ;+oGq / /0fgLltx? tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Pklg
e|i6rf/df sdL cfpgg;s]sf], sfo{df Ps?ktfsf] cefj, cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf, sd{rf/Lsf]
;?jf, kbf]Gglt, tfnLd cflb cg'dfgof]Uo / lglZrt k|0ffnLn] sfo{ug{ g;s]sf] u'gf;f] dfq x}g
jt{dfg cj:yfn] k|ToIf b]vfPsf] 5 .
@!cf} ztfAbLdf klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] sltko cj:yfdf k/Dk/fut / k'/fgf] 9/f{df
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug' {kg]{ cj:yf sfod} /x]sf] 5eg] ljB'tLo zf;gsf] kl/sNkgf / sfof{Gjog ug{
vf]lhP klg k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . oL o:tf cj:yfsf] sf/0f hgtfn] Psflt/
;f:tL v]Kg' k/]sf] 5 eg] sd{rf/Ldf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f gx'bf sfd ug{ rfxg] sd{rf/Ldf klg
g}/fZotf / tgfjsf] cj:yf ;xh} ?kdf b]VgkfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g sfod t stf
xf] stf /fhg}lts bnx?aLrsf] h' Fufsf] n8fO{df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? lg/Lx ag]/ lklN;/x]sf 5g
eg] 6]«8 o'lgogx?af6 sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxt / k|zf;gnfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / gjl;h{gf eGbf
cf–cfkmgf 6« ]8 o'lgogsf] 3]/fdf aGbL /xb} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/ / k|efjsf/Ltfdf sd rf;f]
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkmgf] clwsf/If]q eGbf km/s lsl;daf6 k|:t't x'bf ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{df ;f] geP/ ;a}lt/ cl:y/ / c/fhs cj:yfaf6
u'h|g' lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] nflu /fd|f] ;+s]t g/x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
#= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu ljleGg gLlt tyf of]hgf / sfo{qmdx?df ul/Psf
k|lta4tf
cf=j= @)^%÷)^^ sf] ah]6 jQmJo
• hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg hgcfjfhsf] sb/ / pQ/bfloTj af]w / /fhgLlts
l:y/tf / lx+;fd'Qm ;dfh, u'0f:t/Lo lgodg, sfg"gL /fHo / e|i6rf/ lgoGq0f h:tf c;n
zf;g k|0ffnLsf cfofdx? cjnDag ug]{ .
• ælghfdtL ;]jf hgtfsf] nfluÆ cfbz{ jfSo x/]s lqmofsnfkdf cËLsf/ ug]{ .
• gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / hg;d'bfosf] ;xof]udf e|i6rf/ lj/f]wL sfo{qmdnfO{
cleofgs} ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g] .
66

cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgpQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{ agfOg] .
• e|i6rf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ s8fOsf;fy sfof{Gjog u/L z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt
cjnDag ul/g] .
• lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd eGbf 6f9f a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg] k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf !.! j6f PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ .
• lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 hgtfdf k|jfx x'g] ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL / u'0f:t/o'Qm agfpg] / k|zf;gnfO{
/fhg}lts x:tIf]k k"0f{?kdf d'Qm /flvg] .
• cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k"0f{kfngf, sfo{ k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f, u|fxs ;Gt'li6 ;j] {If0f / zf;sLo ;'wf/
sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf .
gjf}+ of]hgfn] ;j{k|yd ;'zf;g ;DaGwL p2]Zo / sfo{qmd
• ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jR5, 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, k|lt:kwf{Tds, sfo{d"ns, ;Ifd,
pTkfbgzLn, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ plrt / k|efjsf/L agfpg]
• ljlw;Ddt zf;g k|0ffnL / gful/s ;dfhsf] wf/0ffnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] .
• hgd'vL k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ c;n zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|zf;gnfO{ kf/bzL{,
ljZj;gLo / pQ/bfoL agfOg] gLlt tyf sfo{gLlt /x]sf] lyof] .
• o;} gjf} k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlwb]lv ;'zf;gnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOb} cfPsf] 5 .
bzf}+ of]hgfsf] ;'zf;g ;DaGwL p2]Zo
• bzf} of]hgfdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] d"ne"t rf/ vDafdWo] Ps vDafsf] ?kdf ;'zf;gnfO{ cl3
;fl/of] . h;df ;'zf;g, ljsf; k|zf;g / dfgjclwsf/ ljifo cGt{ut ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
• æ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, ldtJooL, kf/bzL{, ;]jfd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL, pQ/bfoL /
n}lËs;dtf cled'v agfO{ tyf Gofok|zf;g If]qdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf]
cg'e"lt x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ub{ } ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf lbuf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;
xfl;n ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg]Ú .
67

lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_
• k|zf;lgs k|lqmof / sfo{nfO{ :jR5, ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns, :ki6
k"jf{g'dfg of]Uo agfP/ hgtfn] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"t ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ sfg"gL /
;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{ .
• k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f / ;+If]kLs/0f ug{ sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfdf
;'wf/ ug]{ .
• k|zf;lgs k|lqmof / lg0f{osf cfwf/x? :ki6 / dfkgLo agfOg] .
• Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo, ljlw;Ddt pTk| ]/0ffsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf
cg'?k agfpgsf nflu cfjZos ;'wf/ ug]{ cflb .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd'ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g,
;~rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] kl/R5]b–& sf] cfr/0f ;DaGwdf ;do kfng /
lgodLttf, cg'zf;g / cf1fkfng, /fhgLlt ug{ gx'g], ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ gx'g], bfg, pkxf/,
rGbf cflb lngdf k|ltaGw h:tf cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g . To;}u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]
cfkmgf] kb cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L dof{bfk"j{s jxg u/L :jR5, lgikIf tyf l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf
sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{, ;DalGwt ;]jfu|fxLk|lt dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ h:tf Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g .
$= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf
clxn] ;'zf;gsf] ljifonfO{ h;/L p7fg / k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5f} ;f]cg'?k ;du| kIfaf6 cg'z/0f
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;'zf;gsf sdL / k|efjsf/Ltfsf] ljifonfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf ljrf/ ubf{ / x]bf{ Pp6f
JolQm jf ;+:yf s'g} klg lgsfodf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'Fbf eg] ;'zf;g eP gePsf] uDeL/
?kdf x]g]{ / vf]tNg'sf] ;fy} s'g} sdL sdhf]/L ePsf] cj:yfdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ g;s]sf] u'gf;f]
/ cfjfh cleJoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ cfkm" sfo{/t ;+:yfaf6 lglZrt ;]jfx? k|bfg ubf{ cfˆgf]
;+:yfaf6 lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s ;'zf;gsf] d"No / dfGotf cg'?k ;]jfu|fxLn] cg"e"t x'g] u/L sfo{ ug{
;lsPsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] tkm{ eg] ;r]t ePsf] kfOb}g . cfkm"n] cGo lgsfodf c;xh x'bf d}n]
;Dkfbg ug' {kg]{ ;+:yfdf klg ;f]xL cg'?k ;f]Rg ;lsPsf] v08df dfq ;'zf;gsf] ljifon] d"t{ ?k
lng ;Sb5 .
68

;'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfdf s]jn sfo{kflnsf cGt{utsf lgsfox? kIfdf dfq a9L hf]8 lbOb}
cfPsf] 5 t/ o;sf] ;fy} /fhgLlts, pBf]uL, Joj;foL, gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q, sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug]{ ljwfosx?, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug] { ;'/Iff lgsfox?, ljlwsf] zf;g :yflkt ug]{
Gofostf{x?, :yfgLo lgsfox?, k|fl1s, af}l4s 1fg lbg] ljleGg txsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx? cflb
;a}sf] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ;'zf;gsf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsfsf] nflu lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;sf] nflu /fHon] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;'zf;g sfod ug] { / hgtfdf ;f]sf] cg'e"lt u/fpg
ljleGg sfg"g, lgod, lgb] {lzsf cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g . jf:tjdf ;'zf;g ;Qf ;~rfnssf]
Jojxf/df, ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] lgdf{0f / k|fyldstf / ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff ug]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] sfo{
z}nLdf k|ltljDaLt x'g'kb{5 .
;'zf;gsf] cj:yfsf] jf/]df x]bf{ s] ;'zf;g kSs} 5}g t eGg] k|Zg p7g ;S5 t/ s]xL ePklg
o;sf s]xL ;sf/fTds kIfx? /x]sf 5g . ;'zf;g k|zf;g, ljsf; / hgtfsf] ;xeflutf;+u k|ToIf
;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . o;cg'?k kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf; k|lqmof / zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf ;/f]sf/jfnsf]
;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf, ljs]lGb|s/0f cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog, gful/s a8fkq nufotsf ;/sf/L
sfo{k|lqmofaf6 kf/blz{tfdf clej[l4, Joj;flospGd'v k|zf;lgs Jojxf/, lghL If]q / gful/s
;dfh;+usf] ;xsfo{, ;'zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L sfof{gjogsf] nflu ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg
tyf ;~rfng_ P]g @)^$ / lgodfjnL @)^% hf/L x'g' cflb ;sf/fTds kIf dfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf]
d'n p4]Zo ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyf hg;xeflutfd'ns
agfpg] h:tf ljifox? /x]sf 5g . e|i6rf/d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ljQLo cg'zf;g,
c;n zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf l56f], 5l/tf]
tyf sd vlr{nf] 9+Ëaf6 kfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g P]gn] dGqL, d'Vo ;lrj,
;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] k|zf;lgs sfo{
;Dkfbg ubf{ lglZrt sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/L lglZrt ;dodf ;DkGg ug' {kg]{, lg0f{osf cfwf/
:ki6 pNn]v ug'{kg]{ / kf/blz{tf sfod ul/g'kg]{ ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf]
ljifo sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf gful/s ;dfh;+u k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf
5g . /fi6«;]jsn] k]zfut jf kbLo cfr/0fsf] kfng ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf] Joj:yf, u'gf;f]
Joj:yfkg ug' {kg]{ u/L P]gn] tf]s]sf] 5 . To;sf] nflu lglZrt sfo{ljlwx? / sfo{ ug'{kg]{ ljifox?
;d]t ls6fg ul/Psf 5g h:tf] ;do ;dodf 3'DtL lzlj/ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{, gful/s a8fkqsf]
Joj:yf / sfof{Gjog, ;f] cg'?k sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{, sfo{ km5of}{6sf] nflu k|fyldstfg';f/
-t'?Gt, clth?/L, h?/L / ;fwf/0f_ lglZrt cjlwdf ;f] km5of}{6 tyf hjfkm k7fpg' kg]{ sf'ggL
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;'zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjo0f ub}{ cfdhgtfsf] dfem k'Ug ljutb]lv g} ljleGg ;]jfd"ns
sfo{x? ;d]t ;+rfng ul/b} cfPsf] 5 eg] cfjZostfg';f/sf] P]g, lgod / lgb]{lzsfx? ;d]t
69

lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g h:tf] 3'DtL ;]jf, Ps 306] ;]jf cflb /x]sf 5g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^#, ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f lgb] {lzsf, @)^% cg'?k lg0f{o lglZrt txdf ;Lldt
u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% h:tf P]g / lgb]{lzsfn] sfo{df ;/nLs/0f
/ lglZrt sfg"gL k|lqmof cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . kf/blz{tfsf] nflu ;"rgfsf] xs,
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfrf/;+lxtf, sfo{ ;+rfng k|lqmofdf ;'wf/sf nflu
ljleGg lgb] {lzsf, ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf Help Desk, gf]8n clws[t / k|jQmf h:tfsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf 5g . ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox?af6 k|bfg ul/Psf ;]jf sltsf] k|efjsf/L 5 / k|fKt ;]jfaf6
;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6÷c;Gt'li6 s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon]
cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ af6 ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;]jf
k|bfg ubf{ xl;nf] d'xf/n] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ (Service with Smile) h:tf ljifonfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfodf
;d]t z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;–@)^& n] ælzi6 / gd| Jojxf/, ;]jfu|fxLsf]
clwsf/Æ eGg] d"n gf/f /x]sf] lyof] eg] @)^* ;fnsf] gf/f æhgtfnfO{ ;Ddfg / ;]jf ;'zf;gnfO{
6]jfÆ eGg] gf/fn] ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L ;'zf;gsf] nflu g} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ePsf lgb{]zs l;4fGtx¿ tyf
gLltx¿, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%, lgodfjnL @)%^ / :yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|zf;g_
lgodfjnL @)%^, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL P]g @)%(, e|i6frf/ lj?4 gLlt tyf /0fgLlt @)^!,
dfgjflwsf/ cfof]u P]g @)%# h:tf sfg"gn] ;d]t pRrk|fyldstf lbO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf5g .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ n] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifox? dfUg lng kfpg] / lg0f{ox?
kf/bzL{ ?kdf x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf sf/0f /fHosf lgsfox?df kx'Fr gePsf
;fdfGo hgtfn] ;d]t ;xh kx'Fr x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . 3'DtL ;]jf, lg0f{odf kf/blz{tf,
hgtf ;fj{ef}d x'g eGg] efjgfdf ljsf;, hgtfn] s'g} klg ljifodf ;xh} ;f]Wg / k|Zg ug{;Sg]
cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf 5g . /fHon] lnPsf gLlt, sfg"g / k|lqmofsf sf/0f ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lx? a9L lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL x'gdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . t/ olt x'bfx'b} klg ljZjdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ;dosf] dfu cg'?k /fHon] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfk|jfxdf hgtf cem k"0f{?kdf
cfZj:t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg / u'gf;f] tyf e|i6frf/hGo sfo{df sdL cfpg g;Sbf ;'wf/sf ljifox?
cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g . ljleGg ;d:ofsf sf/0f ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsf/Ltf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlt
/ ;/sf/L ;+oGqaLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] cefj, :yfgLo lgsfox?df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?sf]
l/Qmtf, gLlt Pj sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox?aLr plrt tfnd]nsf] cefj,
sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ dfkb08 / ;"rsx?sf] cefj, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, s]Gb|Ls[t ;+:sf/sf] cefj,
;fdflhs lj>[vntf, e|i6rf/nfO{ ;fdflhs :jLs[ltsf] 3'dfp/f] dfGotf, k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]
cefj, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tfsf] cefj, cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf, sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{z}nL /
;+:sf/ cem} u|fxsd'vL x'g g;Sg', k|zf;lgs Norms / Values sf] cefj, Innovation and Change
70

nfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg', pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgf / :ki6 k4ltsf] cefj / k'/fg} d"No dfGotfsf] ar{:j
/xg' h:tf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g .
%= ;'zf;gdf k|efjsf/Ltf x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?M
;'zf;gsf] ljifodf nfdf] ax; / 5nkmn / o;sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePkl5 ;'zf;gsf nflu
lgdf{0f ePsf ljleGg P]g, lgod, gLlt / sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] ePtfklg cfdhgtf
/ ;]jfu|fxLn] ;du|df ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"tL kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg . o;sf ljleGg sf/0fx?df sltko
sf/0fx? cem} klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] klg x'g ;Sb5g eg] sltko ljifox? P]g, lgod / gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd cg'?k ;+rfng ug{ dfgj ;+;fwg, /fHosf] ;|f]t / sfof{Gjog ug]{ / lgb]{zg ug]{
lgsfoaLrsf] b'/L / hgtf;+usf] ;xsfo{df c;xhtfsf] sf/0f klg o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf k|Zg
lrGx cfPsf 5g . o;/L ljleGg kIfx?sf] lj:tf/} klxrfg / vf]h ub}{ ef]lnsf lbgdf o;df cfpg]
ck7\of/f] / r'gf}tL ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL ;f]xL cg'?ksf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / sfg"gsf] th'{df
/ sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] ljljw sf/0fx?dWo] s]xL sf/0fx?nfO{ tn pNn]v ug]{ k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .
• ;xL ;+/rgfsf] cefj
cfdhgtfsf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf ;/n / ;xh ?kdf k|bfg ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf ;+/rgf tyf
;+oGqaLr g} låljwf / sfo{If]qsf] bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvPsf] 5 eg] sltko lgsfo :yfkgf
x'g'kg]{df ;f] cg'?k x'g ;s]sf] 5}g h:n] ubf{ hgtfn] u'0f:t/Lo j:t' / ;]jf k|fKt ug{af6
al~rt ePsf 5g . h:tf] pkef]Qmf ;DaGwL ljifo x]g]{ lgsfox? Ps eGbf a9L lgsfox?
/x]sf 5g h:df jfl0fHo ljefu÷sfof{no, u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu÷sfof{no, lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, vfB tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu÷sfof{no cflb /x]sf 5g eg] sltko
cfjZos lgsfo :yfkgf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g h:tf] sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] kz' jwzfnf
lgdf{0f / df;' hfFRgsf] nflu lgl/Ifssf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sbf hgtfn] :jR5 df;' kfpg
g;s]sf] ljifo ;~rf/ dfWoddf ;dfrf/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
• gLlt, sfg"g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf tyf kl/kqdf c:k:6 efiffsf] k|of]u
sfo{kflnsf cGt{ut lgdf{0f ePsf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] hgtfsf] sfo{x? lglb{i6 gLlt,
P]g÷sfg"g, lgod, lgb] {lzsf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ gLltn]======ul/g]5 .
P]gn] tf]s adf]lhd / lgod tyf lgb]{lzsfn] :ki6 sfo{ljlw cjnDag ul/g] u/L Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ lgod / lgb]{lzsfn] lglb{i6 u/] eGbf km/s x'g] u/L kl/kq tyf
lgb]{zgaf6 l4ljwf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] s'g} sfo{ ubf{=== xf] xf]Og Plsg u/L÷oyfy{
a'emL =====lgsf;f÷====sfo{ ug{ ] kl/kq ul/Psf] x'G5 . oyfy{ a'emg] / olsg ug]{ eg]sf]
71

s] < h;n] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ yk sfuhftsf] em~em6 / ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfn] klg s] ug]{ eGg]
ljifodf cndlnPsf] cj:yf kfOPsf] 5 h:n] tNnf] txsf ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo÷kbflwsf/L
l4ljwfdf kg]{ / ;]jfu|fxLn] cgfjZos em~em6 Joxf]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
• ;/sf/ / ;]jfk|jfxk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f
nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|lt hgtfsf] ;sf/fTds ljZjf; u'Db} hfFbf cGttM
/fd|f s'/fsf] jf/]df jsfnt ubf{ klg ;]jfk|jfx ug] { clwsf/L÷lgsfon] cgfjZos bM'v
lbg] lgotaf6 ul/Psf] eGg] efjgfaf6 sd{rf/Ldf x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ;sf/fTds x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . unt b[li6sf]0fsf] sf/0f /fd|f /fi6«;]js÷sd{rf/L klg lg?T;flxt x'b} ;]jfk|jfxsf]
k|efjsf/Ltfdf cj?4 x'g] u/]sf] lttf] oyfy{ :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
• pko'Qm k|0ffnL, k"jf{wf/ / ;f|]t;fwgsf] cefj
xfdL;+u s]Gb| b]lv :yfgLo :t/ ;Dd ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+oGqx?sf] :yfkgf u/L sfof{Gjog
/x]sf 5g t/ To;sf] nflu pko'Qm k|0ffnL, sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/ /
;+rfng vr{ kof{Kt dfqfdf x'g g;Sbf :yfgLo lgsfox?af6 hgtfn] rfx] cg'?ksf] ;]jf
kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg . o:tf ;+oGqsf] cf}lrTo dfly klg k|zg p7]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] s[lif,
kz', :jf:Yo / jg h:tf lgsfosf :yfgLo OsfO{x?sf] cf}lrTo dfly g} k|Zg p7g] u/]sf
5g .
• s]Gb|Lo tx / :yfgLo :t/sf] sfof{nox?aLr ;dGjo / bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/sf] cefj
s]Gb|Lo txn] gLltut, cg'udg / ;dGjosf] sfo{ ug]{ / :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 hgtf;+u
k|ToIf ;DaGw /fvL ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ePsf]df :yfgLo txaf6 ;]jf k|jfx ubf{
cfpg] ;d:of / l4ljwfx? s]Gb|Lo txaf6 ;dodf lgsf; / cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xof]usf]
cefjsf] sf/0f k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxdf afwf k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• sfo{If]q / clwsf/df cgfjZos x:tIf]k
/fHon] s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{ lglZrt P]g÷sfg"g, gLlt, lgb] {lzsfsf] cfwf/df ;fj{ef}d;Qf
hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ / ;f]cg'?k sd{rf/L÷/fi6«;]jsn] klg sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ ljleGg k|sf/sf] x:tIf]ksf] sf/0f ;fdfGo ljifon] klg cgfjZos bjfj, ljjfb /
;+u7gdfly g} k|Zg p7g] u/L jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L cGtt bjfj;d"x, ;]jfu|fxL, ;]jfk|jfx
clwsf/L÷lgsfoaLr c;xh jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 36gfx? klg kfOPsf] 5 .
72

• /fi6«;]jsdf hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj efjgfsf] sdL
clwsf+z /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Ldf ;]jf efj eGbf b}lgsL hLjg cyf{t ;do s;/L Joltt
ug]{, s'g} sf/0fn] ck7\of/f] kl/G5 ls egL hf]lvd glng] h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ hgtfn] ;/n
/ l56f] ;]jf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] pgLx?df ;sf/fTds wf/0ff, aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfd
sd{rf/Ldf ;Lh{gzLntfsf] cefjsf ;fy} cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjsf] jf/]df ;+j]bgzLn
gx'bf klg ;]jf k|jfx ;xh x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• sd{rf/Lsf] ;xL d"NofÍg / b08 k'/:sf/sf] sdL
/fd|f sfd ubf{ ;Ddfg, kbf]Gglt / /fd|f cj;/ -tfnLd cfGtl/s / jfXo_ j}b]lzs cWoog
tyf e|d0f cflb k|fKt x'G5 / unt / lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df sf/jfxLsf] efuL x'g'kb{5 eGg]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fd|f sfd ubf{ unt sfo{ ug]{x?sf] sfo{df cj/f]w k'Ug]
hfg] x'bf tL ;d"xn] /fd|f sfd ug] { lj?4 nlaË ug] { jftfj/0fsf sf/0f /fd|f sfd ug]{
sd{rf/Lx? klg xtf]T;fxL x'g'kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
• /fd|f sfo{sf] ahf/Ls/0f tyf k|jw{g / g/fd|f sfo{sf] lgoGq0f / lg?T;flxt gx'g'
sltko /fi6«;]jsx?af6 l;h{gzLn / Pro-active eO{ sfo{ u/]klg ;f] cg'?ksf] ;Daf]wg
(Highlight) /fHoaf6 x'g;s]sf] 5}g . /fd|f sfd ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+:yfsf] ahf/Ls/0f /
k|jw{g x'g g;Sg' / g/fd|f sfo{sf] lgoGq0f / lg?T;flxt gx'Fbf /fi6«;]jsx?df l;h{gzLntf
/ nugzLntf 36bf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . /fHon] jflif{s ?kdf /fd|f sfd u/]sf /fi6«;]jsnfO{
;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ cflb k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] ePklg sltko cj:yfdf kfpg' kg]{n] gkfpg] /
gkfpg' kg]{n] kfPsf] sf/0f /fHoaf6 ePsf] d"NofÍgk|lt g} k|Zg klg p7g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• /fHoaf6 cfjZstfsf] ;xL klxrfg / ;Daf]wg x'g g;Sg'
ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fwf/0f vr{ sd ug] { gfddf s]jn ;fwf/0f vr{ 36fpg] Psf]xf]/f]
gLlt lnOb} cfPsf] 5 t/ d'n'sdf a9bf] hg;+Vof / hgtfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg} glbO{
sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof s6f}tL u/L vr{ 36fpg] ;f]r dfq l;h{gf ul/of] hals /fHodf hg;+Vof
j[l4 / hgtfsf] dfu lbgfg'lbg a9bf] /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ yk hgzlQm, ;+u7g / ;|f]t;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 To;tkm{ ;/sf/n] ;sf/fTds /
;xL ?kdf b[li6 k'¥ofpg g;Sbf ;a} txdf /fHosf] ;sf/fTds pkl:ylt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
73

• sfg"gsf] ;xL kfngf eGbf bjfj / x:tIf]k
/fHo clxn] ;qmd0fsfnaf6 u'l|h|b} ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf dfu / sfg"g eGbf km/s ljifo
klg /fHoaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg] / ;Lldt ;d"x, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] nflu kmfObf x'g] t/Lsfaf6
ubf{ tdfd hgtf tL ljifo / 36gfaf6 gsf/fTds ?kdf k|efj k/]sf] 5 eg] /fd|f sfo{x?
;w} cf]em]ndf kg' {sf] ;fy} ljBdfg P]g, lgod cg'?k sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePaf6
;'zf;gdf k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
• ;|f]tsf] ;xL / ;dfg ljt/0f gx'g'
ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv /fHon] b]zsf ;a} If]q / ju{ / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xL /
;dfg ?kdf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljz]ift s]Gb|df kx'Fr ePsf /fhgLlts
bn, sfo{sf/L k|d'v / pRr k|zf;sx?af6 g} ;dfgtf / cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ah]6
tyf cGo ;|f]tsf] ljt/0fdf uDeL/ Wofg glbPsf] egL ;do ;dodf ljleGg sf]0faf6
u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . s0ff{nLn] ;w}g} cfkm"nfO{ /fHoaf6 al~rt u/]sf] If]qsf] ?kdf
cfkm"nfO{ pEofpb} cfPsf] 5 .
• :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf] cfjZostf / k|efjsfl/tf
hgtfsf] nflu elg hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf] glhs :yfkgf ul/Psf sltko ;/sf/L lgsfodf
sfo{/t hgzlQm o;sf] cfjZostf / k|efjsf/Ltfdf Wofg lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljz]if
u/L s[lif, :jf:Yo, ;xsf/L, jg, lzIff cflb lgsfosf] u|fdL0f tx;Dd ljleGg OsfO{x?
:yfkgf ul/Psf 5g t/ To;sf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/, ;|f]t;fwg, To; If]qdf sfd ug]{
/fi6«;]jssf] nflu lbOPsf k|fyldstf / pgLx?sf] ;Lk / cg'ejsf] ;xL pkof]u cflb
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o:n] ubf{ hgtfsf] nflu egL :yfkgf ul/Psf o:tf ;+:yf÷lgsfox?sf]
cf}lrTo dfly g} k|Zg lrGx v8f x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
• :yfgLo lgsfosf] l/Qmtf
:yfgLo lgsfox?df /fhg}lts ?kdf lgjf{lrt g]t[Tjaf6 ljsf;, ;fdflhs / cGo sfo{x?
;+rfng x'g'kg}{df ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv :yfgLo lgsfodf l/Qmtfsf] sf/0f klg hgtfsf]
3/ b}nf]df hgtfsf] efjgf cg'?k sfo{ / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;'ljwfx? k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
74

^= ;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf nflu ;'emfj
;j{k|yd ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf] nflu x/]s lgsfo -;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / lghLIf]q_ ;+3;+:yfn]
cfkmgf sfo{ z}nL, Jojxf/, sfo{ tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g ug{ Hofb} cfjZos /x]sf]
x'G5
• ;/sf/L ;+oGq ;fgf] t/ k|efjsf/L / ;a} If]qnfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;d]6g ;Sg] ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f
/ kl/rfng ug]{ .
• ;+u7gdf sfd ug] { /fi6«;]jsnfO{ cfz / qf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L lg/Gt/ ?kdf tfnLd /
Counseling sf] dfWodaf6 Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ;fy} pTk|]/0ff / dgf]annfO{ klg pRr k|fyldstf
lbg] .
• ;+u7gdf sfd ug]{ g/fd|f dfq x}g /fd|f sd{rf/L klg 5g eGg] efjgfaf6 ;f]lrg' / sfo{
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ .
• /fHo4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljleGg gLlt, P]g, lgod, lgb] {lzsf cflbsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f, plrt ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf, kof{Kt hgzlQm, cfjZos
;+oGqsf] klxrfg / :yfkgf u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / lhNnf l:yt lgsfosf] cg'udg ug]{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] / o:tf sfo{nfO{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ;/sf/n] cfkmgf] sfo{If]qsf] k'gM klxrfg / kl/efiff u/L sfo{sf] k'gjuL{s/0f ug]{ .
• lg/Gt/ ?kdf gful/s ;dfh;+u ;xsfo{ ug] {, hg;xeflutfdf j[l4 ub}{ lghL If]qsf]
;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug]{ / pgLx?sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ .
• sfg"gsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, ljQLo hjfkmb]xLtf, ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjdf hf]8 lbg] .
• gful/s clwsf/ kq tof/ ul/ nfu" ug]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt, sfo{df ;/nLs/0f, sfo{sf] hjfkmb]lxtf lglZrt ug]{ .
• sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf, a9'jf / ;?jf ;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yfdf ;'wf/u/L k'jf{g'dfgof]Uo
agfpg] / Right man in Right place sf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;Sbf] Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ .
75

• sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍg dfkgLo ;'rssf] ljsf; ug]{ / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
• sd{rf/Ldf ljutsf] eGbf km/s ?kdf jfgL Joxf]/fdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gug]{, u|fxsk|lt
lzi6frf/ ug] {, ef]ln k|j[lQ x6fpg], sfd ubf{ u|fxs;+u Smiling movement df sfo{ug]{ h:tf
ljifo ;+:s[ltsf] ?kdf kl/jt{g ug]{ cflb .
• x/]s sfo{ -ljsf; lgdf{0f, hgtfdf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ljt/0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jf
tyf ljsf;df people first eGg] efjgfaf6 sfo{x? sfof{Gjog / ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
• ;Gt'lnt ljsf; / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u / ;dfg ljt/0f ug]{ .
• ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, /fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ pTs[i6 k'/:sf/ (Certificate of
Excellence) lbg] g/fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ b08 ug]{ k/Dk/f s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .
• sd{rf/Lsf] ;Gtltsf] nflu lzIff / :jf:Yosf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt lbg] .
&= lgisif{M
"Good Governance is not a destination, but way to destination" jt{dfgdf ;'zf;gsf] ljifonfO{
s]xL xb;Dd dxTjsf;fy ;Daf]wg ug{ yflnPsf] eP klg sfof{Gjog kIf lrQa'embf] cj:yf /x]sf]
dfGg ;lsGg . t/klg /fHon] hgtfsf] kIfdf ;]jfk|bfg ug{, ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df u'0f:t/Lotf
/ lbuf]kg / /fHodf ePsf sfdsf/jfxLsf] kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] ljifodf jf:tjdf gofFkg
/ ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . hgtf :jod / hgtfsf k|ltlglwn] p7fPsf cfjfhnfO{ s'g} g
s'g} lsl;daf6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|oTg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] cfwf/ ljGb' /fhg}lts g]t[Tj /
;/sf/L ;+oGq cyf{t To;df sfo{/t hgzlQm g} xf] . To;sf/0f /fhg}lts g]t[Tj / sd{rf/LaLr
;'dw'/ ;DaGw x'g'kb{5 . /fHo ;+rfngsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+u7g, lgsfo / ;+:yfsf] lgdf{0f,
u7g ul/Psf x'G5g eg] To;nfO{ hLjGt lbb} cfdhgtfdf ;]jfk|jfx ug' {sf ;fy} hgtfsf cfjfh
/ pgLx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/af6 k'/fug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo ;dIf
k'¥ofpgsf] nflu pQm ;+u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] cxd e"ldsf x'g]ub{5 t;y{ /fHon] sfo{/t
hgzlQmnfO{ plrt sfo{jftfj/0f, ;'ljwf, cj;/, pTk| ]/0ff / dgf]an pRr kfg'{ klg /fHosf] bfloTj
x'G5 eg] hgtfsf] ;]jf / ;xof]usf] nflu lgo'Qm ePsf tdfd hgzlQm÷/fi6«;]jsaf6 hgtfsf]
kIfdf x'g]u/L cfkmgf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L ljj]sk"0f{ / c;n lgotaf6 lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{ klg
76

plQs} dxTj /fVb5 . :sfg8]leog d'n'sx?df h:tf] ;dtfd'ns ;+:s[lt, Joj;flostf / ;xdlt
/ ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ kl/rflnt ug{ ;s]sf] v08df
;'zf;gsf kf6fx? g]kfndf klg lj:tf/} phfu/ x'b} hfg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf b]lvG5 . /fHon] klg
oL ljifonfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf lnO{ ;'wf/ / sfo{sf] ;xL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{] / ;+/sf/L
;+oGqdf sfo{/t hgzlQmaf6 klg ;w} ;sf/fTds, sfo{df lg/Gt/tf / l;h{g;Ln eO{ cfkmgf]
lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfnfO{ P]g, sfg"g / lgodsf] kl/lwleq /xL sfo{ ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df /fHo4f/f
lgld{t ljleGg P]g, sfg"g / gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? /fd|/L sfof{Gjog eO{ hgtfn] jf:tjdf g}
;'zf;gsf] cg'e"t ug]{5 / /fi6« ;an / ;d'Ggt x'gdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgofdfjnL @)%) ;+;f]lwt .
• gjf} / bzf} of]hgf, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
• lqjif{Lo of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq -@)^&÷)^*–)@^(÷)&)_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
• cf=j= @)^%÷)^^ / cf=j= @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6 jQmJo
• ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g @)^$ / lgodfjnL @)^%
• g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]z, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw cfofdx?, ;Dkfbg gj/fh ltjf/L, k|sfzs, ;f]kfg dfl;s .
• k|zf;g, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .
www.google.com/definition-good.governance
77

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cj:yfM Ps
;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f
hgs/fh bfxfn*
;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;/n / ;xh 9+uaf6 j:t'
tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? :yfkgf ul/Psf x'g . /fHosf] cfly{s
cj:yf dfly psf:g], ;fj{hlgs art kl/rfng ug]{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ >[hgf ug]{, lghL If]qsf]
Psflwsf/ dfly :jfefljs lgoGq0f sfod ub}{ ;dfhdf ljBdfg lje]bsf/L ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
ub}{ /fli6«o ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u / ;+/If0f ug]{ kl/jt{gsf/L p2]Zosf ;fy :yfkgf ul/Psf
;+:yfgx? cfhsf lbg;Dd cfOk'Ubf cToGt af]lemnf, vlr{nf / lgik|efjL tyf x'g k'u]sf 5g .
k|:t't n]vdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ljBdfg cj:yf, b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx? / ca klxNofpg'kg]{
uGtAo af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBdfg cj:yf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos ljsf; ub}{ o;nfO{ /fli^«o cy{tGqsf] d]?b)*sf] ?kdf
lnO{ ljsf;sf] d'Vo ;+jfxssf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg;Fu ;DalGwt
gLltdf pNn]v ePsf] % . ;+:yfgx?sf] Joj;flos Ifdtf, pTkfbsTj, n]vfk/LIf)f,
gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] cj:yf ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;+:yfgx?nfO{ ljleGg ju{ ;d"xdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] % .
xfn;Ddsf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof hDdf 36 j^f /x]sf] % . h;dWo] 25
j^f gfkmfdf %g eg] afFsL 14 j^f gf]S;fgdf /x]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v % . kl%Nnf]
tYof+s cg';f/ ;+:yfgx?sf] v'b l:y/ ;DklQ ? Ps vj{ 40 cj{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf]
;/sf/L tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] % .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/sf]] z]o/ nufgL 83 cj{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'u]sf] b]lvG% .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf^ ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] nfef+zsf] cj:yf ;d]t cfzfk|b %}g .
;/;tL{ d'Nof+sg ubf{ oL ;/sf/L ;+:yfgaf^ ;/sf/L /fh:jdf k'u]sf] nfef+zsf]
lx:;f cToGt Go"g kfOPsf] % . s"n /fh:jdf o; If]qsf] nfef+;sf] c+z 3 k|ltzt
eGbf sd /x]sf] cg'dfg % . ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df k|jfx u/]sf] C)f
* pk;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
78

s"n ;/sf/L vr{sf] 4 k|ltzt /x]sf] % eg] k'Flhut vr{sf] 11=9 k|ltzt /x]sf]
cg"dfg % .
;/sf/L ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t hgzlQm lgs} af]lemnf] kfOPsf] % . k|fKt clen]v cg";f/
xfn ;a} ;+:yfgx?df 33 xhf/eGbf a(L ;+Vofdf sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf %g . h;
cg";f/ k|lt sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s vr{ ;/b/ 34 xhf/ /x]sf] cg"dfg % . vr{sf]
t'ngfdf sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfgsf] d'No eg] cToGt Go'g /x]sf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bgn] cf}NofPsf] % .
sfo{k|s[ltsf] lx;fjn] xfd|f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ ljleGg 6 j^f If]qdf jlu{s/)f ul/Psf]
% . n]vfk/LIf)fsf] b[li^n] oL ;+:yfgx? dWo] 16 j^fn] dfq lgoldt n]vfk/LIf)f
u/fpg] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] kfOPsf] % . n]vfk/LIf)f nfdf] ;do cl# b]lv u/fpg}
g;Sg] ;+:yfgx?sf] ;+Vof eg] 6 ;Dd k'u]s]f l:ylt % . To;df klg g]kfn cf]l/oG^
DofUg];fO^ k|f=ln= n] t 2057 ;fn b]lv cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfk/LIf)f ug}{ ;s]sf]
%}g .
b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ l%^f], %/Ltf] / u')f:t/Lo agfpg] p@]Zon]
ul/Psf] eP klg kl%Nnf lbgx?df oL ;+:yfgx?n] ljleGgvfn] ;d:of em]Nb} cfpg"k/]sf]
cj:yf xfd|fnfuL lgs} &'nf] r'gf}tL xf] . ;+:yfg Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf
;d:ofnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/LPsf] % .
-s_ gLltut
• ;+:yfg :yfkgf / kl/rfng ug]{ bL#{sflng gLltsf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] % .
• ;+:yfg ;~rfng ug{ th"{df ul/Psf P]g, ljlgodsf] &f*f] cltqmd)f x"g] u/]sf]
kfOPsf] % .
• ;+:yfgdf sfd ug{ lgo"Qm ul/g] ;Nnfxsf/, kbflwsf/Lsf] nflu j:t'lgi& cfwf/
/ ToR ;lxtsf] sfg"g th"{df ug{ ;lsPsf] %}g .
• ;+:yfgdf /fhg}lts tj/n] lgo"Qm ul/g] ;Nnfxsf/ ;d'xsf] bfloTj / st{Jo
;"lglZrt ug]{ Guideline, lgb]{lzsfsf] ;Vt vfFrf] % .
• ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d"vsf] TOR / sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf sfuhL dfq ePsf] %,
To;sf] kl/kfngf / sfo{Gjogsf] kIf cToGt uf})f agfPsf] % .
79

• ;+:yfgsf] Performance Measure ug]{, To; cfwf/df ah]^ / ;"ljwf pknAw u/fpg]
;DaGwL :ki^ gLltsf] cefj b]lvPsf] % .
-v_ ;+/rgfut
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg k/Dk/fut / u}/ Joj;flos ;+/rgfaf^} ;~rfng e}/x]sf]
cj:yf % .
• ;+u&g :j?k cToGt jf]emLnf / Ifdtfsf] lx;fjn] ck|lt:kwL{ cj:yfdf /x]sf %g .
• ;+u&g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If)f a]u/ hyfeflj b/jGbL yk ug]{ / /fhg}lts
bjfjsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/L egf{ u/L ;+u&gnfO{ af]lemnf] agfpg] kl/kf^L cBkL
sfod} /x]sf] cj:yf % .
• bIftf / k|lt:kwf{sf] d'No / dfGotfnfO{ ljl;{P/ ;+u&gx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
gjLg Joj:yfksLo tflnd, !fg ;Lk lbg] tkm{ s"g} k|oTg ePsf] g} %}gg\.
• ;'zf;g P]g sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] oltsf ;do ljlt;Sbf klg ;+:yfgsf sfof{no
kl/z/ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL aGg ;s]sf] %}gg\ .
• ;+u&gx? cfk;L ;dGjo / dGqfnout ;dGjosf] ;d:ofdf ?dlnPsf sf/)f
cfkm\gf] p@]Zo k|flKtdf lg/Gt/ kl% kl//x]sf] l:ytL % .
-u_ k|lqmofut
• k|s[ofut emGem^ / hl^n sfo{ljlwn] lg)f{o k|s[ofdf cgfjZos l(nfO{ x"g] u/]sf]
% .
• ;+:yfgx?n] cjnDjg ul//x]sf sfo{k|)ffnLx? cToGt k"/fgf / cJojxf/Ls k|s[tLsf
%g .
• ;]jf k|efjsf/Ltfs]f ;Gbe{df ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ljlw ;/nLs/)f af/]df
s"g} k|sf/sf] tflnd lbg] rng /x]sf] %}g .
• ;]jf k|jfxsf lglZrt dfkb)*, lglb{i^ k|lqmof Pj+ ;":ki^ dfu{bz{g sf] v¤Frf]
dxz'; ul/Psf] % .
• sltko ;+:yfgx?df gful/s j*fkqsf] Joj:yf klg r":t t"Nofpg ;lsPsf] %}g .
• ;+:yfgdf kbflws/Lx?aLr clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg gx"¤bf Psflt/ cfk;L ;dGjo
80

sdhf]/ /x]sf] % eg] csf{lt/ cfkm"x?aLrsf] Chain of Command sf] cj:yf
;d]t cToGt lgD%/f] kfOPsf] % .
• nfdf / emGeml^nf lg)f{o k|s[ofn] ;+:yfgsf sfo{k|)ffnLdf yk ;d:of lgDTofPsf]
cg'ej ul/Psf] % .
• /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf] k/fsfi&n] ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v æx"G% axfb"/Æ dfq
x"g k"u]sf] cj:yf % . ljlw / k|s[ofn] sfd ug{ gldNg] eGg] æx"Gg axfb"/Æsf]
pkl:ylt z"Go k|foM % .
-#_ Jojxf/ut
• ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx? a("jfs]f lglZrt cfwf/ gx"¤bf aiff}{ ;Dd Pp^}
kbdf sfd ug{ afWo %g . o:tf sd{rf/Lx? :jfefj}n] sfd k|lt cg"Q/bfoL /
;]jfu|fxL k|lt c;+j]bgzLn aGb} uPsf] lttf] oyfy{tf xfdLn] cg"ej u/L/x]s} %f} .
• sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]r, k|j[lQ / sfo{z}nLdf k"/fgf]kg, oyfl:yltjfb, xfsLdLkgn] ubf{
pgLx? ;]jfu|fxLsf] gh/df cToGt clN%, sfdrf]/, cJoj;flos, k"jf{u|xL / cw}o{
&x/ x"¤b} cfPsf %g\ .
• ;]jfu|fxL k|lt ;Ddfg / ;Tsf/ sd{rf/Lsf] l^sfpsf] cfwf/ eGg] ;]jfu|fxL d}qL
cjwf/)ffsf] s"g} Jojxf/ cjnDjg x"g} ;s]sf] %}g .
• gftfjfb / eg;'gsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/Lx? :jfefj}n] gjLg
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] dd{ / efjgfaf^ lgtfGt leGg (+un] ljrlnt x"¤b} uPsf]
cj:yf % .
ePu/]sf k|of;x?
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;xof]uL lgsfox? x'g . ;/sf/n] oL ;+:yfg dfkm{t
;]jf k|jfxdf u')ffTdstf NofO{ cfk'm ;jn ;/sf/sf] ?kdf :yfloTj u|x)f ug{ ;Sb% .
;/sf/L ;+:yfg :yfkgf, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / ;kmntf kfg{ ;d]t ljleGg sfn
v)*df cg]sg ;"wf/sf k|of;x? ePsf %g . ;/sf/L:t/af^ ePsf o:tf ;"wf/
k|of;n] ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos bIftf Pj+ sfo{k|efjsf/Ltfdf pNn]Vo ;"wf/ ePsf] cg"ej
ul/Psf] % .
81

o; qmddf M
• ;+:yfgx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] sfo{If]q, sfo{k|s[lt, sfo{ Ifdtf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
alu{s/)f ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] %
• ;+:yfgsf] jf]*{df lglZrt ;+Vofdf, lglZrt of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm ;~rfns
lgo"lQm ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ePsf] %,
• ;+:yfg tyf ;ldltdf lgo'Qm ul/g] k|d"v sfo{sf/L JolQm v"Nnf k|lt:kwf{af^
ul/g] / To;sf nflu lglZrt cfwf/ Pj+ dfkb)* tof/ ul/Psf] % . olx
cfwf/df g]kfn ljB"t k|flws/)f nufot cGo y"k|} ;+:yfgdf sfo{sf/L k|d"v
lgo"Qm ul/Psf] xf] .
• pRr:t/Lo ;+:yfg ;dGjo jf]*{sf] :yfkgf eO{ g} ;s]sf] % .
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ Joj;flos t'Nofpg ;+:yfgsf] k'g/;+/rgf ug]{ / o;sf
nflu clgjfo{ ?kdf Aoj:yfkg tyf ;j]{If)f ug}{ kg]{ kl/kf^Lsf] yfngL ul/Psf]
% .
• ;+:yfgdf lgo"Qm x'g] sfo{sf/L k|d"v / dxfk|aGwsnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/fP/
dfq lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL e} ;s]sf] % .
• ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;"ljwf ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s cj:yf x]/]/ sfo{;Dkfbg
:t/sf cfwf/df dfq lglZrt ug]{ kl/kf^Lsf] yfngL ul/Psf] % .
• nufgL af]*{s]f :yfkgf ul/Psf] % . o;n] ;+:yfgsf] lgofds, Joj;flos /
Joj:yfksLo uGtJo ;"lglZrt ug]{ sfddf dxTjk')f{ ;xof]u k"Ug] ljZjf; ug{
;lsG% .
cjsf] uGtJo
-!_ gLltut kIfdf
• ;f]ro'Qm gLlt / kf/bzL{ ljwL g} ;+:yfg ;'b[(Ls/)fsf cfwf/x? x'g .
• ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos ljsf;sf nflu %"§} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg gLltsf] th"{df u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg" cTofj:os % .
• xfnsf] lghLs/)f gLltdf ;dfofg"s'n kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf % .
82

• g]kfn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfg lgodg, u&g Pj+ ;~rfng ;DaGwL :ki^ ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf x"g" cfjZos % .
• ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]u u&g u/L To; cfof]u dfkm{t hgzlQm cfk'lt{sf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg" h?/L % .
• ljifout ;+:yfgsf] cjwf/)ffnfO{ P]g NofP/ sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;+:yfgsf]
Joj;flos bIftfdf cem a(f]Q/L Nofpg" cfjZos % .
• sfo{ ;Demf}tf cg";f/ cfkm\gf] nIf k"/f ug{ / u/fpg g;Sg] ;+:yfg k|d"vnfO{
tTsfn x^fpg] u/L lgod th"{df ug"{ cfjZos b]lvG% .
-@_ ;+u7gfTds kIfdf
• ;+u&gfTds :j?kn] ;]jfu|fxLsf] cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ ug{ ;Sof] eg] To:tf
;+u&g lbuf] / Joj;flos aGg ;Sb%g .
• ;+u&gx?nfO{ sfo{ k|s[lt Pj+ sfo{af]emsf cfwf/df ;+/rgfut PsLs/)fdf
n}hfg" h?/L % .
• ;+:yfgsf] xfnsf] hgzlQmdf ef/L s^f}tL u/L b/aGbL k"g/;+/rgf ug"{ kb{% .
;fgf] / r":t ;+u&g lgdf{)fnfO{ tTsfn Aoj:yfkg tyf ;j]{If)f sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg" cfjZos % .
• lqe"jg ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ o;sf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug{ %"§}
k|flws/)fsf] u&g ul/g" kb{% .
• uf]/vfkq / g]kfn ^]lnlehgnfO{ Joj;flos / k]zfljb Ifdtfsf] t"Nofpg o;sf]
k"g/;+/rgf u/L lhDd]jf/L tf]lslbg" kb{% .
• g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgsf] xfnsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o;nfO{
vfBfGg ("jfgLdf dfq xf]Og vfBjfgL kl/jt{g ug]{, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf ^]jf
k"Ug] sfo{qmd ug{ pTk|]l/t Pj+ Ifdtfjfg t"NofOg" h?/L b]lvG% .
• g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgn] kfgL ljt/)f dfq xf]Og kfgLsf] ;|f]t klxrfg, kfgL
k|zf]wg ;Lk, kfgL ;+sngsf] gof¤ / e/kbf]{ t/Lsf k|of]udf Nofpg] h:tf
gjLgtd / pkof]uL sfo{df pTk|]l/t u/L To; cg";f/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;"lDkg"
cfjZos % .
83

• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg cfjZos ;dGjo
/ ;xhLs/)f ug{, sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a(fpg cfjZos dfu{bz{s lgb]{lzsf tof/
ug{ ;+:yfg ;dGjo kl/ifbsf] u&g ug"{ cfjZos b]lvG% .
• sd{rf/L ^]«*o"lgogsf] e'ldsf, lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj P]gn] g} :ki^ ls^fg
u/L pgLx?sf] xfnsf] sfo{z}nLdf cfwf/e't kl/jt{g Nofpg" cfjZos % .
Joj:yfkgnfO{ cgfjZos bjfj lbg] k|a[lQ / sfo{z}nL qmdzM TofUg] ;+:sf/sf]
yfngL x"¤b} hfg" kb{% .
• ;+:yfgsf] ljQLo, Joj:yfksLo, g]t[Tjdf ;d;fdlos Pj+ ultzLn kl/jt{gsf]
vf¤rf] % . cGoyf ;+:yfgx?nfO{ xfns} cj:yfdf ;~rfngdf /lx/xg lbg"
eg]sf] ;/sf/L vr{ / cfly{s bfloTjdf cem a(L af]em yKg" dfq x"g]% .
-#_ Jojxf/ut kIfdf
;+:yfg sd{rf/L o'lgog, pBdL Joj;foL / Joj:yfkgaLrsf] lqkIfLo ;DaGwaf^
;~rflnt /x]sf] x'G% . oL tLg} kIfsf] ;xsfof{Tds ;dGjo ljgf ;+:yfgsf] pGgtL
/ ljsf; c;+ej % . o;df klg d"ntM ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L Pj+ g]t[Tjn]
cfkm\gf] ;f]r, sfo{z}nL / k|a[QLdf cy{k')f{ ;"wf/ Nofpg} kb{% . Ifdtfsf cfwf/df
cfPsf] g]t[Tj, cg"zf;gsf] bfo/fdf /x]sf sd{rf/L / lhDd]jf/Lsf af]w ug]{ ^]«*o"lgog
kbflwsf/Ln] dfq ;]jfu|fxLsf] dg lhTg ;Sb%g . /fhg}lts cfu|x k"jf{u|x TofuL
:jtGq / lgle{stfsf ;fy ;lqmo g]t[Tjn] dfq of] sfo{ ;Dej u/fp¤b% . ctM
;+:yfgsf] bL#{sflng ljsf; / Joj;flos %ljsf nflu ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t ;a}
;b:ox?sf] sfo{z}nL, ;f]r / k|a[lQ cToGt Joj;flos, k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL
x"g" cfjZos % .
;a}n] Joj;flos pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{, k]zfk|lts]f OdfGbfl/tf k|s^ ug]{, k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;]jfu|fxL d}qL sfo{z}nLsf] cjnDag ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL x"g
;s] lglZrt ?kn] ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos ljsf; / lbuf]kgfsf] cj:yf >[hgf x"g uO{
cfly{s af]emsf] ?kdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ef]ln cToGt phf{zLn, sd{of]uL Pj+
/fi^«sf uxgfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x"g k"Ub%g\ . cfzf u/f}¤ cfufdL s]lx ;do leq o:tf]
l:yltsf] cg"dfg ug{ ;lsof];\ .
84

lgisif{
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf ;xof]uL c+ux? x'g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg]
/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt / pGgltsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf]
cjwf/0f NofOPsf] xf] . ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf;Fu} o;n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ Joj;flos e"ldsfsf]
;d]t :ki6 dfkb08 ;fj{hlgs u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] of] ;+:yfg k|ltsf] cf;f Pj+ ljZjf; lhTg
;Sg' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf k|d'vsf] lgo'lQmsf] cfwf/ / dfkb08 :ki6 x'g' kb{5 .
lgo'lQm k|lqmofnfO{ ljZj;gLo Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ jgfO{ ;Ifd g]t[Tjsf] e'ldsf :yflkt ug{ ;Sg'
kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L 6]«8o'lgogx?nfO{ ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos lxt / pGgtL,
sd{rf/Lsf] ljgfzt{sf] j9f]Q/L, j[lQ ljsf; / ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm cfk"lt{, /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf]
cGTo ug]{ h:tf ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos Ifdtf, o;sf] Joj:yfksLo :jfoQtf / lgle{s
sfo{jftfj/0f tof/ ug] {tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;+:yfg ;~rfngsf ;+jfxssf]
?kdf /x]sf sd{rf/L 6«]8o'lgogsf] ;xof]u, ;jn / ;Ifd g]t[Tj, OdfGbf/ sd{rf/L ;+oGq,
;DjlGwt gLlt lgodsf] cIf/zM sfof{Gjog, lgikIf / Joj;flos Joj:yfkgsf] ;fd'lxs
Pj+ ;xsfof{Tds ;dGjojf6 ;+:yfgsf] pTkfbsTjdf j9f]Q/L Nofpg ;lsG5 . oLgLx?sf]
ljQLo s'zntf sfod ug{ ;lsg] / a]?h' km5\of]{6df Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/dflysf] cfly{s
bfloTjdf sdL Nofpg ;lsg] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxtdf sfd ug{ ;lsg] 5 . /f]huf/L ;[hgf
/ pBdsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj;flos klxrfg lbg ;lsg] 5 .
;+:yfg k|ltsf] u'd]sf] ;fv k'glh{ljt ug{ ;lsg] 5 . cGtt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/sf]
;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/nfO{ u'0ffTds ljZj;gLo Pj+ e/kbf]{ jgfpFb} ;Ifd Joj;flos ;+u7gsf]
?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;sf nflu ;j}n] cf–cfˆgf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L cg';f/ sfd
ug'{ cfhsf] d"Vo ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
• lq–jifL{o of]hgf @)^&÷)^* – @)^(÷)&), /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• jh]6 jStAo cf=j= @)^*÷)^(, cy{ dGqfno
• cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^&, cy{ dGqfno
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)^*, cy{ dGqfno
• ldlk{/] klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
• dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^*, d=n]=k= ljefu
85

86
k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf;df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] e"ldsf
Zofds'df/ e§/fO{*
;f/f+z
k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx?nfO{ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldfdf ;Lldt ug'{ / pgLx?nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf]
:j]R5frf/L k|of]udf c+s'z nufpg' g} k|zf;sLo sfg"Gfsf] d"n Wo]o xf] . k|zf;sLo sfg"gn]
k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] zlQmnfO{ Goflos lgoGq0f ug]{ k|aGw ub{5 . k|zf;sLo sfo{af6 s;}sf] xs
clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]df pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ub{5 . g]kfnsf] k|zf;sLo sfg"gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{
/ o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ljz]iftM c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]uåf/f /fHo / ;/sf/sf sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] k/LIf0f
u/L c;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL bfo/f gf3L ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxLx? cdfGo / ab/ 3f]if0ff u/L
sfg"gsf] zf;g axfn u/fpg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L
tyf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ln] :j]R5frf/Lk"j{s tyf ab\lgotn] sfg"gsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{
cbfntn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt / d"NonfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f
ug{sf nflu dfu{ lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . clwsf/ If]qsf] ;Ldf gf3]/ ul/Psf sf/jfxL ab/ ul/Psf]
5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx?nfO{
lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] 5 . x'gt cbfntsf] PSnf] k|of;n] dfq k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxLx? lgolGqt /
Jojl:yt x'g ;Sg] xf]Ogg\ . sfg"gsf] zf;g / gful/s ;jf]{RRftfsf] cjwf/0ffk|lt ljZjf; /fVg]
k|zf;sLo ;+:s[lt o;sf] k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
!= kl/ro
elgG5 Administrative law is the study of the pathology of governmental power. k|zf;sLo
sfg"g ;fj{hlgs sfg"gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ zfvf xf] . of] ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljifo
klg xf] . /fHosf c+ux?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf ;~rfng ug{ / gful/s xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
ug{sf nflu k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . of] sfg"gnfO{ aL;f}+ ztfAbLdf
ljsf; ePsf] gjLg cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . /fHo;Fu :jefljs ?kdf zlQmsf ;|f]tx?
/x]sf x'G5g\ . d"ntM sfg"g agfpg], sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{, sfg"gn] lbPadf]lhd ;'/Iffansf] k|of]u
/ kl/rfng ug]{ / /fHo sf]ifsf] k|of]u ug]{ clVtof/L ;/sf/;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] To:tf]
clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ubf{ lgolGqt, ;+oldt / pQ/bfoL ?kdf k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . /fHo zlQmsf]
k|of]unfO{ lgoGq0f gug] { xf] eg] ToxfF :j]R5frfl/tf x'g ;S5 . hxfF zf;gdf :j]R5frfl/tf /xG5
* pk;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x' Fb}g . hxfF sfg"gsf] zf;g x'Fb}g ToxfF k|hftGq :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g . hxfF
k|hftGq x'Fb}g ToxfFsf gful/sx? clwsf/ ljxLg x'G5g\ . cfw'lgs zf;g Joj:yf gful/s s]lGb|t
zf;g Joj:yf xf] . gful/s ;fj{ef}d;Qf :yfkgf ug{sf nflu gful/s k|ltlglwn] zf;g ug'{kb{5
/ gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL ?kdf zf;g ug'{kb{5 . gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj k|bz{gsf nflu ;/sf/
sfg"gsf] bfo/f / kl/lwdf ;~rfng x'g' kb{5 . k|zf;sLo sfg"gn] o;} ljifonfO{ lgoldt ub{5 .
elgG5 Wherever there is discrition there is room for arbitrariness. hxfF :jljs]sLo jf thljhL
clwsf/sf] k|wfgtf /xG5 ToxfF lg/+s'ztf jf :j]R5frfl/tfsf] clws ;+efjgf x'G5 . :jefj}n]
k|zf;sLo PsfO{x? / o;sf clwsf/Lx?:fFu k|z:t clwsf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . zf;g Joj:yfnfO{
k|efjsf/L?Kfdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx?;Fu clwsf/ /xg' cfjZos klg x'G5 .
t/ sfg"gsf] ;Ldfn] gaflwPsf] clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L?kdf cEof; x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf clws
/xG5 . To:tf] :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0f u/L gful/s xs clwsf/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ tyf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] k|Effjsf/L ljt/0f ug]{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . hxfF k|hftGq
x'G5 ToxfF gful/s :jtGqtf sfod /xG5 . hxfF gful/s :jtGqtf sfod ePsf] x'G5 ToxfF ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lx? sfg"gsf] ;Ldfdf aflwPsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ;DjGWf k|hftflGqs
zf;g Joj:yf:fFu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . oBlk k|hftGq elgg' / k|zf;sLo sfg"g x'g' dfq kof{Kt xf]Og
o;sf nflu ;Eo / ;';F:s[t k|of]u klg plQs} ckl/xfo{ ljifo xf] .
d"ntM k|zf;sLo sfg"Gfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 .
k|zf;sLo lgsfosf] u7g, :yfkgf tyf k|zf;sLo lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] k|of]u ug]{ sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . k|zf;sLo lgsfon] cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ k|lqmof / ljlw ;'lglZrt ub{5 .
k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lsf] clwsf/df ;Ldf nufpb5 . o;n] k|zf;sLo lg0f{o lj?4sf] pkrf/sf]
k|aGWf ub{5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg k|zf;sLo sfg"Gfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] h;n] k|z;lgs sfd
sf/jfxLx?sf] Goflos hfFr ub{5 . k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx?nfO{ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldfdf ;Lldt ug'{
/ pgLx?nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L k|of]udf c+s'z nufpg' g} k|zf;sLo sfg"Gfsf] d"n
Wo]o xf] . To;} kl/lwleq o;sf] k|s[lt / If]q lgwf{l/t ePsf] x'G5 . k|zf;sLo sfg"gn] k|zf;lgs
lgsfosf] u7g / ltgsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ kl/eflift ub{5 . k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] zlQm /
clwsf/If]qdf ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] sfo{ k|0ffnL / sfo{ k|lqmofsf] pNn]v
ub{5 . k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] zlQmnfO{ Goflos lgoGq0f ug]{ k|aGw ub{5 . k|zf;sLo sfo{af6 s;}sf]
xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'u]df pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ub{5 .
;du|df ;/sf/nfO{ :Jf]R5frf/L x'gaf6 /f]Sg', sfg"gsf] ;Ldfleq /fVg' / gful/sx?sf] ;+/If0f
ug'{ k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] k|d'v nIo xf] . o;n] ;fj{hlgs lg0f{o k|lqmofdf lgikIftf, cf}lrTotf
/ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lglZrttf u/fO{ c;n k|zf;gsf] l;4fGTfnfO{ ljsf; u/fO{ nfu" u/fFpb5 ;fy}
87

;+j}wflgs jf df}lns, sfg"GfL / dfgj clwsf/sf d"No, dfGotfx?sf] kfngf u/fpFb5 . o;n]
;/sf/nfO{ p;sf] zlQm lglZrt sfg"gL l;4fGt cg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 . JolQmsf]
clwsf/dfly x'g] k|zf;sLo cltqmd0f lj?4 kof{Kt pkrf/ k|bfg ub{5 . To:tf] pkrf/ k|zf;lgs
cyf{t Gofoflws/0f Pjd\ cDj'8\:Dofg k4lt / Goflos b'j} k|sf/n] ul/g] eP tfklg d'Vo ?kdf
;Ifd cbfntaf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfWod4f/f k|bfg ul/G5 . 1
@= k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf ljifoj:t'x?
k|zf;sLo sfg"Gfn] k|zf;sLo PsfO{ / k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx?sf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] ;lj:tf/
ljj]rgf ub{5 / sfo{ ;~rfng k4lt lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;n] k|zf;lgs lgsfo / clwsf/Laf6 x'g]
zlQmsf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0f ub{5 . o;n] gful/s jf ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|bfossf] aLrsf] kf/:kl/s
;DjGWf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gful/s clwsf/dfly /fHo jf k|zf;sLo clwsf/Laf6 x'g;Sg] cltqmd0f
/f]Sg ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] k|zf;lgs lgsfox?nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] Wo]o /fv]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;sLo
lg0f{o jf sfd sf/jfxLaf6 dsf{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf cfjZos pkrf/sf] klg k|jGWf klg u/]sf] x'G5 .
;du|df of] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] cfwf/tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;sLo k4lt s'g} klg
;Eo / k|ultzLn ;dfhsf nflu cTofjZos v/fjL (Necessary evil) sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljz]iftM nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHodf t o;sf] e"ldsf cem a9L k|efjsf/L /xg' kg]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 hxfF
/fHon] hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifodf cfkm"nfO{ ;]jf ljt/ssf] ?kdf /fv]sf]
x'G5 .
;/sf/sf] ;du| sfo{ ;~rfngsf] ljifo s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljifoj:t' leq
kb{5 t/ ljlzi6Ls[t ?kdf x]bf{ d'VotM ;/sf/sf c+ux?sf] sfo{ ljefhg, ;/sf/ c+ux?sf] sfo{
;~rfng ljlw / k|lqmof, pgLx?sf] pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf, gful/s / k|zf;sLo PsfO{ aLrsf]
cGt/;DaGw, Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg, k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u, cDa'8\:Dofgsf] cjwf/0ff /
cEof;, cw{Goflos lgsfox? / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] u7g sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf
k|d'v ljifox? x'g\ . ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] If]qdf :yflkt dfGotfsf] ?kdf /x]sf zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f
/ sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] l;4fGt k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf cfwf/x? x'g\ . plNnlvt ;a} ljifox? ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/Lx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg], sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf ug] { u/fpg] / clwsf/sf] ljj]s;Dd t k|of]u
x'g'kg]{ ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\ . ljwflosL clwsf/ k|of]u u/]/ sfg"g agfpFbf xf];\ jf k|Tofof]lht
Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ cGtu{tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ xf];\ jf :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{
xf];\ ;a} clwsf/L / lgsfon] ljj]s;Ddt ?kdf To:tf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{k5{ / s;}n] To:tf]
;Ldf gf3]sf] cj:yfdf pkrf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfn] k|zf;sLo
sfg"gsf] ljifoj:t'x? lgwf{l/t ePsf x'G5g\ .
1 s]zj/fh kf08], k|zf;sLo sfg"g, /d]z l;njfn, lrtjg, @)^% k[i7 $
88

k|zf;sLo sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ klg xf] . of] ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] cfwf/ xf] .;]jf sfg"gsf]
?kdf 2 k|zf;sLo sfg"gn] ;]jf k|bfos ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;]jfu|fxL gful/sx?sf aLrsf] ;DjGw
klg kl/eflift ub{5 . k|zf;sLo sfg"gn] cg'zfl;t /fHo ;+oGqsf] kl/sNkgf ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/Lx? sfg"Gfsf] bfo/fdf /xg' kb{5 / zlQmsf] :Jf]R5frf/L k|of]unfO{ h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg
lg?T;flxt / lgolGqt ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ePsf]n] k|zf;sLo sfg"gnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g
:yfkgf ug] { dxTjk"0f{ dfWodsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . k|zf;sLo sfg"gn] zf;g Joj:yf k|efjsf/L
agfpg cfjZos ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ub{5 . k|zf;sLo PsfO / To;sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L
ls6fg ub{5 . /fHo zlQm / gful/s clwsf/ aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ub{5 . of] clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ /
;f] df lgoGq0f nufpg] c:q klg xf] . o;n] ;/sf/L lgsfosf] lg/+s'ztf lgoGq0f ub{5 . ;/sf/L
clwsf/L / hgtf b'j}nfO{ cg'zfl;t agfFpb5 .
#= g]kfndf k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf;
k|zf;sLo sfg"g ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] cleGg c+u xf] . To;}n] k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf; ;+j}wflgs
sfg"gsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} ePsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf klg ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd;Fu} k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf]
ljsf; ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ hf/L
eP kl5 ;/sf/ / /fHooGqnfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf /fVg] k|of; ul/of] . df}lns xs ;DaGwL P]g,
@))%, JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] P]g, @))^ , ufpF k~rfotsf] P]g, @))^, , hf/L ul/of] / gful/s
xs clwsf/sf] pNn+3gdf pkrf/sf] k|aGw ul/of] .
g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& hf/L ePkl5sf] ;dodf ag]sf ljleGg P]g lgodx?n]
k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ kl/eflift u/]sf lyP . GofofnonfO{ k|zf;sLo
clVtof/L ;xL ?kdf k|of]u eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug] { clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . 3 o;} cjlwdf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, sd{rf/L k|zf;g / cfly{s k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|of;x?
ePsf lyP . a8f xflsdx?sf] ;+s6sfnLg clVtof/ P]g, @))* , sf7df8f+} pkTosf~rn sldZg/
dlhi6]«6sf] ;jfn, @)!), g]kfn e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!), gu/kflnsf P]g, @)!), k'ln;
P]g, @)!@, k|zf;g -k'gu{7g_ P]g, @)!@ gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#
k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!#, /fi6«;]jsx?sf] -e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f_ P]g, @)!#,
ufpF k~rfot P]g, @)!# , e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfO{ o;sf pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
o;/L ;F:yfut ljsf; x'b} cfPsf] k|zf;sLo sfg"gn] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;sf] ofqf;Fu} cfkm"nfO{
kl/isf/ ub}{ nu]sf] kfOG5 . oltv]/ axfn /x]sf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, :yfgLo
2 k|zf;sLos sfg"gn] /fHon] lnPsf] gLltadf]lhd ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 hgtf ;dIf k'/\ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx? ;/n,
;'ne / k|efjsf/L 9+un] k'/\ofpg] k4lt / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ub{5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;]jf sfg"g klg eGg] ul/G5 .
3 k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))( sf] bkmf #) n] ;f] GofofnonfO{ l/6 If]qflwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .
89

k|zf;g P]g, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, cfly{s k|zf;g P]g, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ ljefhg tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnLx?, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';GWffg cfof]u P]g, nf]s ;]jf
cfof]u P]g, ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb P]g, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g ;d]tsf /fHooGqnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] P]g
sfg"gx? k|zf;sLo sfg"gx? nfO{ k|zf;sLos sfg"Gfsf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
$= k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] e"ldsf
g]kfnsf] k|zf;sLo sfg"gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ / o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]iftM c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]uåf/f
/fHo / ;/sf/sf sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] k/LIf0f u/L c;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL bfo/f gf3L ul/Psf sfd
sf/jfxLx? cdfGo / ab/ 3f]if0ff u/L sfg"gsf] zf;g axfn u/fpg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgjf{x u/]sf]
e"ldsf ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 .
cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{
ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnf lj= 8]=;]= u[x dGqfno ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;n]
k|wfgdGqLnfO{ dfq ;/sf/ eGg / k|wfgdGqLsf] df}lvs lg0f{o / cfb]znfO{ ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o /
cfb]z eGg gldNg] eGb} lgj]bsnfO{ rf/ e~Hofª aflx/ hfg glbg] cfb]z clwsf/ aflx/sf] sfd
ePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] d'2fdf elgPsf] 5 – gful/ssf] ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ u/L
cfb]z lb+bf To:tf] sf/0f v'nfO{ cfb]z lbg' cfjZos x'g] === vfnL cfnf]rgf u/]sf]af6 lgj]bsnfO{
;'/Iff sfg"g nfu" x'g] s]xL cj:yf b]lvFb}g . 4
n]=h= d[u]Gb| ;dz]/ h=j=/f= lj?4 cfO{=hL=kL= ePsf] d'2fdf æ===of] of] P]g ;jfn ;gbn] of] of]
ck/fwdf sf/jfxL rnfO{ of] P]gn] y'gfdf /fv]sf] eGg] s]xL gn]lvPsf] ====Æ egL y'gfdf /fVg]
ul/Psf] cfb]z ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ y'gf d'Qm ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 5 To:t} lgj]bs a}s'07 k|;fb
pkfWofo lj= ;b/ k'ln; uf]Zjf/f ePsf] csf] { d'2fdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 sfg"g
ljk/Lt klqsf aGb ug] { u/]sf] ;b/ k'ln; uf]:jf/fdf xflsdsf] cfb]z u}/ sfg"gL 7x/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . 6
u+ufnfn >]i7 lj= e"ld k|zf;s sf7df8f}+ ePsf] csf]{ l/6df ljefuLo k|d'vn] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
u/]sf] cfwf/df c8\8f k|d'vdf gtf]lsPsf] JolQmåf/f lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL adf]lhd eljiodf
4 g]=sf=k=–@)!^ efu–@ c+s–$ k[= !!%
5 g]=sf=k= @)!^ efu–@, c+s % k[= !^)
6 g]=sf=k=–@)!* efu $ c+s ( k[= !&#
90

;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] ljleGg cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o cgflwsf/
b]lvFbf ab/ x'g] egL JofVof ePsf] 5 . 7 nf]s;]jf cfof]u lj?4 zlzaxfb'/ yfkf ePsf] csf]{ l/6df
ljgf cfwf/ cGtjf{tf{ lgikIf ePg egL ;Dk"0f{ k/LIff g} /2 ug] { cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df
q'6Lk"0f{ b]lvg] egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . 8
To;}u/L :ki6Ls/0f dfu ubf{ nufOPsf] cleof]u / ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ubf{ lnOPsf] cfwf/ Pp6}
gb]lvO{ a]Unfa]Un} b]lvPaf6 :ki6Ls/0fdf cleof]u g} gnufOPsf] ;DaGwdf l;+w} avf{:t ug{
gldNg] egL uf]kfns'df/ l;+ lj= dWoIf]qLo k|x/L sfof{nosf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf]
5 . 9 s[i0fk|;fb nD;fn lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ePsf] csf]{ l/6 lgj]bgdf cbfntn] :j]R5fsf]
l;4fGtsf] JofVof u/]sf] 5– h;df elgPsf] 5– :j]R5fsf] l;4fGt eGgfn] :j]R5frf/L ?kaf6
lg/+s'z tl/sfaf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz lbg] xf]Og . ;f] cfb]zdf cfTdlgi7 clwsf/
clgolGqt / zt{/lxt gx'g] eGb} o:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ljj]sk"0f{ / plrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 5}g x]g{]
cfwf/ / sf/0f x'g} kb{5 . cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] cefjdf ;f] cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u ljj]s;Ddt
/ plrt ?kdf ePsf] 5 egL lgSof}{ndf k'Ug ;Dej x'Fb}g . 10
To:t} /fh]z /fhsl0f{sf/ lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6df ;jf] {Rr cbfntn]
Doctrine of pleasure sf] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . h;df elgPsf] 5– cfkm"v'zLsf] l;4fGt (Doctrime
of Pleasure) cfkm'v'zL h] dg nfUof] ;f] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] kSs} klg xf]Og . t/ cfkm"v'zL s;/L
/ s'g ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 / ul/Psf] 5 Tof] 7f];\ / j:t'lgi7 ?kdf k'li6 x'g' klg kb{5 . olb
:j]R5frf/L lg/+s'z Pjd\ cfTdlgi7?kdf v'zLsf] k|of]u u/L s;}nfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf lzsf/ jf kLl8t
agfOPsf] 5 eg] To; l:yltdf cfkm"v'zLsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . 11
s'g} klg lg0f{o ug] { clwsf/Ln] j:t'ut cfwf/df lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ l6Kk0fL ub}{ k/z'/fd emf= lj=
d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf elgPsf] 5– æs'g} j:t'ut cfwf/ gePsf] sf]/f cg'dfg, ljrf/,
wf/0ffnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cfTd;Gt'li6 lng] / To:tf] cfTd;Gt'li6nfO{ cJojxfl/stfsf] sf/0f
b]vfP/ krf{ v8f ug]{ 5'6 pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg] clwsf/LnfO{ lbPsf] 5}g .
lghsf] cfTd;Gt'li6 s'g} j:t'ut tYodf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ / tL tYox?sf] ;DaGwdf lghsf] ljj]rgf
7 ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt /fi6«;]js;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ghL/x? -@)!%–@)^@_ efu–( v08 s
l;=g+= # k[= @*
8 P]= l;=g+= !$ k[= *)
9 P]= l;=g+= !& k[i7 (^
10 P]= l;=g+= $! k[= @%#
11 P]= v08 v l;=g+= @@ k[i7 !^^
91

jf d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df lgh Tof] lgisif{df k'u]sf] s'/f krf{af6 b]lvg} k5{ . lghsf] lrQnfO{ Tof]
lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] j:t'ut tYox? (Objective facts) nfO{ krf{df pNn]v gu/]/ l;km{ lgisif{sf] dfq
pNn]v ug' { kof{Kt x' Fb}g / To; l:yltdf Tof] lgisif{nfO{ sfg"gsf] dg;fo cg'?k krf{df sf/0fsf]
pNn]v ePsf] ;Demg ldNb}g egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] ljifout ljj]s / :j]R5frfl/tf pk/
Goflos lgoGq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 12
lzjk|;fb k/fh'nL lj= d=k=;= ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ælghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;kmfOsf] ;j'b lbg]
df}sf lbP/ xf];\ jf cJojxfl/stfsf cfwf/df krf{ v8f u/]/ g} xf];\ h'g;'s} k|lqmofaf6 ;]jfaf6
x6fpFbf lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg'kg]{ plrt tyf kof{Kt sf/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug'{k5{, plrt
/ kof{Kt sf/0fsf] cefjdf cf/f]k dfq pNn]v u/]/ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg gldNg]Æ egL JofVof ePsf]
kfOG5 . 13
To:t} cDa/ axfb'/ u'?ª lj= lq=lj= ;'/Iff k|x/L uf8{ sfof{no, uf}r/0f;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfg tyf P]g sfg"gsf] dof{bf / kfng ug'{ ;a}sf] st{Jo ePsf] egL sfg"g
sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ x'g lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] d'2fdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5
M ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] sfo{kflnsfcGtu{tsf] k|x/L ljefu
dftxt /x]sf ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs bfloTj axg ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] cem a9L lhDd]jf/L /xg hfg]df
pN6} To:tf lgsfon] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf gu/]df b]zdf sfg"gL /fhsf] :yfkgf / df}lns
xssf] ;'/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . 14
cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L tl/sfaf6 x'g x'Fb}g
lgj]bs afa'/fd kf}8]n lj= d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] thljhL
clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L ?kdf ug{ gkfOg] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] l/6df elgPsf] 5 – thljhL
clwsf/ clgolGqt clwsf/ xf]Og . ckl/dLt / c;Lldt clwsf/ klg xf]Og . thljhL clwsf/sf]
k|of]udf :j]R5frf/Ltfsf] k'6 cfpg' x' Fb}g . jf:tjdf lg/+s'z :j]R5frf/Ltf sfg"gL /fHosf] k|lts"n
x'G5 . ===thljhL cyf{t\ :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u Gofo ;+ut 9+uaf6 x'g'k5{ . thljhL
clwsf/ k|of]u klg sfg"g cg'?k x'g' k5{ / To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ablgotk"0f{
x'g' x' Fb}g . === cfTdlgi7 clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L tl/sfaf6 x'g x'Fb}g eGg] Gofosf] ;j{dfGo
l;4fGt xf] . :j]R5frfl/tf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] gsf/fTds kIf xf] . === thljhL clwsf/sf]
k|of]u ;kmf / ;bf;ok"0f{ Fairness and good faith x'g'k5{ . === sfg"gn] k|zf;sLo, sfo{sfl/0fL
12 g]=sf=k= @)$* c+s ^ k[=@##
13 g]=sf=k= @)$* c+s ( k[= %#^
14 aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f lg0f{o ;+u|x, ;jf]{RRf cbfnt, efu !, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh, @)^^ k[= ^*
92

clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ cfTdlgi7 thljhL clwsf/ lbP klg To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;bf;ok"0f{
tl/sfn] x'g'kb{5 . clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g' x'Fb}g . e]befjk"0f{ tl/sfn] To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{
x'Fb}g / To:tf] lg0f{odf ablgot / k"jf{u|x /xg' x'Fb}g . 15
ab|Ls'df/ a:g]t lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] lsgf/f ubf{ ;jf] {Rr
cbfntn] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L ?kdf ug' { gx'g] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf
elgPsf] 5– sfg"gn] s;}nfO{ csf{sf] xs clwsf/df /f]s jf lgoGq0f nufpg] clwsf/ k|of]u
ubf{ lgikIftf Pjd\ ljj]s ;fy k|of]u ul/of];\ eg]/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o JolQmsf] kbLo xs ;DaGwL ePsf]n] To:tf]df lg0f{o ubf{ ljj]sk"0f{ / Gofo;+ut tl/sfaf6
ul/g'kb{5 . sfg"gn] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ thljhL jf :jljj]sLo clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 eGb}df To:tf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 ul/g' x' Fb}g . sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6
ul/g' x' Fb}g . sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|of]udf :j]R5frf/L ug]{ xs s;}nfO{ klg x'g' x'Fb}g . olb ;/sf/n]
thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 ub{5 eg] ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] sfg"gL zf;gsf]
pkxf; x'g k'Ub5 . 16 of]uL g/xl/gfy lj= d=k=;= ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn]
/fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf ;/sf/n] lg0f{o ug{ /fli6«o lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g
ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 eGb} k|fs[lts, wfld{s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{
ePsf] jg h+unn] 3]l/Psf] b]j3f6 If]qsf] hUufnfO{ cfwf/ / sf/0f gv'nfO{ d]l8sn sn]hnfO{ lbg]
lg0f{o :j]R5frfl/tfk"0f{ /x]sf] egL ab/ u/]sf] 5 . 17
u0f]z emf lj?4 sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\ lqljlj ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
P]g lgoddf ePsf cj:yfx?df afx]s ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g ;+ut dfGg g;lsg] egL
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5– sfg"gsf] clVtof/L a]u/ s;}sf]
xsdf k|lts"n c;/ kg] { u/L dg nfuL ug]{ sfo{ :j]R5frf/L x'g hfG5 . h;nfO{ sfg"gL /fHosf]
cjwf/0ffk|lt k|lta4 /fHon] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . 18
;/sf/åf/f ul/g] sfo{ ljj]s / sfg"g tyf pko'Qm dfkb08sf] ;Ldfleq /x]sf] x'g'k5{
8f= l6sfk|;fb kf]v/]n lj= d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kbfjlw afFsL
x'Fb} cjsfz lbg] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o ab/ ub}{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 – sfg"gåf/f kbfjlw
lgwf{l/t ePsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] sfo{ klg sfg"gadf]lhd g} x'g' kb{5 . === sfg"gL /fHosf]
15 g]=sf=k= @)%! c+s # lg=g+= $*&% k[= !$#
16 g]=sf=k= @)%! c+s !) lg=g+= $(*% k[= &$$
17 g]=sf=k= @)%# lg=g+= ^!@& k[= ##
18 g]=sf=k= @)%# c+s !! lg=g+= ^@*! k[= &^$
93

cjwf/0ffk|lt k|lta4 /fHon] sfg"gsf] ;jf]{kl/tfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L tbg'?ksf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cfr/0f / Jojxf/af6 sfg"gsf] dof{bf u/]sf] cg'e"lt lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . === sfg"g k|i6
5 eg] ;f]sf] ljk/Lt /fHosf] dgf]dfgL sfo{af6 gful/ssf] df}lns xsdf cf3ft k'¥ofOg] sfo{
sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffn] ljns"n} :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . 19
?Sd ;dz]/ /fgf lj?4 d=k=;=;d]t ePsf] csf] { l/6 lgj]bgdf ljgf cfwf/ v]ns"b kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o
;lrj kbaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{onfO{ :j]R5frf/Ltfsf] ;+1f lbO{ To:tf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gL
/fHosf] cjwf/0ffn] :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg] egL ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . === lgo'lQm ug]{n]
ljgf s'g} cfwf/ cjsfz klg lbg ;S5 egL cy{ ubf{ kbdf lgo'Qm JolQm hlxn] klg c;'/lIft
eO/xg] / sfo{sfl/0fLsf] :j]R5frf/LtfnfO{ a9fjf x'g hfg] x'G5 . h'g s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] cjwf/0ffsf]
k|lts"n x'G5 eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo /fHo tyf JolQm
;a}sf] xf], ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / sfg"gsf] Joj:yf cg's"n /fHon] cfˆgf] sfo{z}nL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5
egL cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . 20
cRo"ts[i0f v/]n lj= d=k=;=;d]t ePsf] csf]{ Pp6f l/6df k|x/L dxflg/LIfsnfO{ ljgf ;xdlt
/fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] k|d'vdf lgo'lQm ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ablgotk"0f{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 – ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'gf;fy cfjZostf / cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ k|x/L dxflg/LIfs
kl/jt{g ugf{n] k|x/L ;]jfsf] dgf]jn (Moral) df k|lts"n c;/ kg] { / k|x/Lsf] cfˆgf] k]zfut
u'0f (Professional quality) tyf Ifdtf / lgk"0f{tf (Capacity and Efficiency) df k|lts"n c;/
kg{ hfg] x'G5 . ;fy} s'g} st}sf] /fhgLlts s[kfsf e/df k|x/L k|zf;g lge{/ /xg] xf] eg] k|x/L
k|zf;gsf] lgikIftf / st{Jo k/fo0ftfdf x|f; cfO{ b]zsf] cfGtl/s cdgr}g (Law and order) sf]
l:ylt lju|g hfG5 . === ;/sf/åf/f ul/g] sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgG5 t/ ;/sf/åf/f
ul/g] sfo{ ljj]s / sfg"g tyf pko'Qm dfkb08sf] ;Ldfleq /x]sf] x'g'k5{ . k|:t't ljjfbdf ul/Psf]
lg0f{o xr'jf, dgf]dfgL / /fhg}lts p2]Zok"lt{sf nflu dfq ul/Psf] xf] egL ;fj{hlgs ljjfbsf]
3]/fleq k/]sf] b]lvg' b'ef{Uok"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To;af6 ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cfwf/, sf/0f / cf}lrToljxLg
dfq ge} ablgotk"0f{ (Malafide) ePsf]n] sfg"gL /fHo (Rule of Law) sf] cjwf/0ff k|lts"n /x]sf]
b]lvFbf /Ltk"j{ssf] lg0f{o eGg ldNb}g . 21
thljhL clwsf/ sfg"g;Ddt, Gofof]lrt / ;b\ljj]sdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{
dxfGofolwjQmf ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;d]t ePsf] csf] { Pp6f
19 g]=sf=k= @)%# c+s !@ lg=g+= ^@(% k[ *!!
20 g]=sf=k= @)%$ c+s ! lg=g+= ^#)$ k[= *
21 g]=sf=k= @)%%, c+s !! k[= lg=g+= ^^@$ k[= ^@$
94

l/6 lgj]bgdf JofVof ub}{ elgPsf] 5– s'g} clws[tn] cfˆgf] thljhL clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/]sf]df
ablgot jf :j]R5frf/Ltf b]lvPsf] 5}g eg] cfof]un] of] P]g -cb'ccf P]g_ cGtu{t sf/jfxL
rnfpg ldNb}g . t/ s;"/hGo sfo{af6 s;}n] pGd'lQm gkfpg] x'Fbf ;Dkflbt sfo{df e|i6frf/hGo
sfo{ ePsf] 5 eGg] cleof]usf ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfåf/f ;Dkflbt sfo{sf lj?4 clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ gkfpg] eGg ldNg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . 22
lgj]bs nfSkf nfdf lj?4 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] csf]{ Pp6f l/6 lsgf/f ub}{ ;jf] {Rr
cbfntn] thljhL clwsf/ sfg"g;Ddt, Gofof]lrt / ;b\ljj]sdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ JofVof u/]sf]
5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 – sfg"gn] g} lglZrt kbfjlw tf]s]sf] kbdf lgo'Qm jf dgf]gog
ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f gx' Fb} x6fpg 7f]; / lglZrt cfwf/ b]vfpg ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 .
thljhL clwsf/ xn'sf lsl;dn] k|of]u ug{ kfOFb}g . ljjfb lg/f]k0fsf] ;Gbe{df lglZrt ult k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug'{ ;a}sf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo / bfloTj x'G5 . 23
lj/h' /lGht lj= lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6df l6Kk0fLsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L
lgo'lQm ug] { sfo{nfO{ clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u eGb} cfjZos cg';Gwfgsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf n]vL k7fpg] u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cfb]zdf
elgPsf] 5 – lj1fkg gu/L, k|ltikwf{ gu/fO{ ;f6;'6, u'kr'k u/L lgo'lQm ubf{ Fovouritism,
Nepoltism / Biasness n] :yfg kfpF5 . hasL o:tf] sfo{ Good Governance / Rule of Law
ljk/Lt xf] . k|lt:kwf{ gu/fO{ lgo'lQm lbg] sfo{ e|i6frf/ geO{ xfn] klg clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u t eO{
g} xfN5 / sfg"gL /fHodf o:tf] sfo{nfO{ slxn] klg :yfg / k|>o lbg' x'Fb}g . 24
cWf{Goflos clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg gx'g]
vf; vf; cj:yf / kl/l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL klxn] g} clwsf/ljxLg sfo{ z'? u/]sf]df ;f]
sfo{nfO{ cg'df]bg ub} { clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ b'/fu|xL / k"jf{u|xL dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 eGb}
/fdaxfb'/ uf}td lj?4 pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgx? ;jf] {Rr cbfntn]
eg]sf] 5 – vf; ;hfok|lt ;+s]t u/L klxn] g} :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL ;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ cg'df]bg ;d]t u/L
k|Tofof]hg x'g g;Sg] cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ z'4 efjgfaf6 ePsf] /x]5
eGg g;lsg] x'G5 . 25 sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmofsf] kfngf gu/L cfˆg} thljhsf] cfwf/df
ul/Psf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df :j]R5frf/L 7xl/G5 . clVtof/jfnfsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf e]befjsf]
22 g]=s=k= @)%* c+s %.^, lg=g+= &))! k[= @#^
23 g]=sf=k= @)%( c+s !.@ lg=g+= &)%@ k[ !
24 g]=sf=k= @)^@ c+s ! lg=g+= &$** k[= !))
25 g]=sf=k= @)^@ c+s % lg=g+= &%#% k[= %@$
95

s'g} c+z b]vf gkg'{sf ;fy} :jR5tf a]bfu /xg' kb{5 egL r'8fdl0f k/fh'nL lj= ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfno;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf cfb]z ePsf] 5 . 26
k|zf;sLo clwsf/LnfO{ sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ cGtu{tsf sfd sf/jfxLx?
k|Tofof]hg ug{ gkfpg] egL ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] ls/0fs'df/ dxh{gsf xsdf OlGb/f dxh{g lj?4
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5
M s]xL ;fj{hlgs -ck/fw tyf ;hfo_ P]g, @)@& sf] bkmf % df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ldf k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/L tf]lsPsf]df ;f] d'2f ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ug'{kg]{df lghsf]
;§f ;f] clwsf/ c?nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ sfg"gn] clVtof/L lb+b}g . 27
cw{Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ cGo clwsf/Lsf] /fo ljrf/nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ sfo{ geO{ lg0f{ostf{ :jo+n]
Goflos ljj]s k|of]u u/L Gofo / sfg"gsf dfGo tf}/ tl/sf ljlw k'¥ofP/ lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ egL
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgb] {zg u/]sf] 5 . sflzsfGt ld> lj?4 /fdflzif zfx ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ul/Psf] ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5–l6Kk0fL k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o k|zf;lgs sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifodf x'g] x' Fbf o:tf k|s[ltsf k|zf;sLo lg0f{o k|zf;lgs gLlt lgb] {zg;d]tsf] cfwf/df ug{
;lsG5 t/ ljz'4 k|zf;sLo lg0f{odf s'g} gful/ssf] xslxtdf c;/ kg] { ePdf c;/ kg]{
JolQm;d]tnfO{ a'emL p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ p;n] k]z u/]sf] k|df0f;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . 28
sfg"gn] lbPsf] clVtof/L a]u/ cfk\mgf] ;'ljwf / eQf cfk}m a[l4 ug'{ gx'g]
:yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?n] sfg"g ljk/Lt cfˆgf] eQf, ;'ljwf, j[l4 u/] pk/ k/]sf] vDaaxfb'/
vftL lj?4 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no afh'/f ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cbfntn] To:tf]
lg0f{o ab/ ug] { cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5– :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff
/ zlQm ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf hgtfsf] lxt
vflt/ ;b}j nfUg'kg]{ ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf hglgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lx?n] sfg"gn] lbPsf]
clVtof/L a]u/ cfˆgf] ;'ljwf / eQf cfk}m a[l4 ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g ljk/Lt x'G5 . 29
;+ljwfg Pjd\ P]gsf] ;Ldf leq /x]/ lgod lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5
26 g]=sf=k= @)^@ c+s & lg=g+= &%^& k[= *$$
27 g]=sf=k= @)%( c+s %.^ lg=g+= &!)@ k[= #(&
28 P]= l;=g+= @& k[= !^#
29 g]=sf=k= @)^@, c+s– ( lg=g+= &%(! k[= !)*(
96

dfwj s'df/ a:g]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|zf;sLo
sfo{ljlw -lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf @-@_ nfO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL :jtM lgliqmo
ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M– Joj:yfkg ljlwsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ ;+ljwfgn]
tf]s]sf] ;Ldfleq /xL P]g lgdf{0f x'g' kb{5 . ;+ljwfg Pjd\ P]gsf] ;Ldf leq /x]/ lgod lgdf{0f
x'g'kb{5 . olb P]gn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldf gf£g] jf lgodn] ;+ljwfg / P]gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldf gf£5 eg]
Tof] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lw leq cfpF5 . === k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!#
sf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{t ;/sf/n] agfpg] lgodn]
k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g vf/]h ug{ jf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] egL u/]sf]
Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] Joj:yfkg ljlwsf] sfo{ljlw / ljz]iftM ljwflosL clwsf/dfly g}
c+s'z nufpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . === ;f] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#! adf]lhd :jtM lgliqmo x'G5 . 30
lgod, ljlgod jf pklgodn] ;+ljwfg tyf cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] P]gn] tf]lslbPsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{
gf£g g;Sg] k|Tofof]lht ljwfog (Delegated Legislation) sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL
k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/g] lgod, ljlgod
jf pklgodn] d'n'ssf] d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg tyf cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] P]g (Parent
Act) n] tf]lslbPsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ gf£g g;Sg] eGb} ljgf]b 9'+u]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\
sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] l/6df JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] JofVofdf elgPsf] 5 M k|Tofof]lht clwsf/
k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/g] lgoddf P]gdf Jojl:yt ;f/jfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
cfjZos kg] { sfo{ljlwut ljifodfq Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . ljwflosf lgld{t P]gn] kl/sNkgf g}
gu/]sf] ljifodf pQm P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf s'g} Joj:yf ug{ ;ls+b}g . ;f]xL cfwf/df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] /fli6«o k|zf/0f lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod * sf] v08 -r_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf /fli6«o
k|zf/0f P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt eO{ k|Tofof]lht ljwfog ;DaGwL l;4fGt
cg's"n gePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . 31
rt'u'{0f kl08t lj= d=k=;=;d]t ePsf] csf]{ l/6df k|zf;sLo clwsf/Ln] ljwflosf lgld{t
sfg"gnfO{ ;+s'lrt x'g] u/L kl/kq ug{ gkfOg] egL JofVof ul/Psf] 5– ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5–
ljBflosfåf/f clwsf/ k|Tofof]lht gePsf] cj:yfdf ljefuLo kl/kqaf6 ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+s'lrt ug{ jf nfu" gx'g] egL k|efjxLg t'Nofpg dgfl;j dfGg ldNb}g . 32
30 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s @ lg=g+= &^$^ k[= !^@
31 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s # lg=g+= &^^) k[= #)!
32 g]=sf=k= @)%( c+s– #.$ lg=g+= &)&! k[= !%$
97

sfg"g ljk/Ltsf] lg0f{o / To:tf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lnPsf] ;'ljwf u}/sfg"gL x'g]
sfg"g gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ ;/sf/n] k|zf;sLo
lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] t/ sfg"g ljk/Lt x'g] u/L k|zf;sLo lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] eGb} /fdk|;fb gfos lj=
j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf ;~rfns kl/ifb\ ;d]t ePsf] l/6df ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] cfb]z
u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFbf u/fpFb} dlGqkl/ifb\af6 cWoIfnfO{ tna eQf nufotsf] ;'ljwf
lbg] lg0f{o a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! ljk/Lt ePsf]n] To:tf]
sfg"g ljk/Ltsf] lg0f{o / To:tf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lnPsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t u}/sfg"gL ?kdf lnPsf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . 33
lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df s'g} Goflos k|s[ltsf] sf/jfxL p7fOG5 eg] To:tf] sf/jfxLnfO{ sfg"g ;Ddt
Gfx'g] lgj]bs /fdl;+x wfdL lj?4 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\;d]t ePsf]
pTk|]if0f÷ k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln] Goflos dg k|of]u u/L ug'{kg]{ ljifo
lgb]{lzt ?kdf ug'{ gx'g] egL k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 s'g} ljifodf sf/jfxL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/Ln] s;sf] s]
s:tf] lqmofsnfkaf6 s] s:tf] u}/ sfg"gL sfd ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f cfkm}n] tYosf] ljZn]if0f u/L
To:tf] u}x| sfg"gL sfd ug] {sf] bf]ifsf] uxgtf s] slt 5 ;f] df sfg"g adf]lhd s] s:tf] ;hfo ubf{
pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;hfo k|:tfj u/L :ki6Ls/0f lnO{ Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L
:jtGq, lgikIf Pjd\ k"jf{u|xL 9+uaf6 ljZn]if0f u/L lg0f{o lng'kg]{ Goflos dfGotf x'g] / lgb]{zgsf]
cfwf/df s'g} Goflos k|s[ltsf] sf/jfxL p7fOG5 eg] To:tf] sf/jfxLnfO{ sfg"g ;Ddt Goflos
dgsf] k|of]u e} :jtGq / lgikIf ?kaf6 ePsf] ge} csf{sf] c/f}6af6 ul/Psf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . 34
u}/sfg"gL, ;+:yfsf] lxt ljk/Ltsf e|i6frf/hGo of o:t} cjfl~5t cGo sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] tYo
dfq sf/jfxLsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ x'Fb}g, o:tf] cjfl~5t sfo{sf ;DaGwdf sf/jfxLsf] lgldQ sfg"gn]
s] s:tf] k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5– To;nfO{ ;xL ?kdf cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] k|lqmof sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] clwsf/Ln] k"/f gu/L sd{rf/Laf6 ePsf sfg"g ljk/Ltsf cjfl~5t
sfo{sf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ;hfosf] efuL agfpg' sbflk sfg"g ;Ddt x'g g;Sg] egL k|sfz
l3ld/] lj?4 g]kfn a}+s ln= ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6df ;jf]{Rrn] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf
elgPsf] 5– sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ;DaGwL sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{ljlw cjnDag
u/L clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 k"jf{u|xL efjgf g/fvL :jtGq Pjd\ lgikIf ?kaf6 z'4 efjgfn]
33 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s–& lg=g+= &&#^ k[= (@!
34 g]=sf=k= @)^#, c+s !! lg=g+= &&*# k[= !$))
98

Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L 5fgljg u/]/ bf]ifL b]lvPdf dfq ;hfosf] lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . 35
To;}u/L lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @%.@( adf]lhd nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] kbdf lgwf{l/t k|lqmof / zt{sf] kfngf gu/L lgo'lQm
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] lgo'lQm clgoldt ePsf] 5 egL nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 To;/L lgo'lQm ePsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn leq n]vL cfPdf lghnfO{ ;f] cjlwleq x6fpg'kg]{5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf]df lgo'lQm kfPsf] ^ jif{ kl5 lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug{] lg0f{o u/]af6 ljkIfLx?af6 pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kfngf ePsf] b]lvPg egL /fhs'df/ >]i7 lj= s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
l;+xb/af/ ;d]t ePsf] l/6df cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . 36 o:t} cfb]z xl/ZrGb| ;fx lj?4
nf]s;]jf cfof]u hgsk'/ ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6df klg hf/L ePsf] 5 . 37
clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df cdfGo x'G5
lgj]bs lr/l~hjLnfn df8jf/L lj= P;=kL= 6]saxfb'/ /fodfemL ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfb]z ub}{
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf 5 – sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] eGbf a9L jf clwsf/ gf3]/ ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxL
ab/ x'G5g\ . 38 To:t} ;]qm]6/L jg dGqfno lj= 8]=;]= uh]Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgfË ePsf] csf]{ d'2fdf
æsfg"g adf]lhd ;a} lgsfon] sfd ug' {kg]{ == sfg"gsf] /f]x /Lt adf]lhd sfd gu/]df ==== To:tf]
sfd u}/ sfg"gL 7x5{Æ egL JofVof ePsf] 5 39 .
sfg"g adf]lhd ljefuLo sf/jfxL nufotsf sf/jfxL ubf{ sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/L;Fu To:tf]
sf/jfxL ug] { clwsf/ eP gePsf] :ki6 x'g' kg]{ / clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sf/jfxL ubf{ klg
sfg"gsf] plrt k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ egL ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] OlGb/f emf lj?4 lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5– sfg"gsf] :ki6
clwsf/ gv'nfO{sg lbPsf] cfb]z lgb]{zsf] cGww'Gw kfngf ug]{ jf ug{ lbg] xf] eg] sfg"gsf] dof{bf
pNn+3g x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf eO{ JolQm jf gful/s c;'/lIft aGg] cj:yf /xG5 . === s;}nfO{ klg
sf/jfxL ug] { clwsf/ eg]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] dfq k|of]u ug'{kg]{ ljifo x'Fbf ;f] afx]s c?n]
k|of]u u/]df sfg"gsf] b[li6df cfklQhgs / bf]ifk"0f{ x'g hfg] / To:tf] q'6L clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L
x'g]5 . To:tf] clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df cdfGo x'G5 . 40
35 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s ! lg=g+= &&*^ k[= !$$*
36 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s !! lg=g+= &&*& k[= !$%&
37 g]=sf=k= @)%( lg=g+= &!$* c+s !!.!@ k[= &!%
38 g]=sf=k= @)!% efu ! c+s @ k[= $#
39 g]=sf=k= @)!^ efu–# k[= *^
40 g]=sf=k= @)^% c+s @ &(#) k[= !&!
99

k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/cGtu{t ag]sf b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
bkmf ^^ / ^& adf]lhd dfu ul/Psf] :ki6Ls/0fx? ;hfo lbg kfpg] clwsf/Laf6 g;f]lwPsf]
cj:yfdf cGo JolQmx?n] lnPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] cfwf/ lnP/ ul/Psf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLn] sfg"gL
dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] egL k|sfz ofbj lj?4 k|zf;sLo cbfnt;d]t ePsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] 5 . 41
clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L k|of]u ug'{ gx'g]
sfg"gsf] k/Llwleq /xL Ps k6s Pp6f lg0f{o ug{ / csf]{ k6s csf]{ lg0f{o ug]{ 5'6 sfg"gn]
/fHonfO{ lbg g;Sg] eGb} ;'bz{gnfn >]i7 lj?4 cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no ePsf] csf]{ l/6df
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M k"j{jtL{ lg0f{o sfg"gsf] s;Ldf
hfFlrP/ ;Ifd lgsfoaf6 ab/ ePsf] cj:yf jf sfg"gdf g} ;+zf]wg ePsf] cj:yf afx]s pxL
sfg"g k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]s]/ klxn] Pp6f lg0f{o ug{ / kl5 To;sf] ljk/Lt csf]{ lg0f{o ug]{ 5'6 /xG5
eGg ldNb}g . 42
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ePsf] clwsf/Laf6 x'g] jf ePsf] lg0f{o klg
;/sf/L÷sfo{sf/L÷k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ePsf]n] To:tf] lg0f{o JolQmut lg0f{o h:tf] Whim df cfP/
k"j{ lg0f{o abNg g;lsg] eGb} a]~rdfs{ g]kfn ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] ;/sf/;Fu :jljj]sLo clwsf/ eP klg To:tf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ non- arbitrary, non
discriminatory, rational Pjd\ Relevent dfkb08df cfwfl/t x'g' k5{ . 43
To;}u/L sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ kfng ubf{ jf nfu" (Enforce) ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf
clwsf/Ln] :j]R5frf/L (Arbitrary) 9+uaf6 gu/L ljj]s;+ut (Rational) plrt (Reasonable)
tyf :jR5 (Fair) 9+un] u/]sf] b]lvg' kb{5 egL ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] /fds'df/ yfkf lj?4 sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]t ePsf] l/6df cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . 44
k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ lgliqmo t'Nofpg jf kl/jt{g ug{ g;lsg]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljsNkdf k|zf;lgs lg0f{onfO{ k|efjL agfpg] u/L ul/Psf] sfo{ sfg"gL b[li6n]
41 g]=sf=k= @)^# c+s –^ lg=g+= &&!% k[= &^@
42 g]=sf=k= @)^% c+s # lg=g+= &($# k[= #@)
43 g]=sf=k= @)^% c+s $ lg=g+= &(%& k[=
44 g]=sf=k=@)^% c+s * lg=g+= *))& k[= !)$*_
100

dfGo x'g g;Sg] eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf
aLrdf leGgtf bzf{Psf] kfOG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5– g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] eGb}df
ljlgodfjnL lgdf{0f ug] { clwsf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ;/x x' Fb}g . ljwflosL clwsf/ k|of]u
u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/Ps} sf/0fn] lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg"g dflgPsf] xf] . To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{,
abNg], vf/]h ug] { clwsf/ klg ;/sf/df /xG5 . t/ To;/L ?kfGt/0f ug{, abNg / vf/]h ug{
;/sf/n] dfq P]gsf] clVtof/L leq /xL k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfsf] cg's"n
x'g] u/L ug' {k5{, ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf] cfwf/df lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ s;}sf] xsdf
lgliqmo t'Nofpg jf kl/jt{g ug{ ;ls+b}g . 45
l6Kk0fL ;b/ dfGg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L u/]sf] eGg gldNg]
s'g} klg lghfdlt sd{rf/LnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_
lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod !!@-!_ cg';f/ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] :ki6Ls/0f tyf
pknAw ;Dk"0f{ ;a'b k|df0fsf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg u/L :ki6 sf/0f v'nfO{ lg0f{o ug'{ kg] { x'G5 eGb}
x[bogf/fo0f ld> lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] l/6df JofVof ul/Psf]
5 . sfg"gn] g} :ki6 Joj:yf u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] afWofTds ?kdf kfngf
ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L cGo lgsfoaf6 n]lv cfPsf] k/fdz{ tyf
l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df cfPsf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ cfˆgf] s'g} /fo g} gv'nfO{ s]jn ;b/ dfGg u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L u/]sf] eGg gldNg] egL cbfntn] lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . 46
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ z"Go dfGg' kg]{
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln]
k|fs[lts Gofosf cfwf/e"t dfGotf l;4fGtsf] k|efjsf/L kl/kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL ;Gbe{df
bfgaxfb'/ k|hfklt lj?4 ;efd'v ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgb]{lzt ub}{
eg]sf] 5 – k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u sfg"gdf k|i6 ?kdf ls6fgL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf
nfu" x'g] geO{ sfg"gn] k|i6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] s'/fdf nfu" x'g] ;}4flGts ljifo xf] . sfg"g lgdf{tfn]
sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ / sfg"gn] k|i6 ?kdf lgif]w gu/]sf] cj:yfdf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt
gx'g] u/L sfo{ ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg] { s'/f xf] . k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] ljifodf
sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g . 47
45 g]=sf=k= @)^^ c+s !! lg=g+= *@%( k[= !&*(_
46 P]= l;=g+= #* k[= #@@
47 g]=sf=k=, @)%^, c+s $ lg=g+= ^^(* k[= @^^
101

h:tf];'s} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] JolQmnfO{ klg ;f] cf/f]k 7x/ ug' { k"j{ cfˆgf] s'/f
eGg] df}sf lbg} kb{5 . ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ h:tf] clGtd / s7f]/ ;hfo ubf{sf avtdf ;]jf;Fu
;DalGwt ljlgodfjnLdf plNnlvt sfo{ljlwsf] cIf/;M kfngf jf cjnDag ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/L jf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] plrt k|lqmof kfngf gu/L lg0f{o
x'g k'Ub5 eg] To:tf] lg0f{onfO{ sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go dfGg' kg]{ egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] JofVof
u/]sf] 5 . 48 To:f}u/L cfˆgf] lj?4 x'g nfu]sf] sf/jfxLdf ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ df}sf ;DalGwt JolQmsf
nflu ;fdfGotM pknAw x'g' kb{5 / To:tf] df}sf glbg] eP sfg"gL clVtof/L ;lxt dgfl;j
cj:yfx? pNn]v ul/g'kb{5 . To;f] gePdf ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg] jf glbg] eGg] s'/f sf/jfxL
ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] clgolGqt :jljj]ssf] clwgdf k'Ug ;Sb5, h'g sf/jfxLdf :jR5tf ;'lglZrt
ug]{ lx;fan] cfklQhgs x'g ;Sg] egL uf]ljGb k|;fb yklnof lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] l/6df JofVof ePsf] 5 . 49
cfly{s b08 hl/jfgfsf] ?kdf s;};Fu /sd c;"n pk/ ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ To:tf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/
/ sf/0f vf]nL pknAw eP;Ddsf ljj/0fx? lghnfO{ pknAw u/fO{ To; ;DaGwdf lghsf] egfO{
/ To;nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ sfuh k|df0f, ;d]t k]z ug]{ dgfl;j df}sf k|bfg ul/g' k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt :jR5 ;'g'jfO{ ;DaGwL l;4fGt cg';f/ ckl/xfo{ x'g]5 eGb} cfrfo{ k"0f{rGb|
9'+u]n lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ePsf] l/6df ;jf]{Rrn] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . 50
;'>L 6fg xf]ª r' lj?4 d=k=;= ;d]t ePsf] Pp6f l/6df k|zf;sLo sf/jfxLsf] qmddf k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug' { kg]{ u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 JofVof ePsf] 5 – ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf]
5 M sfg"gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|zf;sLo sf/jfxL g} lsg gxf];\ pNn+3g u/]sf] b]lvg' x'Gg . sfg"gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmofsf] kfngf gu/L cfˆg} thljhsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df
:j]R5frf/L (Arbitrary) 7xl/G5 / o:tf] :j]R5frf/L lg0f{o sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt x'g]
ePaf6 sfg"g k|lts"n dflgg] x'G5 . s'g} JolQmsf] lj?4df s'g} sfd sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fO{ lghsf]
xs ljkl/t lg0f{odf k'Ug To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg' k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt leqsf]
ljifo ePsf] / of] Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt leq kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|zf;sLo lgsfox?af6 clwsf/df
cf3ft kg] { u/L JolQmsf xslxt ljk/Lt lg0f{o ubf{ klg ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{ / ;'g'jfO{sf]
df}sf glbO{ JolQmsf xslxt ljk/Lt lg0f{o ug{ gx'g] l;4fGt ;j{:jLsfo{ x' Fb} cfPsf] kl/k| ]Iodf
o; cbfntaf6 klg Audi Alterm Partem sf] l;4fGtnfO{ ljleGg d'2fx?df cfˆgf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/
48 hubLzk|;fb rf}xfg lj?4 Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8 k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t, g]=sf=k=
@)^( c+s ! lg=g= *&%@ k[ $&
49 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ljifout ghL/ ;+u|x– @)^^ efu–!! -/fi6«;]js sd{rf/L_, l;=g+= #! k[= @$(
50 g]=sf=k= @)^@ c+s !) lg=g+= &^)$ k[= !!($
102

agfPaf6 ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{ l;4fGt xfd|f] Gofo Joj:yfdf klg d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . 51
c?0fs'df/ ;'j]bL lj uf]/vfkq skf] {/];g ;d]t ePsf] csf]{ d'2fdf sfg"gn] avf{:tLsf] clwsf/
s'g} vf; clwsf/LnfO{ lbPsf] 5 egL ;f] clwsf/Laf6 ;dy{g u/fpg] u/L s'g} csf]{ clwsf/Ln]
avf{:tLsf] cfb]z ug'{ sfg"g ;+ut gx'g]=== s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] cfr/0fsf] cfwf/df avf{:t
ubf{, To; ;DaGwdf ;kmfO{ k]z ug] { df}sf lbOGg eg] lghsf] cfr/0f h] h:tf] eP klg To:tf]
cfb]z plrt dfGg g;lsg]=== h'g;'s} sf/0faf6 eP klg sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t sfo{ljlwnfO{ cfkm"v'zL
5f]6\ofpg jf lg/fb/ ug{ s;}nfO{ clwsf/ gx'g] egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . 52
s]jn :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf] e/df dfq ;kmfO{sf] ;a'b lbg] df}sf dgfl;j df}sf lbPsf] eGg g;lsg]
eGb} ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] nlnt /Tg zfSo lj?4 jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno;d]t ePsf] l/6df
cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5– nufOPsf] cf/f]k k|i6;Fu j:t'lgi7 k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
;dly{t x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/L ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbPdf dfq dgfl;j df}sf lbPsf] dflgG5 . dgfl;j
df}sf leq cfˆgf] k|ltsf/ ug{ ;Sg] oy]i6 ;do, cfkm"n] k|ltsf/ ug' {kg]{ ljifosf] :ki6tf, cfˆgf]
s'/f eGg jf b]vfpg ;Sg] cg's"n kl/l:ylt ;d]t kg{ cfpFb5 . 53
6«]8 o'lgogdf sfo{/t\ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf lghsf] ;xdtL ljgf x'g} g;Sg] eGg gldNg]
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] u/L 5'§} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)%) nfu" /x]sf] / lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf %# df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6«]8
o'lgog;DaGwL 5'§} Joj:yf /x]sf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf 6« ]8 o'lgog P]g
cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] . ===;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]ujf6 ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lsf] lxtsf] /Iff
ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . s]jn o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lxtsf] /Iff ug'{ / ;?jf tyf j9'jfdf clgolGqt
clwsf/ :yflkt ug'{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] l;4fGtsf] dd{ x'g g;Sg] . === 6«]8 o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/L
x'Fb}df ;?jf / j9'jf h:tf] ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs sfdsf/jfxLdf p;sf] O{R5fcg';f/ dfq x'g'kg]{ egL
df}lns xssf] JofVof ug'{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo tyf sfg"g / Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtcg'¿k
x'g g;Sg] . ===6«]8o'lgogdf sfo{/t\ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf lghsf] ;xdtL ljgf x'g} g;Sg]
eGg gldNg] . lghfdtL ;+u7g /fHo ;~rfngsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq ePsf], ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf
gLltx¿, ;/sf/sf sfo{of]hgf / sfo{ k4ltx¿, gful/sx¿nfO{ b}lgs ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{
j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿, ;/sf/sf efjL of]hgf tyf /0fgLltx¿ ;j}sf] sfof{Gjog ug] { sfd d"n ?kdf
lghfdtL ;+u7gsf] ePsf]n] of] ;+u7gnfO{ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lglZrt /
51 g]=sf=k= @)%( c+s !@ lg=g+= &!^) k[= &(&
52 P]= l;=g+= $ k[i7 #$
53 P]= l;=g+= @* k[= !^*
103

;Lldt p2]Zo ePsf] k|lti7fg ;/x / oxfF sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ To:tf k|lti7fgdf sfd
ug]{ >lds jf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf ;/x dfgL s'g} cd's 6«]8o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/L ePs}
sf/0fjf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf] dd{, efjgf / p2]Zo g} k/fhLt x'g] u/L ;?jf /
j9'jf dfly 6« ]8o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] c;Lldt / clgolGqt clwsf/ x'g'k5{ egL JofVof ug'{
Jofjxfl/s / cf}lrTok"0f{ gx'g] egL cbfntn] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . 54
%= lgisif{
k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] kl/lw / sfo{If]q leq kg]{ ljleGg ljifodf cbfntn] JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L
lbzf lgb]{z u/]s]f cj:yf plNnlvt km};nfdf cleJoQm ePsf tYox?n] :ki6 ?kdf bzf{Psf]
5 . d"ntM k|zf;sLo sfg"g ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] cleGg c+u ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs sfg"gsf]
Pp6f dxTjsf] kf6f] ePsf] sf/0f ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf JofVof / lg0f{on] o;sf] ljsf;df
l;h{gfTds of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ln] :j]R5frf/Lk"j{s tyf ab\
lgotn] sfg"gsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cbfntn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGt / d"NonfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu dfu{ lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . clwsf/ If]qsf] ;Ldf
gf3]/ ul/Psf sf/jfxL ab/ ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f
ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx?nfO{ lgb] {lzt ul/Psf] 5 . k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lgdf{0f, k|of]u
/ kl/kfngfsf ;DaGwdf cbfntn] k|i6 dfu{bz{g u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . gful/s / ;/sf/ cyf{t\
;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx?sf] ;DaGw sfg"gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ljlw, k|lqmof / cfwf/af6 lgb]{lzt
x'g'kg]{ ljifo cbfntn] k6s k6s bf]xf]¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . cbfntn] lbPsf dfu{lgb]{zgs} cfwf/df
k|zf;sLo sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf ;d]t qmdzM ;sf/fTds k|efj kb}{ uPsf] 5 eg] lg/+s'z / :j]R5frf/L
sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g e}/x]sf]
kfOG5 . oBlk Gofofno k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ sfg"gsf] ;Ldfdf /fVGf] dxTjk"0f{ dfWod
t xf] t/ k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpgsf nflu k|zf;lgs ;Eotf /
;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; o;sf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjsf] ljifo xf] .
sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] d"n dd{sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / k|hftflGqs
kl/kf6LnfO{ cfTd;ft ub} { uPsf] ;Gbe{df ;jf]{RRf cbfntn] sfo{sf/L :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0f ug{sf
nflu lg/Gt/ lqmofzLntf b]vfPsf] cj:yf plNnlvt s]xL cfb]z tyf km};nfsf] ;f/ ;+If]kaf6
b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 . x'gt cbfntsf] PSnf] k|of;n] dfq k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxLx? lgolGqt
/ Jojl:yt x'g ;Sg] xf]Ogg\ . sfg"gsf] zf;g / gful/s ;jf]{RRftfsf] cjwf/0ffk|lt ljZjf;
/fVg] k|zf;sLo ;+:s[lt o;sf] k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf /x' ]sf] x'G5 . To;f] t k|zf;sLo lgsfosf sfd
54 ljGbZ]j/k|;fb k6]n lj=jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^(, c+s ! lg=g+= *&%)
104

sf/jfxLx? cfkm}df Jojl:yt / dof{lbt x'b} hfg] xf] eg] cbfntsf] e"ldsf cfkm}df ;Lldt x'b} hfGf]
lglZrt g} x'G5 . hlt cbfnts]f e"ldsf a9\]sf] b]lvG5 k|zf;sLo lgsfosf sfd sf/jfxLx? plQ
g} sdhf]/ ePsf] egL d"Nof+sg ug{' cGoyf 7xb}{g .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• A.V. Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10 th ed.),
Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 1985.
• C.K. Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow,
2010 .
• H.W.R. Wade and C.F. Forsyth, Administrative Law (9 th ed.), Oxford University Press,
New York, 2007.
• I.P. Massey, Administrative Law (6 th ed.), Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2005.
• M.P. Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (6 th ed.), Wadhwa and Company, Nagpur,
2007.
• O. Hood Philips and Jackson, Constitutional and Administrative Law (8 th ed.), Sweet
and Maxwell, London, 2001.
• Surya Prasad Dhungel et al., Commentary on the Nepalese Constitution, DeLF,
Kathmandu, 1998.
• s]zj/fh kf08], k|zf;sLo sfg"g, /d]z l;njfn, lrtjg, @)^% .
• g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt .
• aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f lg0f{o ;+u|x, ;jf]{RRf cbfnt, efu !, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh, @)^^ .
105

kbk"lt{sf nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f M ljBdfg
Aoj:yf, ;d:of / ;dfwfg
;f/f+z
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f lj1fkg k|sfzgsf] k"j{zt{ xf] . o:t} of] kbk"lt{ rqmsf] z'? r/0f xf] . nf]s
;]jf cfof]udf k|fKt x'g] ;of}F lsl;dsf kbx?sf] sfg"gdf Aoj:yf eP cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg k|sfzgsf nflu of]Uo agfpg] sfd cfk}mdf k|fljlws t 5“b}5 To;dfly
ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] l9nf;':tL, j]jf:tf / cgfjZos bjfjsf sf/0f k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] sfd
hl6n aGb} uPsf] 5 . k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;]jf aflx/sf AolStx?nfO{ ;]jf k|j]zsf] df}sf lbg hlt
dxTjk"0f{ 5, ;]jf leqsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] nflu of] emg\ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . k|To]s kbsf]
sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofs+g, ;dfof]hg, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v'nftk{m k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L v'nftk{m kg{
cfPsf kbx?sf] v'nf / ;dfj]zL 5'6\ofpg] tyf ;dfj]zLtk{msf ;d"xx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L
Ps ;o kb;Dddf k"/f x'g] rqmsf] lx;fj ug]{ sfd lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . k|:t't n]vdf lghfdtL
kbx?df k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL sfdsf] af/]df k|i6 kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Aoj:yf
nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf dfu k|fKt ePkl5 u/Lg] klxnf] sfd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f xf] . k|To]s >]0fL
cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;]jf ;d"x cg';f/sf kbx?df cnu–cnu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f x'G5 . k|ltzt
lgwf{/0fs} cfwf/df s'g lsl;dsf] lj1fkgsf] nflu slt kb;+Vof k5{ eGg] osLg x'G5 . k|ltzt
lgwf{/0fsf] sfd k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] 5 . x]bf{ ;fdfGo h:tf] b]lvP klg o;sf] sfo{k|lqmof / kg]{ k|efj
j[xt\ 5 . cfof]un] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ xfn lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, Aoj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno
;DjGwL P]g / :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltztnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 . tL P]gx?df ljleGg
>]0fLx?sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltztnfO b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!=! lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, bkmf &-!_ cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]xfo adf]lhd kbk"lt{ x'g] Aoj:yf
5 .
* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
106
/ljnfn kGy*

kb
v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutf4f/f
sfo{Ifdtfsf]
d"Nof+sg4f/f
a9'jfåf/f
cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIff4f/f
sfo{;Dkfbg
tyf cg'ejsf]
d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] a9'jfsf]
;dfof]hg4f/f
-s_ >]0fLljxLg÷/fhkq cglÍt kfFrf}
>]0fL
100% - - -
-v_ /fhkq cglÍt rt'y{ >]0fL - - - -
-u_ /fhkq cglÍt t[tLo >]0fL - 100% - -
-3_ /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fL 60% 20% 20% -
-ª_ /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL 60% 20% - 20%
-r_ /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL 70% 10% 10% 10%
-5_ /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL 10% 60% 20% 10%
-h_ /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL 10% 60% 20% 10%
!=@= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g @)%# sf] bkmf * cg';f/ b]xfo jdf]lhd kbk"lt{ x'g] Aoj:yf 5 .
a9'jf¢f/f
tx v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg4f/f
k/LIff4f/f
-s_ rf}yf+] 100% - -
-v_ kfFrf+} 50% - 50%
-u_ 5}7f}+ - 50% 50%
-3_ ;ftf}+ 100% - -
-ª_ cf7f}+ 100% - -
-r_ gjf}+ 10% 60% 30%
-5_ P3f/f}+ 10% 60% 30%
-h_ jfx|f}+ - 100% -
!=#= Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjlGw P]g @)^$
Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjlGw P]g, @)^$sf] bkmf !& df ;]jfdf b]xfo jdf]lhd kbk"lt{ x'g]
Aoj:yf 5 .
107

kb
v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutf
4f/f
sfo{ Ifdtfsf]
d"Nof+sg4f/f
a9'jf4f/f
cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIff4f/f
sfo{;Dkfbg
tyf cg'ejsf]
d"Nof+sgaf6
x'g] a9'jfsf]
;dfof]hg4f/f
-s_ >]0fLljxLg÷/fhkq cglÍt kfFrf}
>]0fL
- - - -
-v_ /fhkq cglÍt rt'y{ >]0fL - - - -
-u_ /fhkq cglÍt t[tLo >]0fL - - - -
-3_ /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fL 60% 20% 20% -
-ª_ /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL 60% 20% - 20%
-r_ /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL 70% 10% 10% 10%
-5_ /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL 10% 60% 20% 10%
-h_ /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL 10% 60% 20% 10%
@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{;~rfng lgb] {lzsf, @)^&df /x]sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
ljleGg ;]jfsf lsl;d / ;d"xsf] nflu P]gdf 5'6\ofOPsf] k|ltzt km/s–km/s /x]sf] 5 . o;/L
km/s–km/s /x]sf] k|ltztdf s'g k|ltztn] klxnf] k|fyldstf kfpg], s'g lsl;d / ;d"xnfO{ s'g
kbqmdsf] kb ;+Vof 5'6\ofpg] eGg] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfp5 . o;nfO{ Aojl:yt / j}1flgs
agfpg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^& df ljleGg lsl;daf6 x'g] kbk"lt{sf] nflu
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q b]xfo jdf]lhd to ul/Psf] 5 .
hDdf dfu kb ;+Vof × tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt
!))
o; ;"qfg';f/ ljleGg >]0fL / kbsf] nflu b]xfosf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df P]gdf Aoj:yf eP cg';f/
x'g] u/L k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
s= ;"q k|of]u ubf{ bzdnj kl5sf] c+s h'gsf] j9L x'G5 To;}sf nflu kb 5'6\ofpg]
v= bzdnj kl5 a/fa/ c+s cfPdf sfg"gdf h'g lsl;d÷;d"xsf] k|ltzt j9L xf] To;}df
kb;+Vof sfod ug]{
u= bzdnj kl5 a/fa/ c+s cfPdf / P]gdf a/fa/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f tf]lsPsf]df qmdzM v'nf,
sfo{Ifdtf, cf=k|= / a9'jf ;dfof]hgsf] k|fyldstfqmd sfod ug]{
108

@=!
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf kbx?
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg >]0fLsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f b]xfojdf]lhd x'g]u/L nf]s
;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^& df Aojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
@=!=! /fhkqflÍt k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu
/fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
hDdf
dfu
kb
;+Vof
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f
x'g] j9'jf kbk"lt{sf] nflu
-^) Ü_
;"qsf] k|of]u
1*60 = 0 .60
100
2*60 = 1 .20
100
3*60 = 1 .80
100
4*60 = 2.40
100
5*60 = 3.00
100
6*60 = 3.60
100
7*60 = 4.20
100
8*60 = 4.80
100
9*60 = 5.40
100
10*60 = 6.00
100
kb
;+Vof
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfåf/f x'g]
kbk"lt{sf nflu -@) Ü_
;"qsf] k|of]u
1*20 = 0 .20
100
2*20 = 0 .40
100
3*20 = 0 .60
100
4*20 = 0.80
100
5*20 = 1.00
100
6*20 = 1.20
100
7*20 = 1.40
100
8*20 = 1.60
100
9*20 = 1.80
100
10*20 = 2.00
100
kb
;+Vof
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsfåf/f
x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu
-!) Ü_
;"qsf] k|of]u
1*10 = 0 .10
100
2*10 = 0 .20
100
3*10 = 0 .30
100
4*10 = 0.40
100
5*10 = 0.50
100
6*10 = 0.60
100
7*10 = 0.70
100
8*10 = 0.80
100
9*10 = 0.90
100
10*10 = 1.00
100
kb
;+Vof
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf
cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgjf6
x'g] j9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg
-!) Ü_
kb
;"qsf] k|of]u
;+Vof
1*10 = 0 .10
100
2*10 = 0 .20
100
3*10 = 0 .30
100
4*10 = 0.40
100
5*10 = 0.50
100
6*10 = 0.60
100
7*10 = 0.70
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
8*10 = 0.80
100 1
9*10 = 0.90
100
1
10*10 = 1.00
100 1
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf bz kb gk'u];Ddsf]
cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / P3f/f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 .
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
109

klxnf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
bf]>f] kbM cf=k|=
t]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
rf}yf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
kfFrf} kbM v'nf
5}7f} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
;ftf} kbM ;dfof]hg
cf7f} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
gjf} kbM cf=k|=
bzf} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
@=!=@ /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu
/fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
hDdf
dfu
kb
;+Vof
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsfåf/f x'g]
kbk"lt{sf nflu -&)
Ü_
kb
;"qsf] k|of]u
;+Vof
1*70 = 0 .70
100
2*70 = 1 .40
100
3*70 = 2 .10
100
4*70 = 2.80
100
5*70 = 3.50
100
6*70 = 4.20
100
7*70 = 4.90
100
8*70 = 5.60
100
9*70 = 6.30
100
10*70 = 7.00
100
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
7
sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f
x'g] j9'jf kbk"lt{sf]
nflu -!) Ü_
kb
;"qsf] k|of]u
;+Vof
1*10 = 0 .10
100
2*10 = 0 .20
100
3*10 = 0 .30
100
4*10 = 0.40
100
5*10 = 0.50
100
6*10 = 0.60
100
7*10 = 0.70
100
8*10 = 0.80
100
9*10 = 0.90
100
10*10 =
1.00
100
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfåf/f
x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu
-!) Ü_
kb
;"qsf] k|of]u
;+Vof
1*10 = 0 .10
100
2*10 = 0 .20
100
3*10 = 0 .30
100
4*10 = 0.40
100
5*10 = 0.50
100
6*10 = 0.60
100
7*10 = 0.70
100
8*10 = 0.80
100
9*10 = 0.90
100
1*10 = 1.00
100
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf
cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgjf6 x'g]
j9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg -!) Ü_
kb
;"qsf] k|of]u
;+Vof
1*10 = 0 .10
100
2*10 = 0 .20
100
3*10 = 0 .30
100
4*10 = 0.40
100
5*10 = 0.50
100
6*10 = 0.60
100
7*10 = 0.70
100
8*10 = 0.80
100
9*10 = 0.90
100
1*10 = 1.00
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
110

dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf !) kb gk'u]
;Ddsf] cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug] { / P3f/f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ug{] k|fjwfg 5 .
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] kbM v'nf
bf]>f] kbM v'nf
t]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
rf}yf] kbM v'nf
kfFrf} kbM v'nf
5}7f} kbM cf=k|=
;ftf} kbM v'nf
cf7f} kbM ;dfof]hg
gjf} kbM v'nf
bzf} kbM v'nf
@=!=# /fhkqcglÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu
/fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
hDdf dfu
kb ;+Vof
1
2
3
4
5
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsfåf/f x'g]
kbk"lt{sf nflu -^) Ü_
sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f x'g]
j9''jf kbk"lt{sf] nflu -@) Ü_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgjf6 x'g]
j9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg -@) Ü_
;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof
1 X 60 = 0 .60
100
2 X 60 = 1 .20
100
3 X 60 = 1 .80
100
4 X 60 = 2.40
100
5 X 60 = 3.00
100
1
1
2
2
3
1 X 20 = 0 .20
100
2 X 20 = 0 .40
100
3 X 20 = 0 .60
100
4 X 20 = 0.80
100
5 X 20 = 1.00
100
-
1
1
1
1
1 X 20 = 0 .20
100
2 X 20 = 0 .40
100
3 X 20 = 0 .60
100
4 X 20 = 0.80
100
5 X 20 = 1.00
100
-
-
-
1
1
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf % kb gk'u] ;Ddsf]
cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / 5|}7f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 .
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
111

klxnf] kbM v'nf
bf]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
t]>f] kbM v'nf
rf}yf] kbM ;dfof]hg
kfFrf} kbM v'nf
@=!=$ /fhkqcglÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu
/fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
1
2
3
4
5
hDdf dfu
kb ;+Vof
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsfåf/f x'g]
kbk"lt{sf nflu -^) Ü_
sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] j9'jf
kbk"lt{sf] nflu -@) Ü_
cfGtl/s k|of]lutfTds
k/LIffåf/f -@) Ü_
;"qsf] k|of]u kb ;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb ;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb ;+Vof
1 x 60 = 0 .60
100
2 x 60 = 1 .20
100
3 x 60 = 1 .80
100
4 x 60 = 2.40
100
5 x 60 = 3.00
100
1
1
2
2
3
1 x 20 = 0 .20
100
2 x 20 = 0 .40
100
3 x 20 = 0 .60
100
4 x 20 = 0.80
100
5 x 20 = 1.00
100
-
1
1
1
1
1 x 20 = 0 .20
100
2 x 20 = 0 .40
100
3 x 20 = 0 .60
100
4 x 20 = 0.80
100
5 x 20 = 1.00
100
-
-
-
1
1
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf % kb gk'u] ;Ddsf]
cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / 5}7f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ug]{ .
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] kbM v'nf
bf]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
t]>f] kbM v'nf
rf}yf] kbM cf=k|=
kfFrf} kbM v'nf
@=@ g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{tsf kbx?
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg txsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf nflu b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]
u/L cfof]usf] sfo{;~rfng lgb] {lzsfdf Aojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
112

@=@=! P3f/f} / gjf} tx
clws[t P3f/f} + / gjf}+ txsf kbdf kb ;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
hDdf dfu sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f
kb ;+Vof j9'jf kbk"lt{sf nflu -^)%_ x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu -#)%_ x'g] kbk"lt{sf nflu -!)%_
;"qsf] k|of]u kb ;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb ;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb ;+Vof
! ! x ^) = )=^) ! ! x #) = )=#) – ! x !) = )=!) –
!))
!))
!))
@ @ x ^) = !=@) ! @ x #) = )=^) ! ! x !) = )=@) –
!))
!))
!))
# # x ^) = !=*) @ # x #) = )=() ! ! x !) = )=#) –
!))
!))
!))
$ $ x ^) = @=$) # $ x #) = !=@) ! ! x !) = )=$) –
!))
!))
!))
% % x ^) = #=)) # % x #) = !=%) @ ! x !) = )=%) –
!))
!))
!))
^ ^ x ^) = #=^) $ ^ x #) = !=*) @ ! x !) = )=^) –
!))
!))
!))
& & x ^) = $=@) $ & x #) = @=!) @ ! x !) = )=&) !
!))
!))
!))
* * x ^) = $=*) % * x #) = @=$) @ ! x !) = )=*) !
!))
!))
!))
( (x ^) = %=$) % (x #) = @=&) # ! x !) = )=() !
!))
!))
!))
!) !) x ^) = ^=))
!))
^ !) x #) = #=))
!))
# ! x !) = !=))
!))
!
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf bz kb gk'u];Ddsf]
cjlwsf] dfux?nfO{ hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / P3f/f}+ b]lv k'gM gofF u0fgf ul/g] Aoj:yf 5 .
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kbqmdnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
bf]>f] kbM cf=k|=
t]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
rf}yf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
113

@=@=@
@=@=#
kfFrf} kbM cf=k|=
5}7f} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
;ftf} kbM v'nf
cf7f} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
gjf} kbM cf=k|=
bzf} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
clws[t 5}7f} txsf] kbdf klxnf] dfu kb sfo{Ifdtf / bf]>f] kb cf=k|= tk{m k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ug]{ . t]>f] dfu b]lv k'gM gofF u0fgf u/Lg] .
;xfos kfFrf} txsf] kbdf klxnf] dfu kb cf=k|= tk{m / bf]>f] dfu kb v'nf tk{m k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ug]{ . t]>f] dfu b]lv k'gM gofF u0fgf u/Lg] .
@=@=$ P]gdf ztk|ltzt kb s'g} Ps k|lqmof2f/f k"lt{ ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf clws[t afx|f}, cf7f} /
;ftf} tyf ;xfos :t/sf kbx?sf] dfu k|fKt x'g cfPdf ;Dk"0f{ kbx? tt\ k|lqmofåf/f
k"lt{ ug] { u/L lgwf{/0f u/Lg] .
@=#
Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjGwL P]g cGtu{tsf kbx? M
Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno ;DjGwL P]gdf tf]lsP cg';f/ ljleGg >]0fL–txsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
b]xfo jdf]lhd ul/Psf] 5 .
@=#=! /fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf nflu
/fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf kbdf kb;+Vof -k|ltzt_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;"q / ;f] cg';f/ k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfod x'g cfpg] kb;+Vof b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] Aoj:yf 5 M
hDdf
dfu
kb ;+Vof
sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] j9'jf kbk"lt{sf] cf=k|= /÷cGt/;]jf kbk"lt{sf] nflu -@) Ü_
nflu -*) Ü_
;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof
1 1 X 80 = 0 .80
100
2 2 X 80 = 1 .60
100
3 3 X 80 = 2 .40
100
4 4 X 80 = 3.20
100
1 1 X 20 = 0 .20
100
2 2 X 20 = 0 .40
100
2 3 X 20 = 0 .60
100
3 4 X 20 = 0.80
100
-
-
1
1
114

5 5 X 80 = 4.00
100
4 5 X 20 = 1.00
100
1
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf % kb gk'u] ;Ddsf]
cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug]{ / 5}7f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ul/g] Aoj:yf 5 .
pk/f]SQ cg';f/sf] kb qmdnfO b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
bf]>f] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
t]>f] kbM cf=k|=÷cGt/;]jf
rf}yf] kbM sfo{Ifdtf
kfFrf} kbM sfo{Ifdtf
@=#=@ /fhkqflst t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflst t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f cg';f/ x'g] .
@=#=# /fhkq cg+lst kbsf] nflu
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
cg';f/ x'g] .
#= v'nf / ;dfj]zL tkm{sf] nflu
v'nf / ;dfj]zL tkm{sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] nflu b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] ;"q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf]
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
kl5 sfod ePsf]
kb ;+Vof
1 1*55 = 0 .55
100
2 2*55 = 1 .10
100
3 3*55 = 1 .65
100
4 4*55 = 2.20
100
%% k|ltzt v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f
kbk"lt{sf nflu
$% k|ltzt tf]lsPsf] ;d"xx?sf
jLr v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f
kbk"lt{sf nflu
;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof ;"qsf] k|of]u kb;+Vof
1 1*45 = 0 .45
100
1 2*45 = 0.90
100
2 3*45 = 1 .35
100
2 4*45 = 1.80
100
1
1
2
115

5 5*55 = 2.75
100
6 6*55 = 3.30
100
7 7*55 = 3.85
100
8 8*55 = 4.40
100
9 9*55 = 4.95
100
10 10*55 = 5.50
100
11 11*55 = 6 .05
100
12 12*55 = 6 .60
100
13 13*55 = 7 .15
100
14 14*55 = 7.70
100
15 15*55 = 8.25
100
16 16*55 = 8.80
100
17 17*55 = 9..35
100
18 18*55 = 9.90
100
19 19*55 = 10.45
100
20 20*55 = 11.00
100
3 5*45 = 2.25
100
3 6*45 = 2.70
100
4 7*45 = 3.15
100
4 8*45 = 3.60
100
5 9*45 = 4.05
100
6 10*45 = 4.50
100
6 11*45= 4.95
100
7 12*45 = 5.40
100
7 13*45 = 5.85
100
8 14*45 = 6.30
100
8 15*45 = 6.75
100
9 16*45 = 7.20
100
9 17*45 = 7.65
100
10 18*45 = 8.10
100
10 19*45 = 8.55
100
11 20*45 = 9
100
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfu k6s k6s u/L k|fKt ePdf @) -aL;_ kb
gk'u];Ddsf] cjlwsf dfux? hf]8L u0fgf ug] { / PSsfO{;f}+ b]lvsf] kbnfO{ k'gM gofF u0fgf ul/g]
k|fjwfg 5 .
116

$= ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ljleGg ;d"xsf] nflu
;dfj]zL cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ^ j6f ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] nflu b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] x'g] u/L k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f Aojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
v'Nnf kb
dWo]
$%Ü jf6
x'g cfpg]
kbx?
dlxnf cflbjf;L÷hghftL dw];L blnt ckfË lk58LPsf] If]q
##Ü n]
@@Ü n] (Ü n] %Ü n] $Ü n]
x'g
cfpg]
ef/ c+s
kb
;+Vof
@&Ü n] x'g
cfpg]
ef/ c+s
kb
;+Vof
x'g
cfpg]
ef/ c+s
kb
;+Vof
x'g
cfpg]
ef/ c+s
kb
;+Vof
x'g
cfpg]
ef/ c+s
kb
;+Vof
x'g
cfpg]
ef/ c+s
kb
;+Vof
0.33 0.27 0.22 0.09 0.05 0.04
1 0.33 1 0.27 0.22 0.09 0.05 0.04
2 0.66 1 0.54 1 0.44 0.18 0.10 0.08
3 0.99 1 0.81 1 0.66 1 0.27 0.15 0.12
4 1.32 1 1.08 1 0.88 1 0.36 1 0.20 0.16
5 1.65 2 1.35 1 1.10 1 0.45 1 0.25 0.20
6 1.98 2 1.62 2 1.32 1 0.54 1 0.30 0.24
7 2.31 2 1.89 2 1.54 2 0.63 1 0.35 0.28
8 2.64 3 2.16 2 1.76 2 0.72 1 0.40 0.32
9 2.97 3 2.43 2 1.98 2 0.81 1 0.45 1 0.36
10 3.30 3 2.70 3 2.20 2 0.90 1 0.50 1 0.40
11 3.63 4 2.97 3 2.42 2 0.99 1 0.55 1 0.44
12 3.96 4 3.24 3 2.64 3 1.08 1 0.60 1 0.48
13 4.29 4 3.51 3 2.86 3 1.17 1 0.65 1 0.52 1
plNnlvt Aoj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;dfj]zLtk{m 5'§ofOPsf kbx?af6 ljleGg ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] sDtLdf
Ps kb k|fKt x'g] kbqmd ;+Vof b]xfojdf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
dlxnfM
klxnf]
cflbjf;L÷hghftLM bf]>f]
dw]zLM
t]>f]
blntM
rf}yf]
ckfËM gjf}F
lk5l8Psf] If]qM t]x|f}
s]xL ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] kb ;+Vof k|fKt x'g] kbqmd
lk5l8Psf] If]q M !#, #&, ^$, *^
ckfË M (, #!, $(, &), (@
blnt M $, !(, @&, $!, %@, ^), &$, *@, (&
117

%= ljleGg ;]jf, >]0fL / txdf k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] Ps rqm k"/fx'g] kb;+Vof
kbk"lt{ rqm k"/f x'g] kb;+Vof sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltztdf e/ kg]{ x'gfn] ;j} ;]jf, >]0fL / txsf]
nflu kbrqm k"/f x'g] kb;+Vof klg km/s–km/s /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
qm=;+= ;]jf >]0fL÷tx÷;d"x
Ps rqm k"/f x'g]
kb;+Vof
! lghfdtL /fhkqf+lst 10
@ lghfdtL /fhkq cg+lst 5
# lghfdtL v'nf / ;dfj]zL 20
$ lghfdtL ;dfj]zL ;d"xx? 100
% :jf:Yo gjf} / P3f/f} 10
^ :jf:Yo 5}7f} 2
& :jf:Yo kfFrf} 2
* Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;j} >]0fL 5
( Aoj:yflksf–;+;b v'nf / ;dfj]zL 20
!) Aoj:yflksf–;+;b ;dfj]zL ;d"xx? 100
^= k'gM kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug' { kg]{ cj:yf
Psk6s kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg k|sfzg eO;s]kl5 b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf To:tf]
kbsf] ;d]t k'gM kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ul/G5 -lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf (_ M
s= b/vf:t g} gk/]sf],
v= k/LIffdf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ pkl:yt gePsf],
u= lnlvt k/LIffdf s'g} pDd]bjf/ pQL0f{ x'g g;s]sf],
3= cfjZos ;+Vofdf pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z gePsf],
ª= kbk"lt{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] t/ ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/n] lgo'lQm glnPsf] / ;f] kbdf
l;kmfl/z ug{ j}slNks pDd]bjf/ klg gePsf],
r= cbfntsf] cfb]z jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] lj1fkg /2 jf vf/]h ePsf]
118

{
&= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf ePsf cGo k|fjwfg tyf cfof]usf lg0f{ox?M
!_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|fKt kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ kbf]Gglt If]q (Promotion
Zone) nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;f] If]qleq kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ kbx?sf] Psd'i6 k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
@_ /fhkqf+lst kbsf] xsdf cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{non], /fhkq cg+lst kbx?sf] xsdf
cfof]usf] ;DjlGwt If]qLo lgb]{zgfno÷c~rn sfof{non] / clwsf/ k|Tof]hg ePsf
kbx?sf] xsdf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/Ln] dfu ePsf kbx?sf] 5'§f 5'§} clen]v -/]s8{_ /fVg]
/ k|rlnt P]gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt cg';f/ 5'§f 5'§} kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
#_ s'g} sfof{non] kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu ubf{ ljutdf cfˆgf] sfof{nodf l/Qm ePsf kbsf
;DjGwdf cl3 ePsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL Joxf]/f clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ .
$_ /fhkq cg+lst kbsf] xsdf s'g sfof{nosf] l/Qm kbdf v'nfåf/f / s'g sfof{nosf] kbdf
j9'jfåf/f l;kmfl/z x'g] eGg] s'/f k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ g} pNn]v ug]{ . o;/L lgwf{/0f
ubf{ cfof]usf] ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf] dfu btf{ lstfjdf dfu ePsf kbx?sf] k|fKt ePsf]
ldltsf] cfwf/df h]i7tf sfod u/L h'g kb h'g qmd;+Vofdf btf{ x'G5, To;nfO{ Tolt g}
kb;+Vof dfu ePsf] 7fgL dfly pNn]v ePsf] ;"q cg';f/ v'nf / j9'jfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] u/L
5'6\ofpg] .
%_ dfu btf{ lstfjdf kb btf{ ubf{ sfof{nosf] d"n btf{ lstfjdf btf{ ePsf] ldltsf]
Ho]i7tfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] .
^_ cfof]usf] If]qLo lgb] {zgfno / c~rn sfof{nox?df dfu btf{ ubf{ s'g} sfof{nojf6 Ps
k6sdf PseGbf j9L kbsf] dfu ePdf k|To]s kbnfO{ 5'§f 5'§} qmd;+Vof lbO{ btf{ ug]{ .
&_ ztk|ltzt kb Pp6} k|lqmofjf6 -;j} v'nfåf/f jf ;j} j9'jfåf/f_ k"lt{ ul/g] kbsf] xsdf
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul//xg' gkg]{, t/ clen]v eg] /fVg' kg]{ .
*_ a9'jf tkm{ tNnf] kb g} gx'g] jf ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ g} gx'g] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;j} kbx?df
sfg"g jdf]lhd g} k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldlt ;Dd klg b/vf:t
gk/]df a9'jf tkm{sf kbx? ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df g} v'nf tkm{ ;dfj]z u/L kbk"lt{ ug]
Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .
(_ ;dfj]zL ;d"x tkm{ bf]>f] k6s lj1fkg x' Fbf ;d]t ;f] ;d"xaf6 s'g} klg pDd]bjf/
5gf}6 x'g g;s] pSt kb v'nf tkm{ n}hfg} kg]{df ;f] jif{ pSt kbsf] lj1fkg g} gePsf]
cj:yfdf pSt kb To;kl5 nuQ} x'g] lj1fkgdf ;f]em} v'nftkm{ ;dfj]z ug]{ .
119

!)_ kb;+Vof lgwf{/0f ePsf] Ps jif{ ;Dd klg a9'jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g} sf/jfxL cf/De
gul/Psf] xsdf k'gM kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
*= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
!_ clGtd 38Ldf dfq dfu kb ;+Vof k|fKt x'g] .
@_ Pp6} kbsf] nflu k6s–k6s u/L dfu k|fKt x'g] .
#_ lj1fkg cl3 yf]/} dfu x'g] t/ !$ lbg leq z'? dfu kb ;+Vof eGbf sof} u'0ffj9L kb
k|fKt x'g] .
$_ ;dfj]zL tk{m ljut jif{x?df lj1fkg eO{ 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf kbx?sf] clen]v /fVg] sfd
emGeml6nf] x'b} uPsf] .
%_ dfu ug] { lgsfox?n] l/St kb dfu u/]sf] cfwf/df k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul/g] t/ sltko
cj:yfdf k|ltzt lgwf{/0f eO;s] kl5 dfu /2 ug{ k7fpg] x'gfn] k'g k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
u/L/xg' k/]sf] .
^_ sltko kbx?df tNnf] kb / ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ gx'g] t/ sfg"gdf Aoj:yf ePsf]n]
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug'{ k/]sf] .
&_ /fhkqf+lst kbdf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnon] l/St kbsf] dfu u/]sf] jf]wfy{ kq
cfof]udf k|fKt x'g] t/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfno / ;+;b ;lrjfnoaf6
lgwf{l/t ;dodf dfu k|fKt gx'g] .
*_ /fhkqf+lst kbdf k|fKt x'g] dfu cfs[lt kmf/ddf cflwsfl/s kbflwsf/Lsf] b/v:t
gx'g] .
(_ dfu ug] { ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbgfd gldnfO{ dfu eO{ cfpg] . pbfx/0f Ol~h ;]jf,
:ofgL6/L ;d"x .
!)_ cfk"mnfO{ cg's'n x'g] u/L k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul/lbg obfsbf bjfj ;d]t cfpg] u/]sf] .
!!_ kbf]Gglt If]q (Promotion Zone) sf] kl/efiffdf Ps?ktf gxF'bf k|ltzt lgwf{/0fdf ;d:of
pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] .
120

!@_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ldltdf Ps?ktf gePsf] .
!#_ /fhkq cg+lsttk{m k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ g} sfof{no tf]Sg' kg] { ljifodf Ps?ktf gePsf] .
(= ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
!_ tNnf] kb gx'g] kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ j9'jf tk{m kb 5'6\ofpg gkg]{ sfg"gL
Aoj:yf x'g kg]{,
@_ rf}w lbg leq kbyk ug]{ k|fjwfg x6fpg' kg]{,
#_ ;dfj]zL tk{m klxnf] jif{ 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf kbx? ;f]xL jif{ g} v'nf tk{m n}hfg] sfg"gL
Aoj:yf x'g'kg]{ olb ;f] jif{ v'nf tk{m lj1fkg g} gePsf] /x]5 eg] nuQ} x'g] lj1fkgdf
v'nf -%%Ü_ dfu ug]{
$_ l/St kbsf] dfu ug]{ lgsfox?n] lj1fkg k|sfzg ug] { ldlt eGbf slDtdf Ps dlxgf
cufj} dfu cfs[lt kmf/d k7fpg' kg]{,
%_ cfof]usf sfof{nox?af6 la1fkg k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fpg] lj1fkg slDtdf Ps xKtf
cufl8 s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k7fpg],
^_ dfu ug]{ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kbgfd gldn]df ;f] kbsf]
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f gug]{,
&_ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjlGw ;ˆ6j]o/ lgdf{0f ug]{
*_ /fhkq cg+lst kbx?sf] a9'jf tk{msf kbx?sf] lj1fkg ;d]t cfof]un] ug]{ .
(_ lj1fkg k|sfzg ug{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ldlt eGbf Ps dlxgf cufl8 b]lv dfq k|ltzt
lgwf{/0fsf] sfd z'? ug]{ .
!)_ /fhkq cg+lstsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{sf jvtd} s'g sfof{nosf] kb s'g t/Lsf /
;d"xaf6 k"lt{ x'g] xf] ;f] ;d]t tf]Sg] .
121

!)= lgisif{
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f x]bf{ hlt ;xh b]lvG5 Aojxf/df lgs} sl7g laifo 5 . dfu kb;+Vof yf]/} x'g] t/
o;sf ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx?n] ljleGg lsl;d / ;d"xsf] tkm{jf6 la1fkg eO{lbP x'GYof] eGg] ck]Iff
/fVg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . dfu ug]{ lgsfox?n] ;a} l/St kbx?sf] laj/0f gk7fpg] ubf{ sfof{non]
sd{rf/L gkfpg] ,sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ lasf;df lanDa x'g] / a]/f]huf/x?n] ;]jf k|j]zsf] cj;/
gkfpg] l:ylt ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] sfdnfO{ ;xh,k|efjsf/L, / kf/bzL{ bgfpg
dfly k|:t't ul/Psf ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjogdf h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%)
• :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# / lgodfjnL, @)%%
• Aoj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ / lgodfjnL, @)^&
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^&
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg cfly{s jif{sf k|ltj]bgx?
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt ePsf ljleGg cÍsf a'n]l6gx?
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ljleGg ldltdf k|sflzt glthf;DjGwL ;"rgfx?
122

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] ljBdfg
cj:yfM ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
;f/f+z
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;]jf ljt/0fdf lje]b gug]{, zf]if0f/lxt ;dfh jgfpg], lzIff,
:jf:Yo, cfjf; / /f]huf/Lh:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?sf] ;+rfng u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/
psf:g] kl/sNkgf cg';f/ /fHosf] bfloTjnfO k'/f ug{ ljleGg P]g, lgod tyf lgb]{lzsfx? tyf
;+/rgfut Joj:yfu/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; u/LPtfklg ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ck|ofKttf,
;]jf k|jfxdf k|lt:kwf{sf] sld, kf/blz{tfsf] cefj, ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xeflutf tyf :jfldTjsf] cefj
Pj+ k|efjsf/L cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] cefjn] ;]jf k|jfx l56f] 5l/tf], :t/Lo / u'0f:t/o'Qm x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf nflu ;]jfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{, PsLs[t ;]jfx? ;h{ldgd} ;]jf lbg ;8s
k|zf;g (Street Administration) ;+rfng ug]{, cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Aoj:yf u/L hgu'gf;f]
;'g'jfO{ tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf ;]jfu|xLnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]; ug]{
Pj+ gful/s j8fkqdf Ifltk"lt{sf] ;d]t Aoj:yf u/L ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L (Public Private
Partnership)sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf sfof{lGjt ug{ ;s]df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf]
k|jfxnfO{ :t/Lo Pj+ pknlAwd"ns agfpg ;lsG5 .
! ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
hgtfnfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6 pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx? g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf xf] . hg;/f]sf/sf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{x? tyf pknAw ul/g] ;]jf Pj+ j:t'x?nfO{
;fj{hlgs ;]jf (Public Services) elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfo{/t JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] 1fg,
;Lk, Ifdtf / ;donfO{ k|of]u u/]/ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
hgtfsf] cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{sf nflu /fHosf tkm{af6 k|jfx ul/g] o:tf ;]jfx? g} ;fj{hlgs
;]jf x'g\ . a]nfot / cd]l/sf h:tf ljsl;t /fi6«x?df eg] o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{df
lghL If]qsf] a9L ;+nUgtf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf lghL If]qsf]
;+nUgtf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
Public Service /fHo jf ;/sf/n] gful/s jf u|fxsx?sf nflu pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf jf ;'ljwfx? x'g\ .
/fHosf] pTklQ klg cfkm\gf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] k|of]hgs} nflu ePsf] b]lvG5 ./fHon];a};]jf
* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
gj/fh ;fksf]6f*
123

cfkm}n] pknAw u/fpg g;Sg] ePsf]n] c?åf/f pknAw x'g]Joj:yf;d]tldnfPsf] x'G5 .;/sf/åf/fo;/L
pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cGtu{t d'VotofM lgDg ;]jfx?
kb{5g\ M–
• lzIff
• :jf:Yo
• vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
• ;fj{hlgs oftfot
• zflGt;'/Iff
• ljB't\ cfk"lt{
• gu/ ljsf; OToflb
!=! ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] rl/q
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] lsl;d / k|s[lt cg';f/ o;sf] rl/qnfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 M-
• Intangibility : ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? w]/} Obstract / Intangible x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] dfkg ug{
sl7g x'G5 .
• Heterogenity : ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? ljljw lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
• Inseparability : ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?nfO{ 5'6\ofpg sl7g x'G5 / hg;xeflutfdf pTkfbg
/ pkef]u ul/G5 .
• Perishability : ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
Service Deliver sf] qmddf Citizen nfO{ Customer sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . h;/L u|fxsnfO{
ljqm]tfn] Jojxf/ b]vfp5, To:t} Jojxf/ ;]jf lng] ;Gb{edf klg cfd hgtfn] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\ .
hgtfnfO{ ;dod} u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf ljt/0f ug{ ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf x'g
h?/L 5 M–
• ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ k|0ffnL 5l/tf] x'g'kb{5,
• ;]jf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k|fKt x'g'kb{5,
• ;]jf u'0ffTds x'g'kb{5,
• hgtfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf] x'g'kb{5,
124

• 5gf]6sf] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt x'g'kb{5
• hg;xeflutf k|fKt ePsf] x'g'kb{5,
• ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
!=@ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] l:ylt
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf]
clwsf/ :yflkt ug] { gLlt lng] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePaf6 cfwf/e"t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] pknAwtfdf
/fHosf] bfloTjnfO{ :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgåf/f tf]lsPsf]
/fHosf] bfloTjnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] ljleGg P]g, lgod tyf lgb]{lzsfx? / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw P]g, k|zf;sLo sfo{
km5\of}{6 lgodfjnL, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL, cfly{s sfo{ljwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL,
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL, sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, ;]jf ljz]if P]g tyf lgofdfjnLx?,
ljifout sfo{lgb]{lzsfx? cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ . o;}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxnfO{
;xh t'Nofpg ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] lgb]{lzsf;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfx ;DaGwdf pNn]lvt sfg'gL tyf k|zf;sLo Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{lGjt ug{
;/sf/n] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?sf] ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?sf] ;~hfnnfO{
s]Gb|Lo:t/b]lv If]qLo, lhNnf tyf ufpF:t/;Dd lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfx? k|jfx ug{sf lgldt ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf pNn]Vo ?kdf
lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ ;x/L If]qdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, b"/;~rf/, a}+lsu ;]jf h:tf ;]jfx?
k|bfg ug{df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf pT;fxa4{s /x]sf] 5 . t/ lghL If]qsf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?n]
lng] u/]sf] rsf] { b:t'/ tyf ;]jf z'Nsn] ubf{ Go"g cfly{s l:ylt ePsf ;j{;fwf/0fn] lghL If]qsf]
;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ . lghL If]qsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?sf] ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr a9fpg ;/sf/n] lgodgsf/L e"ldsf (Regulatory Role) lgjf{x ug{
;s]sf] 5}g . csf]{tkm{ ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] k|bfg u/L cfPsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf]
ckof{Kttf, u'0f:t/sf] Go"gtf / clgoldttf h:tf sf/0fx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf
ck]lIft k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n x'gklg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfxsf] ljBdfg
l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? ;DaGwL :ki6 /0fgLltx? cFufNg'kg]{ cfjZostf
/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;]jf ljt/0fdf lje]b gug]{, zf]if0f/lxt ;dfh jgfpg], lzIff, :jf:Yo
, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e't ;]jfx?sf] ;+rfng u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g]
125

kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ePtf klg ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] l:ylt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M-
• ;]jfx? hgtfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf 5}gg\,
• ;]jfx? nlIft ju{;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\,
• ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf ;Gtf]ifk|b 5}g,
• ;]jfx? cToGt} ;Lldt hgtfsf]df dfq k'u]sf 5g\,
• ;]jfx? k'¥ofpg] qmddf ;fwgx?sf] s'zn pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
!=# ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?M
;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/x? eg]sf kl/df0f (Quantity), u'0f:t/ (Quality), ;do
(Time) / nfut (Cost) x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf eg] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ;dtf (Equity) nfO{
klg lng] ul/G5 . lghL If]qn] cfkm\gf] ;]jf ljlqm ug{ k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ / d'gfkmf g} cl:tTjsf]
klxnf] zt{ x'G5 eg] ;/sf/L If]qn] lk5l8Psf] ju{, If]q;Dd ;dfg ?kdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 . o;y{ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf hgk|ltlqmof tyf hgtfsf] cg'e"ltdf vf]Hg' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L eof] ePg eGg] s'/f u|fxs ;j] {If0f (Customer survey),gofF k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u (Adoption of new technology), sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f (Procedural simplification) tyf
u|fxsf]Gd'v ;f]r (Customer orientation) af6 hfFr ug{ ;lsG5 .
;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ cfpg g;Sg'sf sf/0fx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5gM-
• ;/sf/L ;]jfx? cb[Zo -Intangible) 5g\ . ltgnfO{ kl/df0fdf b]vfpg sl7g 5 .
• Joj:yfks / cGo sd{rf/Lx?df Joj;flos u'0fsf] sdL 5 .
• k|lqmofd'vL / lgoGq0fd"ns 5 . ;]jf k|jfx lgodfjnLsf] /f]u (Manualities) af6 u|:t 5 .
• k|foM ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/sf/sf] Psflwsf/ 5 . u|fxsx?nfO{ rog jf ljsNkx?
-Alternate Choice) 5b} 5}gg\ jf clt sd 5g\ .
• ;/sf/L ;+u7g dfgjLo sfo{hfnf] jf ;d"xut sfo{df cfwfl/t geO{ kb;f]kg qmddf
cfwfl/t 5g\ . kb;f]kfg klg r]K6f] geO{ 7f8f] 5 cyf{t\ txx? a9L 5g\ .
126

• pQ/bfloTjsf] k/LIf0f lgoldttf / k|lqmofdf ul/G5, kl/0ffd (Outcome) nfO{ sd Wofg
lbOG5 .
• ;+u7gsf] p2]Zodf a9L Wofg lbOG5 . u|fxsnfO{ pk]Iff ul/G5 .
• gjk|jt{g / kl/jt{g (Innovation and change) nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbOGg .
• sd{rf/LtGqdf cGt/d'vL k|j[lQ xfjL 5 .
• ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL aLrsf] ;DaGw :ki6 kl/eflift 5}g .
• ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu hgtfdf ;"rgfsf] ckof{Kttf / kx'Frdf sl7gfO{ 5 .
• sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{z}nL / ;+:sf/ u|fxsd'vL 5}g .
• u|fxsx? cfkm\gf] clwsf/k|lt ;r]t 5}gg\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lgufxf xf]Og j}wflgs clwsf/
xf] eGg] r]tgfsf] cefj 5 .
• ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ l;w} ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] s'/fn] cem} dfGotf
kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . pQ/bfloTj /]vf pWj{d"vL x'G5 eGg] dfGotfn] cem} h/f uf8]sf] 5 .
• pQ/bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ cu|k+lQm (Frontline) df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ldf k|Tofof]hg
gu/L s]lGbt ul/g] k|j[lQ 5 .
• sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;f]rfO{ / dgf]j[lQ ;j{;fwf/0f u|fxs eGbf dflyNnf] ju{sf] x'F eGg] 5 .
• k|zf;sLo k4tL k/Dk/fjfbL 5 . Joj:yfkgsf /fd|f k|of]u / lghL If]qsf pTs[i7 sfo{z}nL
(Business Excellence) sf] k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
@= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] juL{s/0f
/fHosf tkm{af6 hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5
M–
@=! cfef/e"t cfjZostf;DaGwL ;]jfx?
hgtfnfO{ hLjgofkgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? h:t}– vfBfGg, lkpg] kfgL,
cfjf;, nQfsk8f / ;'/Iff cflb x'g\ . o:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;/sf/sf]
127

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? dWo] vfBfGg, lkpg] kfgL /
;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df sltko d'n'sx?df ;/sf/åf/f cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w u/]sf] kfOG5 .
t/ cfjf; tyf nQfsk8fsf] xsdf lghL If]qdf g} lge{/ ug'{kg]{ l:ylt ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .
@=@ ;fdflhs ;]jfx?
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] zf/Ll/s tyf af}l4s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg] { :jf:Yo tyf lzIff;DaGwL
;]jfx? ;fdflhs ;]jf cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o:tf ;]jfx?nfO{ 'u'0ffTds ;]jfx?' jf 'Ifdtf j[l4;DaGwL
;]jfx? ' klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . 'lzIffdf ;a} gful/ssf] kx'Fr' / ':jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a} gful/ssf]
;xh kx' Fr' h:tf bL3{sflng ;f]r /fv]/ ;/sf/n] cfjZos gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cl3
a9fPsf] kfOG5 . t/ oL nIox? xfl;n ug{df ;/sf/sf] k|of;n] dfq ;Dej b]lvb}g . xfn cfP/
lzIff tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf Jofks lj:tf/ ePaf6 hgtfnfO{ tL ;]jfx? k|fKt
ug{df ;xh ePsf] 5 . t/ lghL If]qn] lzIff tyf :jf:Yo If]qnfO{ k"0f{?kn] Jofj;flosLs/0f u/]sf]
;Gbe{df ;LdfGt ju{n] o:tf ;]jfx? pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf eg] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
@=# sNof0fsf/L ;]jfx?
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff w]/} h;f] /fi6«x?sf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf xf] . sNof0fsf/L ;]jfx?
cGtu{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{x? kb{5g\ . h:t}–ckfË, afnaflnsf, ljwjf, Ho]i7 gful/ssf]
xslxt ;+/If0f / pgLx?sf] hLjgofkgsf nflu ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pknAw u/fOg'kg]{ cfly{s tyf
ef}lts ;'ljwfx? sNof0fsf/L ;]jf cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
@=$ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL ;]jfx?
k"jf{wf/ ;]jfx? cGtu{t ;8s, k'n, ljdfg:yn, l;FrfO cflb kb{5g\ . o:tf ;]jfx?nfO{ cfly{s
;]jfx? klg elgG5, h;sf] k|of]uaf6 dflg;x?n] cfjft–hfjt ug] {, ;fdfgx?sf] 9'jfgL ug]{ /
pGgt lsl;dn] v]tLkflt ug]{ sfo{x? ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . k"jf{wf/ ;]jfx?sf] plrt Joj:yf x'g ;s]df
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df k|ToIf ;3fp k'Ub5 .
@=% hgpkof]uL ;]jfx?
hgtfnfO{ b}lgs ?kdf cfjZos kg]{ ;]jfx? h:t}– 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, x'nfs ;]jf, cGo ;~rf/ ;]jfx?,
ljB't\ ;]jf, vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf cflb hgpkof]uL ;]jfx? (Public Utilities)
cGtu{t kb{5g\ . oL ;]jfx? dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf] nflu cTofjZos dflgG5 .
@=^ k|j4{gfTds ;]jfx?
128

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ;]jfx?nfO{ k|j4{gfTds
;]jfx? elgG5 . h:t}– cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf nflu pknAw u/fOg] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotx?, ko6{g
ljsf;sf nflu pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfx?, /f]huf/ k|j4{gsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwfx?, pBf]u
Aoj;fo lj:tf/sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotx? cflb k|j4{gfTds ;]jfx? cGtu{t
kb{5g\ .
@=& dgf]/~hgfTds ;]jfx?
dflg;x?nfO{ dgf]/~hgsf nflu pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfx? h:t}– rnlrq k|bz{g, gf6s d~rg,
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd, kfs{, qmL8f :yn cflb dgf]/~hgfTds ;]jfx? cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o:tf ;]jfx?n]
dflg;x?nfO{ cfgGb k|bfg u/L dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug{ ;3fp k'/\ofp+b5 .
#= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;DjGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut Aoj:yf
#=! sfg'gL Joa:yfM ;+ljwfg4f/f tf]lsPadf]lhd /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu ljleGg P]g, lgod tyf lgb] {lzsfx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o; cGtu{t b]xfo
adf]lhdsf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5g\ .
!= pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$
@= k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw P]g, @)!#,
#= k|zf;sLo sfo{ km5\of]{6 lgodfjnL, @)@^,
$= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%)
%= cfly{s sfo{ljwL P]g, @)%% tyf lgodfjnL, @)^$
^= sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL÷sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf,
&= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^$
*= ;]jf ljz]if P]g tyf lgodfjnLx?,
(= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;DjlGw lgb]{lzsf,
!)= k6s] lg0f{ox? .
129

#=@ ;+:yfut Joj:yf
ljutdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfx ug] { sfo{df ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] k|d'v ;+nUgtf /xGYof] .
;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Padf]lhdsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{df ljleGg ;/sf/L
lgsfox?sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 . aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{af6 ljsf; ePsf] gofF ;fj{hlgs
Joj:yfkg (New Public Management) sf] cjwf/0ff, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f (Liberlization), lghLs/0f
(Privatization) / ljZjJofkLs/0f (Globalization) sf] kmn:j?k ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf
;xeflutfTds Pj+ ;fem]bf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ dxTj lbg yflnof] . ljutdf ;/sf/sf] lgodgsf/L
e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;/sf/n] ;xhstf{ (Facilitator) Pj+ k|j4{s (Promotor) sf] e"ldsftkm{
cu|;/ /xg'kg]{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfx ug{df
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx? tyf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf qmlds j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg l:yltdf
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–
#=@=! ;/sf/L lgsfox?
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no÷OsfO tyf ;]jf
s]Gb|x? sfo{/t /lxcfPsf 5g\ . s'g lgsfoåf/f s] s:tf ;]jfx? k|bfg ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df ;Da4
lgsfonfO{ sfg'gL tyf k|zf;sLo tj/n] lglb{i6 ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5 .
#=@=@ :yfgLo lgsfox?
hgtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf kl/k"/0fsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Subsidiarity) nfu" ul/g'
k|efjsf/L x'g]5 . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;a}eGbf glhsdf /xg] :yfgLo lgsfox?n]
s'zntf, k|efjsfl/tf / ldtJolotfsf ;fy ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfx ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . o; sf/0f
sltko ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfx ug{df :yfgLo lgsfox? lqmofzLn /xb} cfPsf 5g\ .
#=@=# ;fj{hlgs If]qsf :jfoQ lgsfox?
;/sf/sf] nufgL tyf bfloTjdf :yflkt ul/Psf ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f, ;ldlt, k|lti7fg cflbn] tL
lgsfox?nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfo{If]qleq kg]{ ;]jfx? k|jfx ug]{ ub{5g\ . s] s:tf ;]jfx? k|jfx
ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df ;Da4 ;+:yfsf] u7g cfb]zadf]lhd x'g]5 .
#=@=$ u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?
d'n'sleq btf{ ePsf ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] klg ljleGg ;fj{hlgs
;]jfx? k|jfx ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . s] s:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfx ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df ;Da4
u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf] p2]Zo tyf sfo{If]qn] lglZrt u/]sf] x'G5 .
130

#=@=% lghL If]qsf lgsfox?
;g\ !(*) sf] bzsaf6 sltko ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfx ug]{ sfo{df lghL If]q pT;fxa4{s
9Ëaf6 cl3 a9]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, 6]lnkmf]g tyf ;+rf/sf] cGo If]q, ljB't\ cfk"lt{
h:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfx? k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf pNn]Vo j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;nfO{ lglZrt ?kdf pT;fxa4{s dfGg'kb{5 . t/ sltko ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|jfx ubf{ lghL
If]qn] lng] ;]jf z'Ns dxFuf] eP/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf sl7gfO x'g uPsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ ljz]if
?kdf Vofn ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ Jofj;foLsLs/0f ug]{ k|j[lQ lgoGq0f
x'g g;s]df ;f]sf] dg;fo tyf k|of]hgdf g} cj/f]w cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= ;/sf/L ;]jf ljt/0fdf ePsf ljutsf k|of;x?
$=! k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] k|ltj]bg
• ;/sf/åf/f hgtfdf k'¥ofpg] u/]sf ;]jfx?nfO{ kl/jlt{g ;Gbe{df a9L bIf, pkof]uL / sd
vlr{nf] agfpg] d"ne"t p2]Zo /x]sf] .
• k|To]s dGqfno÷ljefu÷lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ s'g cfly{s :t/sf hgtfnfO{ s'g k|sf/ /
u'0f:t/sf ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ xf] :ki6 tf]Sg] .
• ;]jfx? k'¥ofpg rflxg] dfgjLo, ljlQo / cGo ;fwgx? pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• ;]jfx? k'¥ofpg :yfgLo sfof{nox?nfO{ pko'Qm sfo{gLlt ckgfpg k"0f{ :jfoQ agfpg] .
• Service Delivery sf] cfwf/df sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|To]s jif{ sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df jflif{s
tnasf] %) k|ltzt ;Dd k'/:sf/ lbg] .
• ;]jf k|bfg ug] { k|To]s sfof{nodf ;f] sfof{non] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx?sf] p2]Zo, ;]jfsf] k|sf/
/ u'0f:t/, ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof tyf ;]jf kfpg hgtfn] k'/\ofpg' kg]{ ljwL tyf
kv{g' kg]{ ;do :ki6 ?kdf ;"rgf kf6Ldf n]lvlbg] .
• s]xL ;fdfGo ;]jfx? s/f/sf] dfWodaf6 k|jfx u/fpg] .
• ;]jf ;~rfngdf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] .
131

$=@ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] Joj:yf
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ j9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;+rfng
/ ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DjGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
$=# ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] @% jif]{ u'?of]hgfsf] l;kmfl/z
132
• ;/sf/n] dfq ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Sb}g . lghL / u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;+u klg ;xsfo{ ug'{kb{5 .
h;n] k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;S5 , p;}nfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ lbg'k5{ .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Citizen Charter nfu' u/L ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, d"No
/ ;dosf] lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 . lglZrt ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;s] Ifltk"lt{ (Compensation)
lbg'k5{ .
• Service Provider x?aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fpFg'kb{5 .
• h;n] /fd|f] ;]jf lbG5 p;nfO{ k'/:s[t ul/g'k5{ .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?nfO{ ahf/Ls/0f (Marketization) ul/g'k5{ .
• Pp6f sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;DaGwL ;a} ljifodf Ps sd{rf/L k|0ffnL (Single
Personnel System) nfu' ug'{kb{5 .
• ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfdsf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg / u'gf;fnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ Administrative
Ombudsman sf] :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ .
— ;]jf k|bfg ;DaGwdf gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg (New Public Management) sf]
efjgfnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M-
— hgtfx? Client x'g\, pgLx?nfO{ plrt ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
— /fd|f] ;]jf b]pm /fd|f] d"No n]pm .
— ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ pRr /fv .
— ;]jf k|bfos Principal / hgtf Agent x'g\ . hgtfk|lt ;]jf k|bfos hjfkmb]xL
x'g'k5{ .
— ;]jfx? Public Choice cg';f/sf x'g'k5{ .

— ;Ifd / 5l/tf] ;/sf/ (Capable & Lean Government) sf] wf/0ff cg';f/ ;/sf/n]
;a} ;]jfx? sfvLRofKg' x'+b}g .
— k|lt:kwf{Tds ;]jf k|jfxn] ;]jfnfO{ bIf, l56f], 5l/tf] agfpF5 .
— Putting Customer First
$=$ lgd'vfnfO{ Gofo ljkGgnfO{ cfo ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)%^ sf] Joj:yf
• hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ ldtJooL 9+un] k'¥ofpg] ;Gbe{df
k|To]s sfof{non] ;]jfsf] :t/, kl/df0f / sfo{qmd kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{ .
• o:tf] ;]jfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] / ;'Jojl:yt 9+un] k'¥ofO{ lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug]{ .
• ;]jfx? lgd'vf / ljkGg ju{df s]lGb|t x'g] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ sNof0fsf/L ;]jfsf]
k|j4{g ug]{ .
• ljleGg lgsfon] k'¥ofPsf ;]jfx?sf] ;ldIff ug{ lhNnf:t/df k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf]
;+of]hsTjdf ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L Pj+ lghL If]qsf JolQmTj /xg] ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ .
$=% 3'DtL ;]jf lgb]{lzsf, @)^) sf] k|fjwfg
• 3'DtL ;]jf ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo÷sfof{nox?af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ Plss[t
?kdf ;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] 3/ cfFugdf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ xf] .
• 3'DtL ;]jf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;ldlt u7g .
• pQm ;ldltn] Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qdf slDtdf dlxgfsf] Ps k6s 3'DtL ;]jfsf] pkl:ylt
x'g] u/L sfo{qmd to ug]{ .
• 3'DtL ;]jf cGtu{t :yfgLo ljsf; ;DaGwL, :jf:Yo ;]jf ;'ljwf, e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL,
dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f, u[x, vfg]kfgL tyf
l;+rfO{ ;DaGwL ljleGg ;]jf k'¥ofpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] .
• 3'DtL ;]jf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu If]qLo k|zf;ssf] ;+of]hsTjdf
If]qLo :t/df cg'ugd ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] .
$=^ lq–jlif{o of]hgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf
133

lq–jlif{o of]hgfdf ;'zf;g cGt{ut /x]sf] p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;d]tsf] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] th' {df, sfo{Gjog / d"NofÍgsf] sfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{, kl/0ffdd'vL, ;dfj]zL,
hgtfsf] cfjZostf / cfsf+Iff k|lt ;+j]bgzLn Pj+ cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] lglDt pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd
Pj+ ;+3Lotf / ljs]Gb|Los/0fsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ cg'zfl;t eO{
ljlw;Ddt 9+un] sfd ug] { :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] If]q agfpg] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxsf] ;DjGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd /0fgLlt P+j sfo{gLlt pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M-
$=^=! ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] sfo{df ;+nUg
lghL, ;xsf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L / gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx?sf] lgodg, cg'udg
tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
$=^=@ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, k'z / cGo ;]jf k|bfos :yfgLo :t/sf ;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjo
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+nUgtf a9fOg] .
$=^=# ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug] { sfo{df ;+nUg lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf / sfo{
Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ul/g] .
$=^=$ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|flKtnfO{ ;'lglZrt agfpg ;]jf k|jfxsf] cg'udgsf] Joj:yf
k|efjsf/L agfOg] .
$=^=% ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{, :ki6 / ljlw;Ddt agfpg ;]jf
k|jfx lgb]{lzsfx?sf] th'{df, kl/dfh{g / sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
$=^=^ ;a} :yfgsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ne 9+un] k|fKt x'g] cj:yf ;'lglZrt
ug{ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfnufotsf sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ul/g] .
$=^=& ;a} ju{, If]q ;d'bfosf OR5's / of]Uo JolQmx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]zsf
cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] u/L sfg"gdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/g] .
$=^=* ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] ;]jf ;'ljwfx? :yfgLo lgsfoaf6}
pknAw u/fpg] u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g] .
$=^=( ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / j:t'sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf ;+nUg /xg] lghL Pj+ u}/;/sf/L
tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx?sf] lgodg, cg'udg / Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL
gLltsf] th'{df tyf cfjZos ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g] .
134

$=^=!) ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfossf] sfd sf/jfxL, ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf ;Dkflbt sfdnfO{
;]jfu|fxLsf] k|ToIf lgu/fgL, cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] ;+:yfut tyf
;+/rgfut Joj:yf ub}{ To; ;DjlGw lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ul/g] .
$=^=!! ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofOg] ;a} ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg
/ d"NofÍgsf nflu of]hgf agfO{ sfo{ ul/g], dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no / :yfgLo
txdf ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ;ldlt u7g ul/g], ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ
Joj:yfkgdf ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL nfu' ul/g] Pj+ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
k|0ffnLdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fOg] .
%= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf /x]sf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?
>f]t ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf / ;fdYo{tfsf] sdL h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ hgtf4f/f ck]lIft ;fj{hlgs
;]jfx? /fHo4f/f ;dod} pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] s6' oyfy{ xfdL ;j}nfO{ yfx} 5 . g]kfn h:tf]
sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt tyf Go"g ;fdYo{tf ePsf] d'n'sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] ;d:of em]Nb} cfPsf] 5 .
%=!= gLltut tyf ;+/rgfTds ;d:ofx?
• e"–ef}lts ;d:of (Geo-physical challenges) M ljs6 e"–ef}lts :j?k, 5l/P/
/x]sf j:tL cflbsf] sf/0f ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{ sl7g / j9L nfut nfUg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
• ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;d:of (Socio-cultural problems) M hftLo d"No /
dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;dfh ljeflht 5 . ljsf; lj/f]wL d"No dfGotfx? ;dfhdf
sfod 5g\ . dflyNnf] ju{n] tNnf] ju{sf] zf]if0f ub{5 eg] tNnf] ju{n] dflyNnf]
ju{nfO{ z+sfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{df ;fdflhs
:jLs[lt k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
• /fhg}lts ;d:of M /fhgLlt1x? h'g ;dfhaf6 k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ To;}
;dfhdfly zf]if0f ub{5g\ . /fhgLltnfO{ ;]jf xf]Og Joj;fo agfpg] k|j[lQ a9]sf]
5 . h;n] ubf{ ;dfh g}/fZotfdf 8'Ab} uPsf] 5 .
• ;]jf k|jfxdf k|lt:kwf{sf] sdL 5 .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;/n / ;j{;'ne 5}gg\ .
135

%=@ ;+:yfut ;d:ofx?
136
• ;]jf ljt/0fsf nflu 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ePsf] 5,
• ;]jf ljt/0f ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug] { tx sfof{Gjog txeGbf w]/} 6f9f /xg] ub{5g\ . t;y{
lg0f{odf jf:tljstfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/]sf] 5}g,
• ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf sfo{x?df bf]xf]/f]kgf b]vfkb{5,
• ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt k|ToIf lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g,
• kf/blz{tfsf] cefj 5 . cg'udg d"Nof+sg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g,
• ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] dfunfO{ Wofg lbg] rng 5}g,
• ;fwg ;|f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g,
• ;]jf ljt/0fdf nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f x'g] u/]sf] 5}g,
• ;]jf ljt/0fdf lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g,
• e|i6frf/n] ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{nfO{ b"lift t'NofPsf] 5,
• pknlAwnfO{ eGbf k|lqmofnfO{ Wofg lbg] k/Dk/fn] ;]jf ljt/0f sfo{ emGeml6nf] aGg
k'u]sf] 5,
• gLlt / of]hgfdf ;]jf u|fxLsf] efjgf ;d]6\g ;lsPsf] 5}g .
• ;]jf k|jfxdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf Go"g 5 .
• ;]jfdf hg:jfldTj :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ .
%=# Aojxf/ut ;d:ofx?
• ;]jf k|jfxdf x'g] q'6Lsf ;DjGwdf gful/s ;'g'jfO -Public Hearing) sf] sdL
5 .
• ;]jf k|bfos -Service Provider_ sf] ;lx d"Nof+sg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] efjgf ;]jfu|fxLx?df ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g,

• cfjZostfsf] cleJolQm;d]t ;]jfu|fxLaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5}g,
• ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{df vl6g] sd{rf/Ldf ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] wf/0ff g} gsf/fTds 5,
• k|zf;gleqsf] cfkm\gf] dfG5] eGg] efjgfn] ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{df wldnf]kgf cfpg]
u/]sf] 5,
• e|i6frf/n] ubf{ ;]jf ljt/0f sfo{ cNdlnPsf] 5,
• k|zf;gsf] zf;g ug]{ k|j[lQ x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] sdLn] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;dodf, ;xh ?kdf / sd vr{df
u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf pknJw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
^= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ljt/0f ug{ /fHo4f/f b]xfo adf]lhdsf If]qx?df ;'wf/ u/]df
ck]lIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;xh ?kdf hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df k'Ug] ck]Iff
ug{ ;lsG5 .
^=! gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf If]qx?
• Governance act sf] dfWodaf6 Policy making nufot dGqfno / ;lrjfnosf
sfo{x? Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5,
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/n] ug]{, lghL If]qnfO{ lbg ;lsg] / u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{
;+nUg u/fpg] sf]6Ldf ljefhg u/L cGo If]qnfO{ lbg] sfo{nfO{ Out-sourcing /
Contracting-out u/L ljt/0f sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;lsG5,
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfodf xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf
ljt/0fsf sfo{nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;DkGg x'g] u/L Devolution ug'{kb{5,
• ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ef}uf]lns ljs6tfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;f] :yfgdf
;/sf/n] sfo{x? ug'{kb{5 .
• ;]jfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0fM ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;]jfsf ;':ki6
dfkb08 klxn] g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . o;af6 ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg
ug{ ;Dej x'g hfG5 . dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;]jfsf] k|s[lt cg'?k 5'§f5'§} dfkb08
137

lgwf{/0f ul/g'kb{5 / oL dfkb08x? ;+lIfKt, ;/n / ;Dej eP;Dd j:t'ut klg
x'g' kb{5 tfls ;]jfu|fxLx?nn] cfkm} d"NofÍg ug{ ;s'g\ . o:tf dfkb08x?df d'Vo
?kdf nfut kl/;"rs (Input indicators), ;]jf pTkfbg ;DjGwL kl/;"rs (output
indicators) / k|efj kl/;'rs (Outcome indicators) clgjfo{ ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/g'
kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} k|lqmof;DaGwL kl/;"rs (Process indicators) df ;]jf lng nfUg]
;do / k'¥ofpg' kg]{ cf}krfl/stf cflb ;dflji6 ug'{kb{5 . o;/L k|lqmof tf]Sbf
cfsf+Iff / Jojxfl/tfaLr ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L tf]Sg cfjZos 5 . ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]
;xL d"NofÍg ug{ cfwf/ kl/;"rs (Position indicators) klg tof/ ul/g' kb{5,
tfsL klxn] / xfnsf] l:yltsf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsof];\ . lxhf]cfh lghL If]qsf] pTs[i6
pknAwLnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;/sf/L If]qn] cfbz{ nIo lgwf{/0f (Bench Marking) ;d]t
ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
• gLltsf] lg/Gt/tfM hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf clwsf+z gLltx? pbfpg]
/ c:tfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . /fhg}lts kl/jt{g;+u} gLltsf] ;dfKtL x'g] ub{5 . o;f] geO{
gLltut lg/Gt/tf x'g'k5{ .
• Needbase Service M hgtfn] /f]h]sf ;]jfx? k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . cyf{t\ ;]jfx? Supply
Driven geO{ Demand Driven x'g'kb{5 . s0ff{nLsf hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf /
d]rLsf hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf km/s–km/s x'g ;Sb5g\ .
• ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xsfo{M ;/sf/ dfq ;]jf k|bfos x'g ;Sb}g . hgtfn] vf]h]sf] ;]jf
;/sf/n] dfq lbg ;Sb}g . ;]jf k|jfxdf lghL / u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;+u ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ .
• PsLs[t ;]jfx?M b'u{d lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf Service
Delivery ug'{kb{5 . xfnsf] 3'DtL ;]jf l;4fGttM /fd|f] b]lvG5 .
• :yfg b"/L / ;dosf] cj/f]w x6fpg] M;]jf k|efjsf/L gx'gsf] d'Vo cj/f]wx? eg]sf]
ef}uf]lns l:ylt, b"/L / sfd ug]{ tf}/–tl/sfaf6 l;lh{t l9nf;':tL g} x'g\ . oL
cj/f]wx? x6fpg ;s]df ;]jf k|jfx ;/n / ;xh ?kdf x'g hfG5 . ljZjsf s}og\
d'n'sx?df oL cj/f]wx? x6fpg cg's/0fLo k|of]ux? eO/x]sf 5g\ . ljs6 ef}uf]lns
If]q ePsf d'n'sx?df hgtfnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu ;]jf k|bfg ug] { lgsfox?df
k'Ug 7"nf] sl7gfO{ kg] { x'G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox? hgtfsf] glhs;Dd k'¥ofpg cfly{s
/ cGo sltko sf/0fn] ;Dej klg x'Fb}g . To;}n] s]xL d'n'sx?df ;h{ldgd} ;]jf lbg]
u/L ;8s k|zf;g (Street Administration) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ .
138

• ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gM k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;/sf/L ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfn]
klg afwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf w]/} tx ePsf] kb;f]kfgdf cfwfl/t
ePsf]n] ;fdfGo sfdsf] nflu klg tNnf] tx x'Fb} dflyNnf] tx;Dd kmfon 3'Dg]
l:ylt 5 . dflyNnf clwsf/Lx?af6 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ sGh':ofFO ug]{ k|j[lQn]
r':t / l56f] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ emg\ afwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox? aLr
;dGjosf] cefjn] ubf{ k/fdz{ jf l;kmfl/;sf] gfddf kqfrf/df g} nfdf] ;do
nfUg] ub{5 . k/Dk/fut ;+u7gfTds 9f+rfn] ubf{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;/sf/L lgsfok|ltsf]
wf/0ff gsf/fTds /x]sf]n] o:tf ;+u7gfTds 9f+rfdf cfd'n kl/jt{g u/L hgtfsf]
glhs /x]/ sfd ug] {nfO{ k"0f{ clwsf/ lbg] Joj:yf ug{' kb{5 . o; ;DjGwdf ljleGg
d'n'sdf ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . k|lqmofd'vL ;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ cfkm} lg0f{o
ug{ ;Sg] :jfoQ lgsfodf kl/0ft ug{ a]nfotdf ^) k|ltzt ;/sf/L sfof{nox?nfO{
Ph]G;L (Agency) df kl/0ft ul/of] h;nfO{ Next Step Agencies eGg] ul/G5 . To:t}
k|mfG;sf] pQ/bfloTj s]Gb|x? / cd]l/sf / 8]gdfs{df nfu' ul/Psf] Psåf/ ;]jf (One
Stop Service) /fd|f pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?df kb;f]kfg qmddf lg0f{o
x'g] k|rngnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ dfgjLo sfo{ ;+hfn (Human Networking) df cfwfl/t
;dfgfGt/ ?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug] { qmd al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg
cGo b]zsf ;kmn k|of]ux?af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;Sb5 .
^=@ ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf pkfox?
• ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{ ;]jfu|fxLx?af6} x'g] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . ;xeflutf a9fpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5,
• :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljt/0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug'{kb{5,
• ;]jf ljt/0f ubf{ Pp6} lgsfoaf6 ljljw vfnsf ;]jfx? ljt/0f x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5,
• b'u{d / :yfgLo:t/df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5,
• pkef]Qmfsf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg], cg'udg ug]{ / sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] kl/kf6Lsf ljsf;
ug'{kb{5,
• ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf -hfgsf/L u/fpg]_ sfo{
ug'{kb{5 . Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{kb{5 (Citizen charter),
• :ki6 lhDd]jf/L tf]sL ;]jf ljt/0fsf] sfo{df vl6Psf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfu|fxL k|lt Direct
Accountable agfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5,
139

• ;fwg, ;|f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ug'{kb{5,
• lg0f{o ug]{ txx? 36fpg] / ;s];Dd lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{df sfo{:yndf g} vl6g] sd{rf/Laf6}
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
• b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kb{5 .
• ;]jfk|bfossf] >[ª\vnf (Chain of Service Provider) M ;]jfk|bfosx? s]Gb|b]lv ufpF:t/;Dd
/xg'k5{ . Chain of Command / Monitoring & Supervision sf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf kb{5 .
• PsLs[t lbUbz{g (Integrated Manual)M hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jf ;DaGwdf ePsf sfg"gL
Joj:yf, gLltut Joj:yf, sfo{qmdx? / ;]jf ljt/0fsf k|s[ofx?nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L lbUbz{gsf
?kdf k|sflzt ug'{kb{5 . o;n] ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;/ntf NofpFb5 .
• :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;'b[l9s/0fM :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] ;anLs/0f u/L Service Delivery sf]
;+oGqsf ?kdf o;sf] ljsf; ub} { n}hfg'kb{5 . lghL / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf o;n]
clea[l4 ub{5 .
• hgzlQm ljsf; M;Ifd hgzlQmn] g} /fd|f] / u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . hgzlQm
ljsf; ljgf hgd'vL ;]jfsf] sNkgf lg/y{s x'G5 .
• k|ljlwsf] pkof]uM ;"rgf k|ljlwn] hgtfsf dfux?nfO{ gLlt lgdf{tf jf Joj:yfkg ;Dd
k'¥ofpFb5 . ;/sf/n] lbg] ;]jfx?nfO{ o;n] hgtfx?;Dd k'¥ofp+b5 . o; afx]s ;]jf ljt/0fdf
pko'Qm x'g] k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf afl~5t Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
• cfly{s / ef}lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Aoj:yf M cfly{s / ef}lts ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Aoj:yf u/L
;]jfnfO{ Jofks, u'0f:t/o'Qm / Pro-public agfpg'kb{5 .
• hgu'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ (Public Complain hearing) : ;]jf ljt/0fsf ;DaGwdf hg:t/af6 d'vl/t
u'gf;f ph'/Lx?sf] oyf]lrt ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kb{5 .
• ;]jfk|jfxdf cfwfl/t d"Nof+sg M ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] d"Nof+sg Service delivery sf] effectiveness
/ efficiency sf cfwf/df x'g' kb{5 .
• Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Aoj:yf M 3f]lift ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg g;lsP ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/
lgsfo jf sd{rf/LnfO{ Compensation lbOg'k5{ . o;nfO{ lj:tf/} sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg' kb{5 .
140

• rog jf ljsNksf] lj:tf/ M ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox?n] k|foM k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf
sfd ug'{ kb} {g . To;}n] ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ;'ljwf / ;Gt'li6df sd Wofg lbg] ub{5g\ . t/ lghL
If]q cfkm\gf u|fxsx?nfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug] { sfo{df a9L g} nugzLn x'G5g\ . g]kfns}
pbfx/0f lng] xf] eg] klg b"/ ;~rf/sf s]xL ;]jfx?, ljB'tLo ;~rf/ -/]l8of], l6=eL= k|zf/0f
cflb_ sf s]xL ;]jfx?df lghL If]qsf] k|j]z x'gf;fy ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df 7"nf] ;'wf/ cfPsf]
dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf ;]jfx?df lghL If]qn] Hofb} /fd|f] ;]jf lbO/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;Dej eP ;Ddsf ljsNkx? Vff]hL ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ lghL - ;fj{hlgs If]q aLr /
;/sf/L - u}/ ;/sf/L If]q aLr k|lt:kwf{ j9fP+b} nu]df ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsf/Ltfdf
pNn]Vo kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 . k"0f{ ?kdf lghL If]qdf lbg gldNg] ;]jfx?nfO{ klg k|lt:kwf{
a9fpg 7]Ssfdf lbg], ;]jf lbg] sfo{nfO{ ef}r/ k|0fnLn] k|lt:yfkg u/L u|fxs :jdnfO{ ;]jf
lbg] lgsfo /f]Hg lbg] h:tf sfo{x? ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL d'n'sx?n] t u|fxsx?sf] rog lj:tf/
ug{ ljz]if lgsfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . 8]gdfs{n] Government Committee on
Citizen Choice eGg] zlQmzfnL ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{
lbg] cg'bfgnfO{ ef}r/ (Voucher) df lbg] ul/G5 / ef}r/sf] /sd a/fa/sf] ;]jf sf];Fu lng]
xf] u|fxsnfO{ rog ug{ lbOG5
• ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Dk|e'tfM ;/sf/L lgsfox? Hfgtfsf] y}nLaf6 / gful/sx?sf] ;]jfsf] nflu
;+rfng ePsfn] ;]jf u|fxLsf] e'ldsfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug' { kb{5 . ;/sf/L lgsfo zf;g ug{
ge} ;]jf ug{ :yfkg ePsf x'g\ . xfn ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfd sf/afxL / ;]jfsf] :t/
d"NofÍg ug{ ;]jfu|fxL ju{nfO{ a9L clwsf/ lbg] k|rng a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;}qmddf ljZjsf
s}og d'n'sx?df ljleGg k|of]ux? ePsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L sbd a]nfotdf hf]g
d]h/n] nfu' u/]sf] Citizen charter nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;df ;/sf/L ;]jf lbg] sfof{nox?n]
5'§f5'§} a8fkq (Charter) hf/L ub{5g\, h;df ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, k'¥ofpg' kg]{ k|lqmof, nfUg]
z'Ns, lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L, tf]lsP cg';f/ sfd gePdf kfpg] Iflqk"lt{ cflbsf] pNn]v ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
kof{Kttf
;:tf]
l56f] 5l/tf]
;dfgtf / ;dtfd"ns
;fj{hlgs ;]jf
hgrfxgf cg'?ksf]
u'0f:t/Lo
141

^=# Jojxf/ut ;'wf/sf If]qx?
• ;xeflutfsf] ljsf;sf nflu r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug'{kb{5 .
• ;]jfu|fxLx?;Fu cGt/lqmofTds sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L Feedback lng] k/Dk/f a;fpFg'kb{5,
• ;]jf ljt/0f sfo{df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx?df ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f abNg tflndx? ;+rfng
ug'{kb{5,
• ;]jfsf] af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{kb{5,
• ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg u'0f:t/sf ;"rfÍ (Quality Indicator) tf]sL dfkg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf]
ljsf; ug'{kb{5,
• u'gf;f] ug{ k|]l/t ug]{, u'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5,
• ;]jfu|fxLsf] dfucg';f/sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ :jfwLgtf lbg] .
• ;+:s[lt kl/jt{gM;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+:s[lt (Culture) k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu
afws ag]sf] 5 . ;+:s[lt eGgfn] cfr/0f, efjgfTds / dgf]j}1flgs tTjx?sf] ;lDd>0f xf]
h;df sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfbt, b}lgsL, k/Dk/f / Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f kb{5g\ . u|fxsk|lt
;fdfGo lzi6frf/ klg k"/f gug]{, lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg], JolQmut lxtsf] s'/f dfq ;f]Rg],
cfkm"nfO{ dflyNnf] ju{sf] ;f]Rg] kl/jt{gdf dg gk/fpg], k|lqmofsf] /f} lr/f s]nfpg], dflysf]
lgb]{zgdf dfq sfd ug] {,cgfjZos ukm 7§fdf ;do latfpg], cfhsf] sfdnfO{ ef]nL eGg]
k|j[lQ sd{rf/Lx?df b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g ug{ dn]lzofdf nfu' ul/Psf] x/]s
JolQm;+u xf+;]/ hjfkm lbg] d':sfg cleofg (Smiling Movement) nfu' ug{ ;lsG5 .
• l;h{{gzLntfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg, pTs[i6tfnfO{ k'/:sf/ M;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] c;+Vo lgod /
k|lqmofleq /xL sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] xf] eg] ljBdfg sfo{z}nLdf 7"n}
kl/jt{g Nofpg cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu cfkm"n] :kz{ u/]sf] x/]s sfddf kl/jt{g Nofpg
;Sg] l;h{gzLn sd{rf/Lx?sf] vfFrf] kb{5 . gjk|jt{g / l;h{gzLn sfd u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf
;'wf/ ug]{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug' { kb{5 . o;sf nflu a]nfotdf /fd|f] ;]jf ug]{nfO{ Charter marks
lbg] ul/G5 eg] 8]gdfs{df Danish Public Service Quality award / hd{gLdf German Public
Sector award lbg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf klg ;jf]{Rr lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/ nufotsf k'/:sf/sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 .
142

• dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf;M;/sf/L ;]jf d"t{ cd"t{ h:tf];'s} ePklg o;nfO{ k|jfx ug] { sd{rf/Lx?n]
g} xf] . pgLx?sf] ;+:s[lt kl/jt{g gu/L / bIftf Pj+ 1fgdf clej[l4 geO{ o;df vf; ;'wf/
Nofpg ;lsGg . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ljZjdf ePsf pTs[i7 k|of]ux? / o;sf df}lns
;}4flGts kIfdf pgLx?sf] 1fgsf] lIflth km/flsnf] agfpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu pTs[i6
sfd ug] { ;+:yfsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f, k|lzIf0f / j]nf a]nfdf pkef]Qmfx? / sd{rf/Lx? aLr
cGt/lqmof u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 .
^=$ k|lqmofut ;'wf/x?M
• k|lqmofdf ;'wf/M ;/sf/L k|zf;g c;+Vo lgoGq0fd"ns k|lqmofleq sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
lgoGq0f :yflkt ug{, :jljj]s dfly c+s'z nufpg, e|i6frf/ clgoldttf /f]Sg / sfo{df
Ps?kdf Nofpg c;+Vo emGeml6nf k|lqmofx? :yflkt ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o;af6 5'6sf/f kfpFg
l;+ufk'/df ;/sf/L sfd, sf/afxLdf k|lqmof 5f]6\ofpg] / nfnlkmtfzfxLsf] cGTo ug{ Cutting
Red-tape gfd lbOPsf] cleofg g} rnfPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt lSnG6gn] cfˆgf]
k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ pk/fi6«klt Pn uf]/sf] cWoIftfdf Ps ;ldlt u7g u/L b]xfo adf]lhd
lgb]{zg lbPsf]n] ToxfFsf] k|zf;g klg s'g xb;Dd k|lqmofd'vL /x]5 eGg] ;xh} cGbfh ug{
;lsG5 M-
— yf]qf lgodfjnLx? vf/]h ug]{ / afFsLnfO{ ;dofg's'n agfpg] (Cut obsolete regulations
and fix the rest)
— glthfnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ gls nfnlkmtfzfxLnfO{ (Reward result not redtapism)
— s]Gb| aflx/ hfg] (Get out of washington)
— lgb]{zg xf]Og jftf{ ug]{
(Negotiate, do not dictate)
pSt ;ldltsf] l;kml/;df cd]l/sfdf cu|k+lQmdf sfd ug] { clwsf/Lx?;Fu s]Gb|n] sfo{ljlw ;Demf}tf
u/L k|lqmof 5f]6\ofpg] sfo{ ;kmn x' Fb} uPsf] 5 / em08} &) k|ltzt sfo{ljlw sfg"g vf/]h ul/Psf
5g\ . To:t} k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n agfO{ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] sfd ug]{nfO{ Scissor Award lbg]
ul/Psf] 5 . l;h{gzLn eO{ gofF–gofF k|of]u ug]{nfO{ Hammar Award lbg] ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] w]/}
k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;'emfjdf k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw agfpg lgb{]zg ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L k|jfx ug{ xfnsf] nfn lkmtfzfxL (Redtapism) dfly s} FrL
nufpg} kb{5 .
• ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0fM;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;/f]sf/ JolQmut pkef]QmfnfO{ dfq x'Fb}g . d'n'sleqsf
;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfox?df o;sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|efj kg{ hfG5 . To;}n] ;Dej eP;Dd a[xQ/
143

144
;d'bfo / ;d'bfodf sfo{/t cGo ;+:yfx?;Fu ;fem]bf/Ldf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfox?n] sfd
u/]df a9L k|efjsf/L l;4 x'g hfG5 . of] ;fem]bf/L ljleGg ?kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . k/fdz{df
;fem]bf/L (Consultative Partnership), ;dGjo;DaGwL ;fem]bf/L (Co-ordinative partnership),
kl/kf]ifs / kl/k"/s ;DaGw /xg] ;fem]bf/L (Complementary and Supplementary Partnership)
cflb o;sf ?k x'g ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh ldn]/ pkef]Qmf
lzIff, u|fxs ;j] {If0fsf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To:f} u/L :yfgLo lgsfo tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
ldn]/ ;]jf k|jfx, u|fxssf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To;}u/L lghL If]q, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo lgsfo ldn]/ lzIff, b}jLk|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ug{
;Sb5g\ .
• OdfGbf/Lsf] kl/If0f (Probity Audit) M ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] of] gofF cjwf/0f
xf] . ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L agfpg To;nfO{ lgb]{zg ug]{ (Directing Mind) ;b\rl/qjfg\ /
OdfGbf/ x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] JolQmTj gePdf ;]jf k|jfxdf clgoldttf,e|i6frf/ / l9nf;':tL
a9\g hfG5 . ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ JolQm lgo'lQm k"j{ p;sf] OdfGbfl/tfsf] /fhgLltaf6 d'Qm :jtGq
;d"xaf6 jf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf] dfWoaf6 :jtGq n]vfhf]vf ug'{ g} ;b\rl/qsf] n]vf kl/If0f
(Probity Audit) xf] . t;y{ ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efa kfg]{ JolQm lgo'lQm÷kb:yfkgf ubf{ of] ljwL
ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . h:t}M- :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L cflb
lgo'lQm÷kb:yfkgf ubf{ of] ljwL ckgfp+bf pQd x'g]5 .
v ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf (Predictability of Service) M hgtfn] s:tf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ s:tf] zt{
dfGg'kg]{ jf k|lqmof k'¥ofpg'k5{ eGg] ;'lglZrt x'g'kb{5 . ;]jf kfOPnf ls gkfOPnf elg
eujfg e/f];f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf x'g'x'+b}g .
v kf/blz{tf (Transparancy)M hgtfdf k|jfx x'g] ;]jf Transparant x'g'k5{ . s'g} ju{nfO{ dfq
kmfObf k'¥ofpg] / cGonfO{ jl~rt ug]{ u/L :jfy{j; Service Delivery ug{ x'+b}g .
v ;xeflutf clea[l4 (Participation) M gful/sx?s} ;xeflutfdf Service Delivery
x'g'kb{5 . pbfx/0f sf nflu sfdsf nflu vfBfGg (Food for Work) sfo{qmd .
v :jfldTj k|j4{g (Ownership Building) M ;/sf/L ;]jfx?df Public Ownership clea[l4
ePdf Sustainability x'g ;Sb5 . ;fd'bflos jg, ;fd'bflos ljBfno o;sf /fd|f
pbfx/0fx? x'g\ .
v l56f] 5l/tf] (Promptness) M l9nf] ;]jf cf}lrTo lxg x'G5 . sflnsf]6df bfb'/fsf] k|sf]kaf6
y'k|} afnaflnsfsf] d[To' ePkl5 :jf:Yo 6f]nL k'u]sf pbfx/0fx? k|z:t} 5g\ . o;y{ ;]jf
k|jfx Prompt x'g'kb{5 .

v u'0f:t/Lotf (Quality of Service) M u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . vfg]kfgL
;]jf k'¥ofpg] gfpFdf jfudtLsf] 9n ljt/0f eof] eg] cgy{ x'g hfG5 . x'Dnfdf g"g
k7fpFbf cfof]l8go'Qm g"g k7fpg'kb{5 . t;y{ ;]jf ljt/0f u/]/dfq x'Fb}g u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf
klg x'g'kb{5 .
^=% ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L
• ;+;b\ M :ki6 sfg'g agfOlbg],
• ;/sf/ M sfg'gsf] k|of]u / ;]jf ljt/0f k|lt k|ltj4 x'g],
• k|zf;g M l;3|tf / gofF sfd vf]Hg],
• hgtf M bjfj lbg],
• ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf M ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,
• bft[/fi6« M gofF k|ljlw l;sfOlbg],
• sd{rf/L M ;]jf efjgfsf] hfu/0f ug]{ .
&= lg:sif{
"That government is best which administers the best and governs least "
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFgdf /fHon] cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug] {tkm{ ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 7f]; k|lta4tfsf] vfFrf] 5 . P]g, lgod tyf lgb]{lzsf agfP/ dfq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf]
k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] cfsf+IffnfO{ k"/f ug]{tkm{ ;/sf/L tyf
;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;]jf k|bfos (Service Provider) lgsfox?nfO{ kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf
x'g'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm Pj+ lgoldt t'Nofpg ;ZfQm dfgj ;+;fwgsf]
ljsf; ug{ 'kb{5 . ;]jf k|jfxdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?df ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ lrQ a'emfpg ;Sg] u/L
cg's"n Jojxf/ tyf cfr/0fdf kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ x'g' h?/L 5 . d'VotofM ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
cfjZostf k"/f ug] { tkm{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . csf]{tkm{ ;x/L If]qdf ;Lldt x'g] /
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxnfO{ a9L d'gfkmf sdfpg] Joj;fosf ?kdf lng] lghL If]qsf] k|j[lQdf
klg ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf lghL If]qsf] klg ;fdflhs bfloTj
/xg] jf:tljstfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L (Public Private Partnership)
sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf sfof{lGjt ug{ ;s]df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxnfO{
:t/Lo Pj+ pknlAwd"ns t'Nofpg ;Dea x'g]5 .
145

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?M
• lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&.)^*- @)^(.)&)_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df08f}+, @)^*
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g d+qfno, cu|k+ltdf /x]sf lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf
clej[l4 ug]{ ;DjlGw sfo{of]hgf, @)^#
• ;fj{hlgs gLlt, k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg M ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL, /fhg vgfn, @)^#
• ;fj{hlgs If]qsf jx'cfoflds kIfx? , ;]G6/ km/ ODkfj/d]6 Ogf]e];g P08 8]enkd]06
(CEMID- Nepal), @)^%
• k|zf;g , lasf; / Joj:yfkg -r'gf}tL, /0fgLlt / ;dfwfg_ , pT;j j'S; P08 :6]zg;{,
@)^@
• /fli6«o gLlt -gLltut Joj:yf, sfof{Gjog, ;d:of / ;'emfj_, MIS, ;'/]z clwsf/L, @)^!
• United Nations, Public Administration and Globalization : Enhancing Public Private
Collaboration in Public Sercice Delivery, 2003
• Denis, A. Rondineli and G. Shabbir Cheema, Reinventing Government for the Twenty
First Century , Kumarian Press, 2002.
146

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b] lzs
;xfotfsf] e"ldsf
lji0f' k|;fb uf}td*
;f/f+z
j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] s]jn ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;Dj[l4nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] dfq xf]Og ;+;f/sf ;a}
d'n'sx?l;t cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofp“5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf dfkm{t g]kfnn] ck]Iff u/]sf] cfly{s ;Dj[l4n] dfq ;xz|fAbL ljsf;
nIo xfl;n ug{, g]kfn ;d]t ljZj;+u Psfsf/ x'g cfjZos k"jf{wf/ aGg ;S5 t/ k|efjsf/L
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pknAwtf, To;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng / ;f] dfkm{t x'g] ck]lIft k|ltkmnsf
nflu l:y/ /fhg}lts jftfj/0f / :ki6 uGtJo ;lxtsf] /fhg}lts jftfj/0f t cfjZos 5
g} To;sf cltl/Qm j}b]lzs ;xfotf u|x0f ug]{ ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{ plQs} dxTjk"0f{
5 . g]kfnsf nflu bL3{sfnLg ?kdf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf j[l4 u/L ;|f]t kl/rfngdf
cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug'{ d"n r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 eg] k]l/; 3f]if0ff @))% / cfqmf sfo{of]hgf
@))* sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xfotf ;Demf}tf b]lv sfof{Gjog;Ddsf] sfo{k4ltsf]
ljsf; cfjZos 5 . To;sf nflu g]kfnn] ljZj:t/Lo sf]ifx? (Global funds) / cGo ljleGg
ljZj:t/Lo ;+;fwgx? (Global Resources) df k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ k5{ .
ljifo k|j]z
b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f cfjZos kb{5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug{, /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf j}b]lzs k"FhL
/ k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] s]jn ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] cfly{s
;Dj[l4nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] dfq xf]Og ;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'sx?l;t cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;dfgtfsf]
cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf ljsf;sf] nflu
;fwg kl/rfng ug] { ;du| cfly{s gLltsf] cleGg efu xf] . cy{tGqsf] u'0ffTds k|ltkmnsf nflu
k"FhL (Capital) sf] dxQd kl/rfngsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k"FhLsf] pkof]uaf6 g} cy{tGqsf] cGo
;fwgsf] pkof]u, ljsf; tyf u'0ffTds k|ltkmn ;Dej x'G5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] of] o'udf
k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] 3/]n's/0f c;Dej 5 . k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 vf; u/L sd ljsl;t
d'n'sx?sf nflu cfly{s j[l4b/ dfkm{t cfly{s pGglt xfl;n ug{sf nflu kF"FhLsf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f
* pk;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
147

]
(Internationalization of Capital market) cfjZos 7flgG5 . kF"hLsf] cGt/f{li6«os/0fsf] dxTjsf
af/]df k|sfz kfb} { Sir David Walker eG5g\ –"The process of internationalization in which
national barriers are transended by technology, competition and unrestricted flow is basically
healthy . This is because it promotes the allocation of capital by competitive merit, through the
international of markets and forms that are the most efficient and provides effective meanings
for managing risk". 1
kF"hLsf] cGt{/fli6«os/0fsf dfWodaf6 cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f Pj+ j[xQ/
cfly{s j[l4b/ dfkm{t cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'g] x' Fbf ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] vf;u/L k" FhL / k|ljlwsf]
;xfotfnfO{ t];|f] ljZj ;dIf lj:tf/ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . cGt{/fli6«o ;+u7gx? dfkm{t pknAw u/fO{g]
o:tf ;xfotfx?n] pQ/bfloTjsf] ljt/0f, k" FhLsf] ;xhkg cGt{/fli6«o ?kdf cfly{s nufgL ug{
;+:yf pk/ lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg, afXo -l;dfkf/_ Jofkfl/s÷Jofj;flos ;+:yfx?sf] lgodg
tyf cGt{/fli6«o ahf/;+usf] cfj4tfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ k"FhLsf] cGt{/fli6«os/0f
eg]sf] vf; u/L ljsl;t d'n'saf6 kF "hL k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df k|jfx u/L lt b]zx?df
;xfotf lj:tf/ ug'{ xf] ;fy} tt\ tt\ d'n'sx? aLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw a9fpg] Pp6f dfWod
klg xf] .
ljsf; / k|ljlwsf] k|flKt;+u} zlQm ;DkGg /fi6«x?df b]lvPsf] r/d dxTjfsf+Iffaf6 l;lh{t k|yd
tyf bf]>f] ljZjo'4 / To;n] u/]sf] ljgf;kl5 Wj+z ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] k"g{lgdf{0fsf nflu
ljleGg cfly{s tyf df}lb|s p2]Zo ;lxt cGt{/fli6«o ;+u7gx? lgdf{0f eP . cfly{s / dfgjLo
;xfotfsf gfddf z'? ePsf] ;xfotf sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;j{k|yd cd]l/sL ;xof]u gLltnfO{ j}b]lzs
;xfotfsf] k|f/De laGb'sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] /fhg}lts ljrf/sf cg'ofoL d'n'sx? jf
cfly{s / dfgljo ;xfotf dfkm{t /fhg}lts p2]Zo k'/f u/L k|e'Tj lj:tf/ ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zosf
?kdf cd]l/sL ;xof]u gLlt k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . tyflk ;g\ !(&) df cd]l/sL sf+u|];n] ;xfotf
sfg"gnfO{ kf; u/]sf] / o;sf lgDg p2]Zox? ePsf] kfOG5 . 2
• ljZjsf ul/a ;d'bfosf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{,
• ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;Ifdtf clej[l4 / cj;/ pknAw u/fpg],
• ljsf; k|of;sf ;fy–;fy} gful/s cfly{s clwsf/nfO{ pTk|]/0f ug]{,
• ljsf;f]Gd'v b]znfO{ cGt{/fli6«o ahf/df PsLs[t ug]{,
pNn]lvt p2]Zox? ;lxt nfu' ePsf] cd]l/sL ;xfotf ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf tTsflng
1 Sir Daid Walker, The Internationalization of Capital markets and the Regulatory Response, Graham & Trotman Ltd. 1992 Page. 21
2 uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;+rfngsf cfwf/x?, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}+ @)^^, k[i7 %^! .
148

cd]l/sL /fi6«klt lhDdL sf6{/sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] s]xL xb;Dd kl/jt{g
ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s, ef}lts / k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg]
;Gbe{df, ljZj a}Í, cGt{/fli6«o d'b|f sf]if, PlzofnL ljsf; a} +Í h:tf cGt{/fli6«o ljlQo ;+:yfx?
;+:yflkt e} lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . h;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo cfwf/e"t ljsf;sf] ;+/rgfdf ;x'lnot k"0f{
C0f / k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ u/La d'n'sx?sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug'{ / cGttM ul/aL
lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' g} xf] . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] If]q ljz]if u/L lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
• ;+/rgfTds tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;
• dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;
• hg;+Vof lgoGq0f dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
• ;'zf;g
• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;
• dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;g\ !(^$ df ul7t United Nation Conference on Trade and
Development ( UNCTAD) n] vf; u/L Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 ljQ, k|ljlw, nufgL tyf
lbuf] ljsf;sf If]qdf cfjfh d'vl/t agfPsf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{sf nflu Pj+ tL b]zx?sf] j[xQ/ cfly{s lxt tyf nfenfO{ cGt{/fli6«o cfly{s ;d'bfodf
k'¥ofpg cfjZos ;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x?nfO{ ;xfotfsf] dfWodaf6 lt b]zsf ljkGg dflg;x?sf] hLjg:t/
;'wf/sf nflu ;g\ !(*! df k]l/;df ;DkGg ;Dd]ngn] ljsf; ;xfotfsf] gofF sfo{of]hgf kfl/t
u/]klg -h;nfO{ k]l/; sfo{ of]hgf elgG5_ tL d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:yfdf vf; kl/jt{g Nofpg
;s]g . ;g\ @))) sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+l3o ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo -@)))–@)!%_ lgwf{/0f kl5
cGt{/fli6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg ;xfotf, ul/aL lgjf/0f / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df nlIft ePsf]
kfO{G5 . ;g\ @))! df a|;]N; sfo{of]hgf tyf @))@ df df]G6]/]= ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;sf nflu ljQsf]
cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] kfO{G5 . To:t} ;g\ @))# km]a'|c/L @* df ePsf] /f]d ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;
;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 u/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljleGg ljifo ;d]6L
/f]d 3f]if0ff kq hf/L ePsf] / o;n] Aid Harmonization sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 .
k]l/; 3f]if0ff, @))% (Paris Declaration 2005)
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf ;DaGwdf ;g\ @ dfr{ @))% df k]l/;df ;DkGg ljsl;t tyf
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf lng]
ul/G5 . vf; u/L o; ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t ePsf 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]
149

l;4fGt (Paris Principle on Aid effectiveness) eg]/ eGg] ul/G5 . :jfldTj, ;f}xfb{tf, ;+nUgtf,
kl/0ffd tyf cfk;L pQ/bfloTjsf ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft ul/ kfl/t o; 3f]if0ffkqsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo
ul/aL tyf c;dfgtf 36fpg], pTkfbsTj j[l4 tyf Ifdtf lj:tf/ / pknAwLsf] ;+/If0f dfkm{t
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] g} xf] .
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf laleGg If]qx?sf] k|ltj4tfsf cnfjf o; 3f]if0ffkqn]
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] km/skg, sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;"rsx?sf] lgwf{/0f
tyf ;do;Ldf tyf nIosf] ls6fgnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf]
;'b[l9s/0f, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb k|0ffnLdf ;'b[l9s/0f, /sdsf] u|fXotf, ;f}xfbtf{, bftfsf] sfof{Gjog
kIfdf ;femf ;xdlt tyf sfo{ljlwdf ;/ntf, >dsf] k|efjsf/L afF8kmfF8, ;dGjofTds Jojxf/,
jftfj/0fLo d"NofÍgdf ;f}xfb{ wf/0ffsf] clej[l4, kl/0ffdsf] Joj:yfkg tyf cfk;L pQ/bfloTjsf
ljifodf bftf tyf ;xefuL /fi6«x?n] ;femf k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf sf/0fklg o; 3f]if0ffnfO{
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf ljifodf cfd ?kdf zf:jt dfGotfsf ?kdf lnOPsf] kfO{G5 .
cj;/sf ?kdf lnO{ o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu Accra Agenda for Action nfu' ul/Psf] / pQm
Action df lgDg k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . 3
/sd ;xfotfsf] u|fXotf lbg], ljsf; ;fem]bf/;+u ;xsfo{ ug] {, kl/0ffdsf] ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbg],
k|ult xfl;n ug{sf nflu cfjZos k|s[of cufl8 a9fpg], ljsf;sf] :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{, ljsf;sf
nflu b]zx?sf aLr j[xQ/ ?kdf jftf{ gLlt ckgfpg], g]t[Tj / ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf nflu
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zn] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug] {, ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] Ifdtf eP;Ddsf] dxQd ljsf; /
k|of]uug]{, ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L / ;dfj]zL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;xfotf afF8kmfF8sf] dxuf]
k4ltnfO{ 36fpg], kl/0ffd k|lt hjfkmb]xL Pj+ kf/bzL{ ?kdf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfloTj x'g], zt{ tyf
;xof]u :jfldTj ;DaGwL kl/jt{gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg], ;xfotfsf] dWosflng cg'dflgtfnfO{ j[l4
ub}{ n}hfg] h:tf ljifodf k|lta4tf hgfPsf] b]lvG5 .
cfs|f 3f]if0ff, @))* (Accra Declaration 2008)
;g\ @))* sf] clk|n @) b]lv @% ;Dd 3fgfsf] /fhwfgL Accra df ePsf] UNCTAD sf] !@ cf}+
;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t 3f]if0ffkq 4 ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf lgDg 3f]if0ff u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Jofkf/sf] ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tyf cGt{/fli6«o ;xof]usf] cfJxfg ub}{ 3/]n'
pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] k|lt:kwf{ j[l4 ub}{ lgof{t cfk"lt{ Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ ug]{, clk|msf nufotsf clt
3 www. paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action.
4 UNCTAD, x ll Accra Accord and the Accra Declaration, United Nation, New work & Geneva 2008
150

sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf nflu tyf e'k]/Lj]li7t d'n's tyf ;+/rgfTds Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf
d'n'ssf nflu Jofkf/ ;xof]uL ;fdu|L ;xfotf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qsf] ljsf; kl/rfngsf ;DaGwdf ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL
If]qsf] ljQLo ;|f]tnfO{ ljZj ;fem]bf/Ldf kl/rfng ug] {, To:tf k"FhLx?sf] kl/rfng Official
Development Assistancy (ODA) dfkm{t ug]{, ODA sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu /fli6«o ljsf;
/0fgLlt ;xfotfsf] dfWodaf6 ODA sf] ljsf; ug]{, ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf] C0fsf] lbuf]kg tyf
;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lbuf] ;dfwfgsf nflu lg/Gt/ sfo{ ug]{ 5 s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfO{G5 .
k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] dxTjsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ub} { cfs|f 3f]if0ffn] j}b]lzs nufgLn] /f]huf/L
;[hgf ug] {, k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0f x'g], ljZj ahf/df 1fgsf] lj:tf/ tyf k|lt:kwf{ sfod x'g] eGb}
ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt{/fli6«o k|of;x? kl/rfng x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
cj;/ k|flKtsf nflu /fi6«df ;lqmo tyf qmdut gLltx? dfkm{t nufgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf af]w ub}{ Pj+ /fi6«x?n] j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ tyf 3/]n' nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f
ug{ nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f agfpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf
nflu k"jf{wf/df nufgL, dfgjLo ;+;fwgdf ljsf; tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf ;'b[l9s/0f 6 nfO{ hf]8
lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
k]l/; 3f]if0ffkq tyf ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu agfOPsf] Accra Agenda for Action
sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog k|lt bftf /fi6« tyf ;xfotf :jLsf/ ug]{ /fi6«n] ug{ ;Sg] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{
sfof{Gjogn] g} pQm 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;fy{stf t'Nofpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx?af6 :ki6 x'G5 ls j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] s'g} klg b]zdf lgDg adf]lhd ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 .
• Go"g cfGtl/s artsf] k"lt{df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ cfGtl/s artdf clej[l4 ug{,
• ljlQo ;fwgsf] kl/rfngåf/f ljsf;sf] ult ltj| kfg{,
• k|fyldstf If]q lgwf{/0f u/L ;fwgsf] kl/rfngåf/f cfly{s j[l4b/ ;'wf/ ug{,
• ljsf; ultljlwx?df r':ttf k|bfg ug{ Pj+ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] klxrfg u/L lt
If]qx?df ;xfotf /sd nufgL ug{,
• k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL (Foreign Direct Investment) dfkm{t k"hLsf] cGt{/fli6«os/0f ug{
Pj+ lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L lghL If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf]
d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{,
5 . Ibid Point 12
6 . Ibid Point 13
151

152
• ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfjZostfg';f/ cfly{s gLlt ;'wf/ ug{,
• k|ljlwsf] klxrfg, cfTd;ft Pj+ cjnDag dfkm{t /fli6«o pTkfbsTj clej[l4 u/L
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cfwf/ to ug{,
• pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] dxQd kl/rfng u/L Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{,
• k|ToIf /f]huf/L dfkm{t ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg,
• ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos lbzfaf]w ug{,
• ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n u/L ul/aL / c;dfgtf sd ug{,
d"ntM bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5 vf; u/L Plzofe/, clk|msf tyf Nofl6g cd]l/sL d'n'sx?df Official
Development Assistance sf] dfWodaf6 j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|jfx ePsf] kfO{G5 . nufgLsf
;DaGwdf ePsf ljleGg l6sfl6Kk0fLn] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg kIfaf6 cfnf]rgf
ePklg o;sf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ O{Gsf/ ug{ eg] ;s]sf] kfO{b}g . g]kfndf vf; u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f
g} k|d'v r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf sf/0f o;sf] ckl/xfo{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .
tyflk blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx?df g]kfn ;aeGbf l9nf] ljsf;sf] k|f/De ug]{ d'n'ssf ?kdf
/x]sf] kfO{G5 . vf; u/L /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo kl5 ePsf] k|hftGqsf] pbo kZrft\ g]kfnn] afXo
hut;+u Psfsf/e} ;Dks{ :yflkt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ;g\ !(%)
kl5 g} ePaf6 of]hgfj4 ljsf; ;+u j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] z'?jft ePsf] kfO{G5 . b]zsf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s ljsf;sf] qmddf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;+oqsf] ?kdf ck]Iff u/L vf; u/L ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf ?kdf /x]sf l;rfO{, ;8s, hnljB't, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL h:tf If]qsf] ljsf;df
pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngLsf] ?kdf k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#–@)!*_
sf] yfngL b]lv ljsf; vr{df x'g] /sdsf] %%Ü /sd j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 Joxf]{b} cfPsf] b]lvG5
eg] If]qut lx;fadf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L c+z s[lif, jg, dT:o kfng h:tf sfo{qmddf
vr{ e} To;kl5 phf{, oftfoft, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ljsf; / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; h:tf If]qx?df
;xof]usf] /sd k|jflxt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] l:yltnfO{ x]bf{, k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf j}b]lzs
;xfotfsf] lx:;f *(&Ü, bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgfdf &(=*Ü, t[tLodf %$=*Ü, rf}yf]df $%=%Ü,
kfFrf}+df $%=*$Ü, 5}7f}+df %!=!Ü, ;ftf} +df &)=^Ü, cf7f}+df ^%=%Ü, gjf}+df %^=%Ü, bzf}+df @!=$Ü,
ltgjif]{ cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$–)^&_ df $$Ü 7 cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] bf];|f] tLgjif]{ cGtl/d
of]hgfdf $$=&Ü cg'dfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; cf+s8faf6 klg k|yd tLgjif]{ of]hgf -@)^$–)^&_
7 k"j{kfb, @ k[i7

;Dd klg g]kfnsf] of]hgfsf] ljlgof]lht /sdsf] s/La $%Ü Jooef/sf] /sd j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf
lge{/ kg'{kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwdf df}h'bf Joj:yfx?
Ps bzseGbf nfdf] åGbkl5 g]kfnsf ;fd' cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 . j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tf (Comprehensive Peace Agreement) kl5 g]kfnsf ;fd' pRr
cfly{s j[l4 ;lxtsf] lbuf] cfly{s j[l4b/ cfjZos 5 eg] ;fdflhs k"FhLsf] kl/rfng dfkm{t
åGbf]Q/ sfndf ePsf Wjz+x?sf] k'g{lgdf{0f ub} { cfly{s ljsf;sf] ck]lIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug' {kg]{
afWotf 5 . b]zsf] ck]lIft rfxgf Pj+ åGbkl5sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cufl8
a9fpgsf nflu g]kfnsf] cfˆg} cfGtl/s ;|f]t / ;fwgn] lsdfy{ k'Ug ;Sg] x'Fb}g . k|yd k~rjifL{o
of]hgf b]lvg} lelqPsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] c+z Official Development Assitancy dfkm{t ljZj
a}Í nufot ljleGg ;+:yfx? Pj+ ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dfkm{t lelqPsf] kfO{G5 . j}b]lzs
;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfndf lgDg df}h'b Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf
b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L ;j} If]qsf hgtfsf]
lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf]
hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{, /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf j}b]lzs k"FhL /
k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{, l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x? / ;+;f/sf c? ;a} d'n'sx?l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+
cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt{/fli6«o
dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub}{ hfg]8 gLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
nf]stGq zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|ufdL cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ k|:tfjgfsf ?kdf ;d]l6Psf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePklg j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf eg] :ki6 pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvFb}g .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt, @)%(
j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt d"ntM b]zsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt tyf k|fyldstfx?sf] cleGg cË xf] . oL b'j} Ps
csf{df 3lgi7 ?kdf Plss[t geP;Dd ljsf; ultljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tf / sfo{bIftfdf k|lts"n c;/
kb{5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf ljleGg bft[ ;+:yfx?af6 k|fKt ul/G5 / k|To]s ;+:yfsf cfˆg} wf/0ff, gLlt
sfo{ljlw / k|rngx? x'g] ub{5g\ . 9 j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 b[li6sf]0f tyf ;|f]tx?df
8 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f -!_-!@_-@@_
9 j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)%(, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno sf7df8f}{, k[i7 !@
153

Ps?ktf sfod ug{ g;lsPdf g]kfn h:tf] ul/a b]zsf nflu w]/} uDeL/ ;d:ofx? v8f x'g
;S5g . ctM g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf nfu' ul/Psf] o; gLltsf lgDg lgb]{zs
l;4fGt tyf p2]Zox? /x]sf x'g .
lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? 10
• ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cy{tGqsf] pTkfbglzn Ifdtfsf] clej[l4åf/f cfly{s j[l4b/
xfl;n ug]{, dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{ ;xof]u ug] {, ljsf;
k|s[ofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg], lj:tf/ ug] { / lbuf] agfpg] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd lgdf{0f ePsf
cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljifox? ;dfj]z
ul/g'kg]{,
• j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ s'g} cfof]hgf ljz]if dfqdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df gx]/L
If]qut gLltx? cy{tGqut gLltsf cleGg c+Ë ePsf / s'g} Psbft[ kIfsf] ;xof]udf
;+rflnt cfof]hgf tyf sfo{x? If]qut gLlt;+u cfj4 x'g'kg]{ ePsf]n] oLgLx?nfO{
;dli6ut cy{tGq / If]qut txdf x]l/g'kg]{,
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ ;du| gLltsf] cleGg
efusf] ?kdf lng'kg]{,
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltn] ;/sf/L ljsf; ;xfotf (Official Development Assistancy)sf]
pknAwtf / pkof]usf] txdf Pj+ ;/sf/L tyf afXo b'j} If]qdf a9L kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt
u/fpg],
• cNksflng / dWosflng ?kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/0ffd / u'0ffTdstf j[l4 ul/g]
ePtfklg bL3{sflng ?kdf :yflgo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf j[l4 u/L ;|f]t kl/rfngdf
cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg ul/g] u/L lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt d"ntM bL3{sflng b[li6sf]0faf6 lgb] {lzt x'g] ePtfklg tTsflng kl/l:yltsf
sf/0f ;[hgf x'g] cfjZostf Pj+ ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos x'g] x'G5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] d"n nIo ePaf6 bL3{sflng lx;fan] g]kfndf pknAw Pj+ pknAw x'g] ;fwg
kl/rfngsf] l:ylt leq ;dflxt x'g cfjZos 5 . o; ;DaGwdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf p2]Zox?
lgDg /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
10 P]= P]= k[i7 !@,,!#
154

p2]Zox? 11
• j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;+rflnt ljsf; ultljlwx?nfO{ /fli6«o :t/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
k|fyldstfx?l;t d]n vfg] u/L ;+rfng ug]{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{,
• j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf / bIftf clej[l4 ug]{, g]kfn / bft[kIf b'j}df
cfof]hgf 5gf}6, th' {df, Joj:yfkg, k'g/fjnf]sg, cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg ug] { ;Gbe{df pko'Qm
/ Jofks lsl;dsf] gLlt / k|rngnfO{ a9fjf lbg],
• ljsf; ultljlwx?sf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg a9fpg ljt/0ffTds ;dtfdf ;'lglZrttf
NofpFb} pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug] { o;sf nflu gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qsf aLrsf]
;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt / cGo ljsf; gLltx?sf aLr kl/k'/stf
:yfkgf ug' {kg]{ / zf;lso Joj:yf, n}lËs ljifo / jftfj/0f h:tf If]qdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf
c? bIftfsf ;fy pkof]u ug'{kg]{,
• g]kfn / bft[ ;+:yfx? aLr ;dfg ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
pNn]lvt p2]Zox? k'/f ug{ Pj+ cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0f Pj+ j}b]lzs ;xfotf
Pj+ ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngdf /x]sf afwfx?sf] lgbfgsf nflu ;xfotfsf cNksflng tyf
bL3{sflng k|fyldstfx? pQm gLltdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . cNksflng k|fyldstf cGtu{t
dWosflng vr{ Joj:yf tyf dWosflng vr{ k|0ffnLdf hf]8 lbb} dWosflng vr{ ;+/rgfTds
ah]6 ljlgof]hg k|s[ofdf ;'wf/ ub} { ;a} txsf] vr{sf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf cf}NofPsf] 5 eg] ;xfotfsf bL3{sflng k|fyldstf cGtu{t, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df j}b]lzs
;xfotf k|jflxt x'g cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5 . k|fyldstfsf If]q tyf pkIf]q cGtu{t k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
cGtu{t phf{, oftfoft, ko{6g, lj1fg / k|ljlw tyf cGo pkIf]q cGtu{t s[lif, l;+rfO{, jg /
jftfj/0f, dfgjLo ;fwg / ;fdflhs ljsf;, lzIff :jf:Yo / hg;+Vof tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf
s]lGb|t ljz]if ultljlwx? vf; u/L /f]huf/ k|j4{g tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOPsf]
b]lvG5 . ljifout lx;fan] u|fld0f ljB'lts/0f, u|fdL0f ;8s / oftfoft, n3' l;+rfO{, s[lif k|;f/
tyf jfnL ljljwLs/0f, cfwf/e"t / k|fylds lzIff, hg:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / hg;+Vof ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg cflbdf j9L hf]8 lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf af]w ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfn]
d"ntM ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s j[l4sf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]
x'G5 .
11 P]= P]= k[i7 !#, !$
155

pNn]lvt p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;x'lnot k"0f{ C0f, cg'bfg ;xof]u, ah]6 ;xfotf, k|fljlws
;xfotf -cfof]hgf ljz]if;+u ;Dj4 gePsf] C0f ;xfotf_ (Free Standing Technical Assistance)
/ cfof]hgf ;+u ;DalGwt k|fljlws ;xfotf (Project Related Technical Assistance) /fhZj
kl/rfng, k" FhL ;+lrtLsf] cNk pkof]u, /fli6«o Ifdtf j[l4 / ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f, cGt{/fli6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf ;DaGwL Joj:yf tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj / :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ lghL If]qsf]
ljz]if / ;DefJo e"ldsf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cGt{/fli6«o gLlt kl/j]z, bft[ ;d'bfoaf6 ljz]if
;xof]u k|fKt ug]{12 ljifox?sf ;DaGwdf gLltx?sf] cjnDag ul/g] :ki6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt, @)%( sf p2]Zo, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltsf] ;DaGwdf tTsflng kl/l:yltdf
kl/jt{g cfO{ xfn b]zsf] gofF kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . bzs eGbf nfdf] ;z:q åGbkl5
g]kfnsf] tTsflns sfo{gLltdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ePaf6 zflGt, ;DkGg / goFf g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgfdf
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf klg gjLgtd cjwf/0ff ag]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjJofkL dfGotf, g]kfnsf]
ljsf;sf nflu afXo j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ g]kfnn] cGt{/fli6«o k|fjwfg cg'?k u/]sf
;Demf}tf ;d]tsf sf/0f g]kfnn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwL gLltdf kl/jt{gsf] dx;'; ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'?k ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;g\
@)!% ;Dd nlIft kl/0ffddf k'¥ofpg k|oTg ug' {kg]{ b]lvG5 . To:t} åGbkl5sf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{nfO{
lnP/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltdf ;fdlos kl/dfh{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs
;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ljsf; d~rsf] d] !@–!$–@))( df ePsf] a}7sdf 5nkmnsf nflu
d:of}bfsf] cfwf/kq k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . 13
pQm cfwf/kqdf pNn]lvt p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{sf nflu d"ntM k|fyldstfsf If]qx? lgwf{/0f
u/L cNksflng k|fyldstfsf If]qx? cGt{ut bftf tyf ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf åGb kLl8tx?sf]
k'g{:yfkgf ,/fxt ;dGjo tyf k'g{jf; sfo{qmd, ;'/Iff If]qdf ;'wf/, lj:kmf]6s j:t'sf] Joj:yfkg,
;+qmd0fsflng Gofo, lzlj/ Joj:yfkg, ef}lts k'g{lgdf{0f tyf ;Def/sf ljifox?nfO{ /fv]sf]
b]lvG5 . dWo tyf lb3{sflng k|fyldstf If]q cGtu{t cfof]hgfsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df nufgL vf;
u/L ;8s tyf phf{df cfjZos /x]sf] s'/f cf}NofPsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|fljlws 1fg ;xfotfnfO{
/fli6«o ljsf;sf] cfjZostf / rfxgf adf]lhd x'g]14 egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
12 P]= P]= ljleGg k[i6af6 ;Dkflbt c+z
13 Foreign Aid policy, 2009, ADratt for discussion at the Nepal Development Forum Stakeholders Consultaion
meeting, presented by Kapil Dev Ghimire, Joint-Secretary Ministry of Finance. Government of Nepal . P.
12
14 Ibid P. 13-14
156

cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&
j}b]lzs nufgL ;+/If0f, ljljwLs/0f / k|j{4g ug{ u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnLx?nfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{
k|f]T;flxt ul/g] tyf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL a9L ug] { d'n'sl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; tyf lgof]udf
cf}Bf]lus nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu cfly{s s'6gLlts OsfOnfO{ ;jn u/fO{g] gLlt clVtof/ ul/g]
Joj:yf pQm cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& df pNn]v 5 .
lgdf{0f, ljsf;, cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+rfng tyf lgdf{0f ;DkGg e};s]kl5 x:tfGt/0f ug] { ;DaGwdf
(Build, Ownership, Operation, Transfer)BOOT gLlt @)%& ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf 5 .
lqjif{L{o of]hgf 15 n] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf lgDg Aoa:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf Joj:yfkg
• ;xfotf Joj:yfkgdf bft[kIf, ;/sf/ tyf ;Da4 kIfx?aLr plrt ;fdGh:o /
;dGjo :yflkt x'g g;Sg', j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;+rflnt ljsf; cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx?sf]
sfo{;dflKtsf] :t/ Go"g /xg' / /fHo dflysf] C0fef/ a9g' o; If]qsf ;d:ofx? x'g\ .
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L pRr Pj+ lbuf] cfly{s j[l4åf/f ul/aL
lgjf/0fsf] ;d]t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgDglnlvt gLltx? lnOg]5g\M .
• k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cfwf/df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6
;+rflnt ljsf; sfo{qmd÷ cfof]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L Pj+ bIftfk"0f{ Joj:yfkgdf hf]8
lbOg]5 .
• j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cTo'Qd Joj:yfkgsf] nflu bft[ lgsfox?aLr ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L
;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .d'n'sdf pknJw ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o ah]6df
k|ltljlDat u/fpg'sf ;fy} j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] pkof]udf bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg ;xof]usf
If]qsf] gS;fª\sg ul/g]5 .
• k'gMlg{df{0f, k'gM;+/rgf, k'g:yf{kgf / k'gMPsLs/0fdf j}b]lzs;xfotf kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
cf a @)^*. ^( sf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{s|d / ah]6df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf lgDg
Aoj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
15 . lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
157

• /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]q / sfo{qmddf dfq j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng tyf pkof]uul/g]5 .
;fy}, j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ug{] Ifdtf a9fpgsf cltl/Qm ;xfotfkl/rfngnfO{
;dGjotfTds, kf/bzL{ tyf hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{
/fli6«o ah]6 tyf cGo ;/sf/L k|0ffnL leq Nofpg cfjZos ;+:yfut tyf gLltut
Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .
• j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] cfof]hgfx?sf] ah]6 lgsf;fnfO{ cfof]hgfn] u/]sf]
vr{,sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt glthf / ;dod} ljQLo tyf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;DaGwL
sfo{;Dkfbg u/] gu/]sf] kIf;Fu cfj4 ul/g]5 .
• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf ;xefuL
agfpg cfjZos Aoj:yf ul/g] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;f]xL gfddf g]kfnL
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? btf{ ug{ ] / bf]xf]/f] kl/rfng sfod u/L sfd ug{] k|rngnfO{ cGTo
ul/g]5 .
• cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf ?kdf dfq sfd ug{ ] Aoj:yfnfO{
s8fO{sf ;fy nfu' ul/g]5 . låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo / cGt/ ;/sf/L:t/df ;Demf}tf eO{
g]kfnsfnflu 5'6\ofOPsf] cfly{s ;xfotf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dfkm{t kl/rfng
x'g] Aoj:yfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 .
• cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] sfdnfO{ ;dGjo / cg'udg ug{ ;dfh
sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
sfg"gL Joj:yfx?
@)$& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft\ g]kfnn] v'nf tyf pbf/ cy{gLlt c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
vf; u/L aGb cfly{s gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] g]kfnsf nflu pbf/ cfly{s gLlt tyf v'nf ahf/sf]
cjwf/0ff nfu' ug{ cfjZos ePkl5 g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yf ;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cfly{s sfg"g
tyf Jofkfl/s÷Joj;flos k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos k|aGwsf nflu ;d]t sfg"gx?sf] cfjZostf
b]lvof] . If]lqo:t/df SAARC sf] ;b:otf k|flKtkl5 SAPTA x'Fb} SAFTA ;Dd Pj+ xfn cfP/
WTO sf] ;xfotf k|flKt kl5 t emg nufgL Pj+ ;f] ;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGo sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f,
;+;f]wg Pj+ ;fdlosLs/0f ePsf] 5 .
b]zsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|s[ofdf l;ldt k" FhL, dfgjLo Pj+ k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng
u/L cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;jn ultzLn Pj+ k|ltik{wfTds agfpg ljb]zL nufgL Pj+ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fnfO{
158

k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] 16 ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( nfu' e} sfof{Gjogdf 5 .
d'n'sn] ckgfPsf] v'nf, pbf/ / ahf/d'vL cy{tGqsf] gLlt tyf cGt{/fli6«o ljlQo ahf/sf]
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] kl/k|]Iodf /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ ;d]t p2]Zon] cGt{/fli6«o ljlQo sf/f]jf/
P]g, @)%$ ;d]t lqmofzLn x'g To:t} cfly{s ljsf;;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] sfg"gx? ;dofg's"n
kl/dfh{g x'b} cfPsf x'g . sDkgL P]g, @)^# k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^#,
lwtf]kq ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^#, a}Í tyf ljlQo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ P]g, @)^#, bfdf;fxL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# n]vf kl/If0f P]g nufotsf sfg"gx?
WTO ;+u d]n vfg] u/L lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( >d P]g, @)$*,
lghLs/0f P]g, @)%), s/f/ P]g, @)%^, dWo:ytf P]g, @)%%, u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^$, cfos/ P]g, @)%* , nufotsf cGo sfg"gx? ;dofg's"n lgdf{0f tyf ;+zf]wg ePsf
5g\ . g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fu u/]sf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k ;DklQ z'l4s/0f lgjf/0fsf nflu
ul/g] lgu/fgL Pj+ sf/jfxLnfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg / cft+ssf/L ultljlwdf x'g] ljQLo nufgL
lgoGq0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] dxf;GwL, @))# ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ePsf ]5 . ;DklQ
z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ df k|yd ;+zf]wg ePsf]5 . cft+sjfbdf x'g] ljQLo nufgL lgoGq0f
;DaGwL dxf;GwL, !((( / ;+ul7t ck/fw lj?4sf] dxf;GwL, @))) cg'df]bg ul/Psf]5 . cfk;L
sfg"gL ;xof]u ljw]os, @)^& / ;'k'b{uL ljw]os, @)^& Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ d"No l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;f]wgfGt/ ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu
cfjZos df}lb|s tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo gLlt lgdf{0f ug{, ;'/lIft :j:Yo tyf ;Ifd e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug{, a}lsË k|0ffnLsf] :j:y ljsf;sf] nflu pko'Qm lgodg lg/LIf0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{
17
;d]t g]kfn /fi6« a}Í @)%* nfu' ePsf] kfOG5 .
;Dj4 ;+:yf Pj+ lgsfox?
g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;Gbe{df Officially Assistancy pknAw u/fpg] cGt{/fli6«o ;+:yfx?df
vf; u/L Asian Development Bank, Word Bank, United Nation Development Group cGtu{tsf]
United Nation Development Programme, International Montary Fund, DFID, JICA h:tf ;:yf
lgsfox? dfkm{t k|fljlws÷ ck|fljlws ;xfotfx? pknAw ePsf x'g eg] g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs
;xfotf ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0f, ljZn]if0f nufotsf If]qdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lgsfosf ?kdf
g]kfn ljsf; d~r (Nepal Development Forum) ;d]t ;+u7g Pj+ ;lqmo ?kdf lqmofzLn 5 .
16 k|:tfjgf, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(, g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf
;ldlt, aa/dxn sf7df8f}+
17 . k|:tfjgf, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í P]g, @)%*, g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 &, sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt .
159

;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?
g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo Pj+ Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{dGqfnosf]
k|ToIf÷ k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf cltl/Qm /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u Pj+ ;Da4
dGqfnox?n] ;d]t ;xfotf ;dGjodf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf x'g . cy{dGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ;x–cWoIftf u|x0f ug] { / cGo ;Da4 lgsfosf] ;+nUgtf ;d]t /xg]
u/L pRr :t/Lo ;ldlt u7g ul/g] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . To:t} :yflgobftf, If]qut bftf
;d"x;+usf] a}7snfO{ lgoldt ?kdf af]nfOg], ;Da4 dGqfnosf of]hgf zfvfx?nfO{ kmf]sn
KjfO{G6sf] ?kdf /flvg], Nepal Portfolio Performeance Review -NPPR_ sf] a}7s jflif{s
18
?kdf ug]{ tyf cfly{s s'6gLlt O{sfO{ u7g ul/g] ;d]t gLlt clVtof/ ul/g] pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
;xfotf k|fKt ug] { b]z / bft[kIf b'j}n] j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwL gLlt Jojxf/ / sfo{ljlwsf
;DaGwdf cf–cfˆg} ;/f]sf/nfO{ phfu/ ug] { u/L ;/f]sf/ /fVb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cfˆg}
e"–/fhg}lts cjl:ylt, sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf, ljifd tyf ljs6 kxf8L tyf lxdfnL w/ftn,
ljifd ul/aL, pRr hg;+Vof j[l4b/ h:tf rf;f]sf sf/0f j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] dxQd pkof]u
Pj+ ljsf;sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg r'gf}ltk"0f{ agfsf 5g\ eg] ljutsf nufgLaf6 j[l4
ePsf] k|ltkmn cToGt Go"g /xg', cfly{s :yfloTj ;b'kof]u ug] { Ifdtf pNn]vlgo ?kdf j[l4 ug{
g;Sg', ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf sdhf]/kg Pj+ ljsf;sf cfjZostfnfO{ k|fuldlss/0f ug{ g;Sg' Pj+
cfjZostfnfO{ u|x0f ug{ g;s]sf] h:tf k|d'v sf/0fx?n] ljut b]vLsf] nfdf] k|of; Pj+ k|fljlws
tyf ljQLo If]qdf ;xfotf ug] { bftf /fi6«x?sf] a9\bf] k|jfxsf afjh"b klg ck]lIft kl/0ffd gb]lvg'
lg/fzf nfUbf] l:ytL cem} ;Dd sfod 5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg gx' 'g' tyf o;s} sf/0f Go"g ljsf; k|ltkmn x'g'sf
;DaGwdf ;xfotf k|fKt ug] { b]z cyf{t\ g]kfnL kIf / bft[kIf b'j}sf cfˆg} cfˆg} b[li6sf]0f b]lvG5 .
tL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lgDg ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
bft[kIfsf] wf/0ff 19
bftf kIfåf/f vr{ Joxf]l/g] ljsf; cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx?df g]kfn ;/sf/f] :jfldTjsf] cefj /x]sf],
vr{sf] k|fyldsLs/0f / cfof]hgf÷ sfo{qmdx?sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ljifodf g]kfnL kIfaf6
lgb]{zg / g]t[Tjsf] sdL, s]lGb|s[t ah]6 / of]hgf k|0ffnL ljBdfg /x]sf] sf/0fn] sfo{qmd th'{df /
sfof{Gjogdf :yflgo ;+:yf ;fd'bflos ;d"xx? h:tf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Hofb} sd ;xeflutf /xg]
18 k"j{kfb !# k[i7 @@
19 k"j{kfb (, k[i7 $
160

u/]sf, /fi6«sf] ;+:yfut / u|x0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf jf/]df Wofg glbO{ ljsf; cfof]hgfx?÷sfo{qmdx?
a9fpg bjfj lbg] u/]sf], sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/ sdhf]/
/x]sf], Go"g tna ;'ljwf Pj+ sdhf]/ dgf]an, sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg sdhf]/ ePsf]
sf/0fn] pQ/bfloTj tyf kf/blz{tfdf sld / ;fwgsf] r'xfj6 / b'?kof]u x'g] u/]sf] h:tf b[li6sf]0f
/fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnL kIfsf] wf/0ff 20
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? bft[kIfåf/f lgb] {lzt x'g] u/]sf], cfof]hgfsf] th' {df, sfof{Gjog ;'kl/j]If0f
/ d"NofÍg h:tf k|s[of k'/f u/L cfof]hgfsf] kof{Kt tof/L / Joj:yfkg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] cefj
/x]sf], If]qut tyf /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f x'g gkfpg] Pj+ k|fyldstf
lgwf{/0fdf k|To]s bft[ ;+:yfsf] cfˆg} gLlt k|fyldstf / wf/0ff x'g', k|fKt ;xof]u dWo] kF"hLut
;xof]usf] c+z cfwf d} k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] c+zdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg', ljb]zL bIfx?df cTolws e/
kg'{kg]{ cj:yf sfod} /xg', k" FhLut ;xfotsf] k|fljlws kIfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ pko' {Qm / k|efjsf/L
;+oGqsf] Joj:yf gx'g', j}b]lzs ;xfotf;+u ufFl;P/ cfpg] zt{x? bft[ ;+:yf, cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmd
lkR5] km/s–km/s x'g', g]kfnsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ga'‰g] bft[kIfsf] gLlt, Jojxf/ / k|s[ofn] sfod /xg',
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf k|fyldstf af/] Wofg glbO{ ;+rfng ug' { h:tf sf/0fn]
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg tyf ck]lIft kl/0ffd x'g g;s]sf] b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf]
kfO{G5 .
k|fKt pknlAwx?
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|flKtsf nflu d"ntM k]l/; 3f]if0ffsf]
k|lta4tfkl5 bft[ lgsfo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s]xL k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . tL k|of;x?df vf;
u/L M–
• cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf ;+;f]wg ul/Psf 5g\ .
• cGt{/fli6«o :t/ / dfkb08 cg'?ksf] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# / P]= sf] lgodfjnL
@)^$ hf/L ePsf 5g\ .
• ;fj{hlgs ljlQo Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 ljZj a}Í, g]kfn ;/sf/, l8=Pkm=cfO+=8L
sf aLrdf lgoldt cGt{lqmof ePsf] b]lvG5 .
• g]kfn ljsf; d~r / bftf / ;/sf/sf k|ltlgwLaLr ;+o'Qm 5nkmn / ;dembf/L ePsf
5g\ .
20 . P]= P]= k[i7 %–&
161

• k|wfgdGqL sfof{no cGt{ut ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{no :yflkt 5 eg] E-bidding
System nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
• n]vf kl/If0f tyf n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljleGg $% j6f cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ?= !)^ cj{ !) s/f]8 a/fj/sf] a}b]lzs
;xfotf k|fKt ug{] ;DjGwL ;Demf}tfx? ;DkGg ePsf5g\ .
• sf]if k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh, kf/bzL{, Aojl:yt, cfw'lgs agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy z'? ul/Psf]
Psn vftf sf]if TSA k|0ffnLnfO{ @@ lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf]5 .
• ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf of]hgf / ah]6 aLr tfnd]n ldnfpg] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 .
• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k4ltnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfO{Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf
;fdlos ;+;f]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
• ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g hf/L ePsf] 5 .
• d'b|f lgd{lns/0f P]g (Money Laundaring Act) nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] o;
;DaGwdf lgodg ug]{ sfg"gL k|aGw ldnfOPsf] 5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
9+un] lgoGq0f ug{ ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu :yfkgf ul/Psf]5 .
• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( lqmofzLn 5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
e"ldsfnfO{ cem a9L lqmofzLn agfOg] gLlt clVtof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
• lghL If]q, ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg] / :yflgo:t/sf hgtf;+u
Psfsf/ e} sfd ug{ ;Sg] sfo{qmd tyf jftfj/0fnfO{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf;+u Tie up
z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 .
• ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 / ;f] ;DaGwL P]g ;d]t lqmofzLn 5 .
pNn]lvt pknAwLx? x' Fbfx'Fb} Pj+ k]l/; k|lta4tf cg'?ksf] ;j]{If0f ;d]t /xFbf /xFb} klg g]kfndf
ck]lIft ?kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg tyf k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
o;df vf; u/L lgDg ;d:ofx? sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
• ;d[4, ;dfj]zL tyf gof g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf cg'?ksf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf d2t k'Ug] If]qdf
ck]lIft dfqfdf vr{ x'g g;Sg' ,
• pRr k|ltkmn lbg] cfof]hgfx?df nufgLsf] jftfj/0f gx'g',
• bft[ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] nufgLdf blno :jfy{ / b[li6sf]0fdf Ps?ktf gx'g',
• cl:y/ /fhgLlt / :ki6 uGtJo ;lxtsf] /fhg}lts jftfj/0f gx'g',
162

lgisif{
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf u|x0fug]{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf pkof]usf] sdhf]/ Ifdtf ;'b[9 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g
• If]qut cjwf/0ffsf] klxrfg ck]Iff cg'?k a9\g g;Sg',
• kof{Kt tof/L lagf cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf nflu ;Demf}tf ul/g',
• ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotf /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z gx'g',
• cGt{/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dfkm{t k|fKt ;xof]u, /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf kf/bzL{
/ pQ/bfoL 9+un] kl/rfng x'g g;Sg' .
• ;xfotfsf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f jgfO{ pko'Qm / cfjZos cfof]hgfx?sf] k|:tfj tof/
u/L ;xof]u k|flKtsf nflu ;DalGwt If]qut lgsfox?af6 tbf?stfsf ;fy kxn x'g
g;Sg'
• ;+Defljt ;|f]tnfO{ cfof]hgfdf cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos ;lqmotf gb]lvg] k|j[lQ sfod}
/xg' cflb .
@)^@.^# kl5sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] d"n nIo ;d[4, ;dfj]zL / gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f g} xf] . pQm
nIonfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf d2t k'Ug] If]qdf ck]lIft dfqfdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] /sd
vr{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug]{ tkm{ /fhgLlts bnx?df OdfGbfl/tf
b]lvPsf] 5}g h;n] ubf{ bft[ lgsfon] zflGt sfod geP;Dd j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] gLltnfO{ kv{ /
x]/sf] /0fgLlt clVtof/ u/]sf 5g\ . bft[ lgsfon] vf; u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f, lbuf] ljsf; tyf a9\bf]
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug] { nufotsf If]qdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] If]q lj:tf/ u/]sf
5g . ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfx?nfO{ /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z u/fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tL
k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dfkm{t k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs ;xfotf tyf ;xof]usf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng tyf lt ;|f]tx?sf] kf/blz{tfsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf x'g
h?/L 5 . d'b|f lgd{nLs/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ;+;f]wg tyf ;fdlos kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 .
h;n] ljlQo cg'zf;gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pknAwtf bft[kIfsf]
rfxgfdf cfwfl/t 5 o;nfO{ k]l/; k|lta4tf cg'?k nfu' ug{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf cfly{s
s'6gLlt Economic Diplomacy nfO{ cem a9L lg/Gt/tf lbg cfjZos 5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf dfkm{t
g]kfnn] ck]Iff u/]sf] cfly{s ;Dj[l4n] dfq ;xz|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{, g]kfn ;d]t ljZj;+u
Psfsf/ x'g cfjZos k"jf{wf/ aGg ;S5 . t/ k|efjsf/L j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pknAwtf To;sf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng / ;f] dfkm{t x'g] ck]lIft k|ltkmnsf nflu l:y/ /fhg}lts jftfj/0f / :ki6
uGtJo ;lxtsf] /fhg}lts jftfj/0f t cfjZos 5 g} To;sf cltl/Qm j}b]lzs ;xfotf u|x0f ug]{
;+:yfut Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{ g]kfnsf nflu plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
163

cy{tGqsf If]qut gLltx? tyf bft[kIfsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt cfof]hgf / sfo{x?;+u cfj4 x'g'
cToGt cfjZos x'G5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pknAwtf / pkof]usf] txdf ;/sf/L Pj+ afXo b'j}
If]qdf a9L kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt x'g' cfjZos 5 . bL3{sflng ?kdf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf
j[l4 u/L ;|f]t kl/rfngdf cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug'{ d"n r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k]l/;
3f]if0ff @))% / cfqmf sfo{of]hgf @))* sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xfotf ;Demf}tf b]lv
sfof{Gjog ;Ddsf] sfo{ k4ltsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . To:sf nflu g]kfnn] ljZj:t/Lo sf]ifx?
Global funds / cGo ljleGg ;+;fwgx? Global Resources df k|lt:kwf{ ug] { Ifdtf ljsf; ug' { k5{ .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ubf{ lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / Jofkf/sf nflu ;xfotfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]df g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u / To;af6
ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;S5 .
;Gb{e ;fdfu|Lx?M
• Sir Daid Walker, The Internationalization of Capital markets and the Regulatory
Response, Graham & Trotman Ltd. 1992
• www. paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action.
• UNCTAD, x ll Accra Accord and the Accra Declaration, United Nation, New work
& Geneva 2008
• Foreign Aid policy, 2009, A Dratt for discussion at the Nepal Development Forum
Stakeholders Consultaion meeting, presented by Kapil Dev Ghimire, Joint-Secretary
Ministry of Finance. Government of Nepal .
• uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;+rfngsf cfwf/x?, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}+
@)^^,
• cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)%(, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno sf7df8f}{,
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#,
• j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(,, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,
aa/dxn sf7df8f}+
• g]kfn /fi6« a}Í P]g, @)%*, g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 &, sfg"g Joj:yf ;ldlt aa/dxn
sf7df8f.}
• lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ,sf7df8f}+
• lalaw O{G6/g]6 ;fO{6 tyf ;d;fdlos kqklqsfx?
164

ul/jL Go"gLs/0fM
;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
;"o{gfy sf]O/fnf*
;f/f+z
ul/aL jx'cfoflds ljifo xf] . o;n] dfgjhLjgnfO{ si6k"0f{ / af]lemnf] agfp“5 . of] ;Eo
;dfhsf] nflu sn+s ;d]t xf] . To;}n] o;sf] pGd"ng k|To]s ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfsf] ljifo
x'g'k5{ . g]kfndf cf7f}“ of]hgfb]lv ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ /fli6«o p2]Zo agfO“b} cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o
k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{qmdx? s'g} g s'g} ?kn] ul/aL lgjf/0f;“u ;DjlGwt 5g\ tyflk o;df cfzftLt
k|ult x'g;s]sf] 5}g . k|:t't n]vdf ul/aL, o;sf k|sf/, o;sf] lgjf/0fsf] nflu ePsf ljleGg
k|of;, o;sf] lgjf/0fsf cj/f]ws / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ul/aLsf] kl/ro
ef}lts Pj+ cfly{s ljkGgtfsf sf/0f cTofjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] cefj eO{ ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts,
wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts Pj+ ;fd'bflos b[li6sf]0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ u/Ljsf] ?kdf / p;n] lgjf{x
u/]sf] b'Mvk"0f{ hLjgz}nLnfO{ ul/aLsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0f zAbdf eGg' kbf{ k]6e/ vfg
gkfpg' cfªe/L Ps;/f] n'uf nufpg gkfpg', a:gsf nflu 3/jf; gx'g' , lj/fdL x'Fbf cf}ifwf]krf/
ug{ gkfpg', k|fylds lzIff ;d]tsf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g' nufot hLjg lgaf{xsf] qmddf b'Mv
kL8f / lg/fzf h:tf s'/fx?sf] ef]ufO g} ul/jL xf] . lg/k]If ul/jLdf ef}lts Pj+ cfly{s kIfsf]
ljifdtfn] lglZrt ju{ Pj+ ;d'bfodf Go"gtd dfgjf]lrt hLjg ofkg ug{ ;Sg] ;Ddsf] Ifdtf
;d]t /xb}g .
cefj, zlQmxLgtf, k[ys Pj+ ;LdfGt hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf], lbgsf] ! o'=P;=8n/ jf ;]f eGbf klg
Go"g cfo ePsf], uf; jf; skf;sf] cefj e]mln/x]sf], lzIff :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/ h:tf g};lu{s
dfgjLo clwsf/af6 al~rt eO{ dfgjf]lrt hLjg ofkgsf] ;'lawfaf6 ljd'v ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
ul/jL elgG5 . ul/jLsf] b'Zrj|mdf /x]sf JolQmx?sf] Ifdtf x'FbfxF'b} klg cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;Lk
/ ;|f]t ;fwg tyf cj;/df ;d]t kx'Fr x'g ;Sb}g .
;fdfGotof ul/jLsf] cj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If / ;fk]If u/L b'O lsl;ddf ljefhg u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 .
* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cof]u
165

uf; jf; skf; nufot k|fylds lzIff Pj+ :jf:Yosf] ;'ljwf ;d]t pknJw ug{ g;sL dfgjf]lrt
hLjg ofkg ug{ g;Sg] / tf]lsPsf] ul/jLsf] /]vf d'lg hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If
(Absolute) ul/jL elgG5 eg] c? JolQm;Fu t'ngf u/]/ x]bf{ b]lvg] ul/jLnfO{ ;fk]If ul/jL
(Relative Poverty) elgG5 . ;fk]If ul/jL lg/k]If x'g klg ;Sb5 / gx'g klg ;Sb5 .
@= ul/aLsf cfofdx?
@=! cfod"ns ul/jL
b}lgs ! o'=P;=8n/ jf ;f] eGbf sd cfDbfgL ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] dflgG5 .
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df dflg;nfO{ b}lgs cfjZos kg] { @!$$ Sofnf]/L cfk"lt{ ug{ g;Sg] u/L Hofb} lgDg
cfo>f]t ePsf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf JolQmx?sf] ul/jLnfO{ cfod"ns ul/jLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
g]kfndf xfn @% k|ltzt JolQmx? ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ .
@=@ dfgjLo ul/jL
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ Go"g ePsf] ul/jLnfO{ dfgjLo ul/jLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . cyf{t dfgjsf nflu
cfwf/e"t cfZostf cGtu{tg} dflgg] lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL nufotsf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr gk'u]sf]
l:ylt dfgjLo ul/jL xf] .
@=# ;fdflhs al~rlts/0fsf] ul/jL
lnËut ;fdflhs e]befj, hfltut pTkL8g, ju{ut c;dfgtf, ;+:sf/ut lje]b, h:tf s'/fx?af6
x]l/g] ul/jLnfO{ ;fdflhs al~rlts/0fsf] ul/jLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . cyf{t ;fdflhs ultljlwdf
;xefuL x'g gkfpg', dfgjf]lrt hLjg ofkg ug{ kfpg] cj:yfaf6 al~rt x' 'g', ;fdflhs d"n
k|jfxLs/0fsf] cefjn] ubf{ ;fdflhs lg0f{o ug{ gkfpg', /fhgLlt / /fli6«o dxTjsf lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g gkfpg' h:tf] cj:yf ;fdflhs jl~rlts/0fsf] ul/jL xf] .
#= ul/jL lgjf/0f ;daGwL pkfudx?
#=! k'glj{t/0ffTds pkfud
o; pkfudsf cg';f/ /fHon] pBf]uklt Jofkf/L tyf wgf8\o JolQmnfO{ cToflws k|ultzLn s/
nufO{ ;f] af6 p7]sf] /sdn] ljkGg Pj+ u/La JolQmsf] clfy{s tyf ;dflhs pTyfg ug] { sfo{qmd
;~rfng u/L wgL / u/Lj ljrsf] vf8n sd ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 . kmnt M ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu cfo / ;DklQsf] ljt/0fdf ;Gt'ng Nofpg' ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 .
166

#=@ ;xeflutfTds pkfud
o; pkfudn] ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ sfo{qmdsf] klxrfg, th'[{df, sfof{Gjog,
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg / k|ltkmnsf] pkef]udf ;d]t nlIft ju{sf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] kIfdf hf]8
lbG5 .
#=# x:tIf]ksf/L pkfud
ljkGg Pj+ u/Lj ju{, blnt, hghflt, dw];L, dlxnf cflb nlIft ju{ Pj+ ;d"xsf] cfly{s /
;fdflhs If]qsf] pTyfg ljsf;df s]Gb|Lt u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
#=$ ;+:yfut pkfud
o; pkfudn] ljkGg Pj+ u/Lj ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 ;xh 9+un] ;]jf ;'ljwf
pknJw u/fpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
#=% ;jnLs/0f pkfud
o; cg';f/ u/Lj Pj+ ljkGg ju{sf] klxrfg u/L /fhgLlts, clfy{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf kx'r
j9fO{ ;jnLs/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 .
#=^ lbuf]kg pkfud
ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ lbuf] ljsf; ;Daå jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{
x'b}g . t;y{ o; pkfudn] ul/jL Go"gLs/0f lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfo{qmd ;+u;+u} cuf8L j9fpg' kg]{
s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 .
#=& dfus]lGb|t pkfud
o; pkfudn] vf; u/L dfudf cfwfl/t pTkfbg a[l4 ug] { / jrt u/fpg ;Ifd u/fO /fli6«o
cfodf a[l4 ug] { s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . x'gklg ljkGg ju{nfO{ pTkfbg a[l4sf] sfo{df nufO{ pgLx?sf]
jrt j9fpg ;lsG5 . jrt a[l4n] nufgL a[l4 eO{ k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL a9\5 eg] o;af6 /fli6«o
cfodf ;d]t a[l4 x'g hfG5 .
#=* cfk"lt{s]lGb|t pkfud
u/Lasf nflu cTofjZos cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfx? ;/n, ;xh, ldtJooL
/ l56f] 5l/tf] 9+un] pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
167

#=( Aofks kl/jt{g pGd'v pkfud
ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts pTyfgsf nlfu tLa| kl/jt{g ug]{ ljifo o; Aofks
kl/jt{g pGd'v pkfud cGtu{t kb{5 .
$= g]kfndf ul/aLsf] l:ylt
tnsf s]xL tYok/s a'Fbfx?af6 g]kfndf ljBdfg ul/aLsf] cj:yf a'emg ;lsG5 M–
• vfg nfpg gk'Ug', lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g' h:tf
ef}lts Pj+ cfly{s kIfsf] ul/jLaf6 s}of} JolQmx? k|tfl8t x'g k/]sf] .
• gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;xeflutfsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt e} zf;g k¢ltdf k|efj kfg{
g;Sg' h:tf] /fhgLlts kIfsf] ul/jLsf] l:ylt pRr b]lvPsf] .
• hg;+Vof a[l4nfO{ s[lif a[l4n] pl5Gg g;Sg'af6 ul/jL a[l4df k|ToIf c;/ k'Ug uPsf] .
• g]kfnsf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^&÷)^* sf cg';f/ zx/L If]qsf !%=$^ k|ltzt / u|fdL0f
If]qsf] @&=$# k|ltzt u/L hDdf @%=!^ k|ltzt hg;+Vof -em08} &) nfv_ ul/aLsf ] /]vfd'gL
/x]sf] .
• cfod"ns ul/jLsf] cj:yf x]bf{ xfn ul/aLsf] ljifdtf %=$# k|ltzt / ul/jLsf] uxgtf !=*!
k|ltzt /x]sf] .
• u|fdL0f If]qdf *^ k|ltzt / zx/L If]qdf !$ k|ltzt u/L s"n hg;+Vofsf] &^ k|ltzt hgtf
s[lif Joj;fodf cfl>t /x]sf]df s[lif If]qaf6 eg] /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf hDdf $* k|ltzt efu
cf]u]6]sf] .
• s[lif Joj;fodf ;+nUg hg;+VofdWo] klg w]/} h;f]sf] cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] .
• ef}uf]lns If]qsf] lx;fjn] ;a} eGbf a9L ul/jLsf] k|ltzt lxdfnL If]qdf -%^ k|ltzt_ / ;j}
eGbf sd sf7df08f} pkTosfdf -$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 eg] ljsf; If]qsf] lx;fjn] dWo tyf
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf a9L ul/jL /x]sf] .
• hfltut lx;fjn] ;j}df a9L lnDa' &! k|ltzt ;j} eGbf sd g]jf/ !$ k|ltzt u/Lj 5g\ eg]
blnt $^ k|ltzt, d':nLd $! k|ltzt, dw]zL #% k|ltzt, cNk;+Vos #! k|ltzt / a|fxd0f
If]qL !* k|ltzt u/La /x]sf] .
168

• aflif{s cfly{s a[l4 b/ @=% k|ltzt / /f]hufl/tfsf] a[l4 b/ # k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] .
• dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf g]kfn !$@ cf} :yfgdf /x]sf] .
• hdLgsf] 7'nf] kl/df0f ;LdLt wgL JolQmx?sf] lgoGq0f Pj+ :jfldTjdf /x]sf] .
• dlxnf, jfnjflnsf, o'jf, a[4, cflbsf] pTyfg ;DaGwL sfo{qmd / ljsf; lgdf{0f ;Da4
sfo{qmdx?df ul/jL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ hf]8\g] ul/Psf] .
• a}b]lzs ;xfotf h'6fpg] ;Gbe{df k|foz ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmd b]vfpg] ul/Psf] .
• pTkfbgsf ;fwg ;|f]tdf u/Ljsf] kxF'r k'Ug g;s]sf] .
• u/Lj JolQmx?sf] >d nufgL ug]{ >d ahf/sf] ;d]t cefj /x]sf] .
• cj;/df ;LdLt ju{sf] dfq kx'r k'Ug', s[lif Hofnfb/ Hofb} Go"g /xg', sfo{qmdx? ;j} If]q
tyf ;d'bfodf gk'Ug', 4Gbsf] cjz]ifn] ljleGg sl7gfOx? pTkGg x'g', zx/Ls/0f tLa| ?kdf
a9b} hfg', nufgL / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ gx'g' h:tf sf/0fx?n] cfosf]
c;dfgtf a9\b} uPsf] .
• o'jf hgzlQm sfd / dfdsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzg] u/]sf] sf/0f >d zlQmsf] ckJoo x'g uO{
pTkfbg a[l4df k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ePsf] .
• cem ;Dd klg s/Lj !) k|ltzt jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ k|fylds lzIff cfh{g ug{ s/Lj !
306fsf] b"/Ldf wfpg' kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] .
• @# k|ltzt eGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] ce}m ;Dd klg z'4 vfg]kfgLsf] pkef]u ug{ gkfPsf] .
%= ul/aLn] kfg]{ k|efjx?
ul/jLn] JolSt, ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf] ljsf;df lgDgfg';f/sf] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 M–
• /f]huf/L tyf cfo cfh{gsf cj;/df Go"gtf x'g] .
• ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts lje]b / c;dfgtf tyf 4Gbsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg]
• lzIff tyf ;Lk ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|fKt gx'g] .
169

• clzIff, s'kf]if0f, /f]uJofwL tyf ef]sd/Ldf a[l4 x'g] .
• jfn tyf dft[ d[To'b/ / cNkfo'sf] ;d:of pRr /xg] .
• ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s c;dfgtf sfod x'g] .
• ck/flws dgf]j[lQdf a[l4 x'g] .
• s'nt tyf b'Jo{;gLdf km:g]x?sf] ;+Vof a[l4 x'g] .
• cfTdljZjf;df x|f; cfpg] .
• cy{tGqdf ;+/rgfut sdhf]/Lx? /xg] .
• /fli6«o cy{tGq nufot, ljsf;sf s[ofsnfkx?df ;dfgkxF 'rsf] cj;/ k|fKt gx'g] .
• :jo+ ul/jL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd / o:t} cGo ljljw sfo{qmd jLr ;dGjo gx'g] .
• cg'udg / d'NofÍg k|s[of k|efjsf/L gx'g] .
^= g]kfndf ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x?
g]kfndf ul/jL 36fpgsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf k|of;x? x'b} cfPsf 5g, oL dWo] s]xL k|d'v
k|of;x?nfO{ tn k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M–
^=! ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
• b]zdf pknJw cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg Ps} JolQmdf s]lGb|t x'g glbO{ cfly{s pknJwLsf] Gofof]lrt
ljt/0f ug]{ / cfly{s zf]if0f x'g glbO ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ hLjg sfn ko{Gt
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs / cfly{s Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|ltj4tf ul/Psf] .
• ;'s'Djf;L, sd}of, xlnof / cfly{s Pj ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot
clfy{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] .
• cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kn] kl5 k/]sf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ;LdfGts[t dhb'/
cflbnfO{ lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 pgLx?sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L tyf
cfjf;sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf] .
170

^=@ gLltut Joj:yfx?
• /f]huf/Ldf u/Ljsf] kx'Fr j9fpg] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] .
• lk5l8Psf] ju{ / If]qnfO{ cfod"ns sfo{qmd pknJw u/fpg] gLlt c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] .
• ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg u/L pTkfbsTj j9fpg] gLltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
• j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ Jojl:ytug]{ gLlt ckgfOPsf] .
• s[lif ljsf;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLltsf] th'{df ul/Psf] .
• cfo tyf ;Dklt ljt/0fsf] ;dfg afF8kmfF8 u/L ljsf;nfO{ u/Lj;Fu s]Gb|Lt ug]{ ul/Psf] .
• If]qut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg If]qut gLltsf] th'{df ul/Psf] .
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf lghLs/0f gLlt th'{df ul/Psf] .
• lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ul/Psf] .
^=#
of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|of;
• k|fo clwsf+z cfjlws of]hgfx?df ul/jL lgjf/0fnfO{ p2]Zodf g} ;dfj]z u/L pRr
k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf] .
• gjf}+ of]hgfdf ul/jL lgjf/0f ug]{ Ps dfq p2]Zo /fvL sfo{qmdx? th'{df ul/Psf] .
• bzf}+ of]hgfdf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng ug]{, clfy{s cj;/ / /f]huf/Lsf If]q lj:tf/
ug]{, ;zlQms/0fåf/f dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug] { , clfy{s pknJwLdf u/Ljsf] kxF'r a[l4 ug]{ /
ul/jL 36fpg] cflb p2]Zox? /fvL ljleGg so{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] .
• cf=j=)^$÷)^%– )^^÷^& ;Ddsf] tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf klg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/
l;h{gf u/L s[lifdf Jofj;flos/0f ug]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k u/Lj s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] .
• cf=a=)^&÷^*–)^(÷&) sf] lqjifL{o of]hgfdf æ;dfj]zL pTkfbgd"ns Pj+ nlIft sfo{qmdsf
lj:tf/4f/f ;Ddfghgs tyf nfehGo /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ a[l4 u/L d'n'sdf ljBdfg c;dfgtf
/ ul/jL 36fpg]Æ p2]Zo lgwf/{0f ul/Psf] .
171

• ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs lje]b x6fpg ;+:yfut / k|s[ofut
Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] .
^=$
ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmdx?
-s_ nlIft sfo{qmd
• b'u{d If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd
• ;3g s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmd
• dlxnf ljs; tyf dlxnf hfu[tL sfo{qmd
• k|hf ljsf; sfo{qmd
• ;fd"lxs hdfgtdf shf{ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd
• u/Lj nlIft cfjf; sfo{qmd
• ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
• cflbjf;L hghftL ljsf; sfo{qmd
• pk]lIft pTkL8Lt tyf blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; sfo{qmd
• ckfËnfO{ ;xof]u sfo{qmd
• df]lxofgL xssf] Joj:yf
• ljz]if If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd
• e"ld;'wf/ tyf j;f]jf; sfo{qmd
• dlxnf zzlQms/0f / ;jnLs/0f sfo{qmd
• sd}of d'lQm sfo{qmd
• klZrd t/fO ul/jL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf
172

• dlxnf tyf jfnjflnsfx?sf nflu ljs]Gb|Lt sfo{of]hgf sfo{qmd -Dacow_
• u|fdL0f ko{6g ljsf; sfo{qmd
• sfdsf] nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd
• u/Lj;Fu ljZj]Zj/ sfo{qmd
• klZrd pRr kxf8L ul/jL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf
-v_ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{qmd
• ;xeflutfTds lhNnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g sfo{qmd
• u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmd
-u_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f ;Da4 sfo{qmd
• PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmd
• hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; sfo{qmd
• u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd
• u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ kl/of]hgf
• u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf
• a[xQ/ Pj+ :yfgLo :t/sf emf]n'Ë] k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;ef/ sfo{qmd
• u|fld0f ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ sf]if
• lhNnf ;8s ;xof]u sfo{qmd
• zx/L ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fe]mbf/L sfo{qmd
173

-3_
cGo ljljw sfo{qmdx?
• cfly{s tyf ljQLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
• jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/
• ;fj{hlgs vr{df ;'wf/
• /f]huf/d"ns sfo{x?
• tfnLd ;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmd
• cg'bfg sfo{qmd
• k|fylds lzIff, kf}9 lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff cflb ;DaGwL sfo{qmd
• hg;+Vof tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo PsLs[t sfo{qmd
• :yfgLo :t/df jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
• zflGt tyf ;fdflhs 4Gb ;dfwfg / cu|udg sfo{qmd
^=%
;+:yfut Joj:yf
• ul/jL lgjf/0f cfof]u
• ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]if
• /fli6«o blnt cfof]u
• /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u
• cflbjf;L hghftL pTyfg k|lti7fg
• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf ul/jL lgjf/0f dxfzfvf
• s[lif ljsf; j}s
• u|fdL0f ljsf; j}s
174

• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf sfd ug] { ljleGg ;/sf/L u}/
;/sf/L tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?
• ul/jL cg'udg k|0ffnL
^=^
cGo ;fGble{s lqmofsnfkx?
• hg;+Vof a[l4 b/ 36fpg kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
• a}b]lzs ;xof]usf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
• lghL If]qnfO{ ;s[o t'NofO{ ;/sf/L e"ldsfnfO{ ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf dfq s]Gb|Lt ug] { k|of;
ul/Psf]
• ljleGg cfwf/x?df sfo{qmdx?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] z'?jft ePsf] .
• ul/jL dfkgsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L jf:tljs u/Lj klxrfg ug] { / sfo{qmdx?nfO{ u/Lj
a:tLdf n}hfg] sfdsf] z'?jft ePsf] .
• sfo{qmdx? th{'df ubf{ cfoa[l4d"ns sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg yflnPsf] .
• :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg / sfg"gL ?kdf clwstd ;Ifd t'Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] .
• ;xeflutfTds cg'udg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft ul/Psf] .
• ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf * j6f nIox? dWo] ul/jL tyf ef]sd/L pGd"ng ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ klg
;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
&= ck]lIft dfqfdf ul/jL Go"lgs/0f x'g g;Sg'sf k|d'v sf/0fx?
g]kfndf ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/sf ljljw k|of;x? ul/Psf 5g\ / klg
ul/jL lgjf/0fdf pNn]Vo k|ult x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ul/jL lgjf/0fdf 7f]; pknJwL gx'g'sf k5fl8
lgDg lnlvt sf/0fx? k|d'v ?kdf b]vfkb{5g .
• ul/jL Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nlfu /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf ;lxtsf] OR5fzlQm / k|zf;lgs sl6a4tf
;lxtsf] b'/blz{tfsf] cefj
• ljsf; sfo{qmddf hg;xefuLtfsf] cefj /xg'n] ubf{ ljsf;k|lt cfd hgdfg; -cem vf;
u/L u/Lj hgtf_ sf] ckgTj l;h{gf x'g g;Sg'
175

• cfo / ;DklQ nufot pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ePsf] c;dfg ljt/0fsf sf/0f pTkfbg /
pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?df u/Ljsf] kxF'r x'g g;Sg'
• cfly{s pbfl/s/0f / lghLs/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmdx? u|fld0f If]q / u/Ljx?sf] j;f]jf; ePsf]
:yfgdf k'Ug' g;Sg'
• u|fdL0f If]qdf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? nufot ;]jf ;'ljwfx? gk'Ug'
• pGgt k|ljlw / ;Lksf] cefj nufot u/Ljx?df ;jnLs/0fsf] cefj /xg'
• ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfsf] cefj h:tf s'/fx?n] ubf{ ;'zf;gsf]
sdL x'g u} ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'
• v'nf jhf/f]Gd'v cy{Joj:yfsf nflu Psftkm{ ;/sf/åf/f ul/g] lgodgstf{,;xhstf{ /
pbf/ssf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L gx'g' / csf]{tk{m k|lt:kwf{Tds cy{Joj:yfnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]
;:yfut / sfg"gL ;F/rgfsf] cefj /xg'
• ul/jL lgjf/0fsf ;Gbe{df ;zlQms/0f / ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf
glbOg'
• ul/jL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u nufot ljleGg dGqfnox? Pj+ ljefux? jLr ;dGjosf] cefj /xg'n]
ubf{ st} sfo{qmdsf] cefj /xg' / st} sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf /xg'
• ce}m;Dd klg s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf k|0ffnL xfjL x'g'n] ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg, th'{df, sfof{Gjog,
;'k/Lj]If0f , cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltdf nlIft ju{sf] ;xeflutf gx'g'
• pGgt jLp ljhg, s[lif cf}hf/, dnvfb, k|ljlw / l;rfO cflb s'/fx?sf] cefj nufot
ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ s[lif Joj;fodf cfw'lgsLs/0f x'g g;Sg'
• u/Ljsf] 3/b}nf]df sfo{qmd k'¥ofP/ cfly{s a[l4 b/ xfl;n ug]{ sfo{tk{m b[li6 gk'Ug'
• ul/jL gSzf+sgaf6 ul/jLsf sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;f]xL cg'?k sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]{df
;f] x'g g;Sg'
• ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 ;+rflnt sltko sfo{qmdx?df k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]
cefjn] ubf{ u/Lj kl/jf/sf] clfy{s tyf ;fdflhs :t/ ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg'
176

• sltko sfo{qmdx?sf] ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs cg'bfg tyf ;xof]u ljgf ;+ej} 5}g eGg] unt
dfgl;stfsf sf/0f cfGtl/s >d ;Lk, hfFu/ / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u tk{m cu|;/ gx'g'
• w]/}h;f] u/Ljd'vL cfof]hgfx? j}b]lzs C0f ;xof]u tyf cg'bfgdf ;+rfng ul/g' / o:tf
cfof]hgfx?df bft[ lgsfosf] zt{x? yf]kl/g' tyf :jo+ bft[lgsfos} k|fljlws / k/fdz{bftfsf]
kfl/>ldsdf 7'nf] /sd vr{ e} jf:tljs sfo{qmddf x'g] vr{ clt Go"g /xg'
• dlxnf tyf u/Lj JolQmx?sf] ;zlQms/0f, d"nk|jflxs/0f / ljsf;df ;xeflutf h:tf s'/fx?
gf/fdf k|efjsf/L dflgP klg Jojxf/df cy{k"0f{ gx'g'
• ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf] tna eQf tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf clt Go"g x'g'n] ubf{
sd{rf/Lx? cfk"mn] lgjfx ug' {kg]{ e'ldsfk|lt pT;flxt x'g'sf] jbnf cltl/Qm cfDbfgL ug]{
k|a[lQ tk{m nfUg'n] sfd sf/jfxLdf e|i6frf/ JofKt x'g uO{ ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{qmd nlIft
ju{df k'Ug g;Sg'
• /fhgLlts bnx? jLr ;dGjo x'g'sf] jbnf Ps cfk;df lvrftfgL x'g'n] ubf{ ul/jL lgjf/0f
;Da4 sfo{qmd 5gf}6 tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|lts"ntf l;h{gf x'g'
• ;fdflhs lje]bLs/0fn] ubf{ lzIff :jf:Yo nufot ljsf;sf cj;/x?df ;j}sf] ;dfg kxF 'r
x'g g;Sg'
• u/Lj Pj+ clt u/Ljsf] gfddf ljleGg ;+:yf4f/f pknJw u/fOg] C0f cg'bfg tyf ;xof]u
jf:tljs u/Ljsf] xftdf gk'Ug'
• cfof]hgf 5gf}6 k|s[of unt x'g', cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ k'Ug] ah]6 pknJw gx'g', cfof]hgfsf]
vr{ k4lt 7Ls gx'g' h:tf s'/fx?n] ubf{ cfof]hgfx? cw'/f /xg] / lglb{i6 nfut, ;do,
k/Ldf0f / u'0f:t/df ;DkGg gx'g'
• sdhf]/ k|zf;g ;+oGqsf sf/0f ljsf; k|zf;g ;Ifd / ;'49 ge} cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o ;|f]t
;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng x'g g;Sg' .
• ;'k/Lj]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg cf}krfl/stfdf dfq l;dLt /xg u} k|efjsfl/tfsf] cefj
x'g'
• ;Ifd jhf/ ;+oqsf] cefj, u}/ s[lif If]qdf /f]hufl/tfsf cj;/x?sf] sdL, u|fdL0f Pj+
u/Ljd"vL sfo{qmddf Go"g nufgL cflb ;d:ofx? b]lvg' .
177

• ul/jL lgjf/0fsf p2]Zo, nIo / sfo{qmd jLr pko'Qm tfnd]nsf] cefj x'g' .
• cfwf/e"t / k|fljlws lzIffsf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g' k/]sf] sf/0f dfgj ljsf;sf] l:ylt
sdhf]/ /xg' .
• k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;d:of x'g' .
*= ul/jL Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ;'emfjx?
ul/jL lgjf/0f x'g g;Sg'sf k5fl8 lhDd]jf/ 7flgPsf pNn]lvt sf/0fx? x6fO ul/jL Go"gLs/0f
ug{sf nflu b]xfo jdf]lhdsf pkfox? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .
*=!= /fhgLlts
• /fhgLlts bnx? jLr b]vfkg]{ u/]sf cfk;L 4Gb / k|lt:kwf{nfO{ yftL /fv]/ ul/jL lgjf/0fsf
nflu k"j{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf pko'Qm sbdx?sf] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L /fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
• :yfgLo :t/sf ;/sf/ Pj+ lgsfox?df cTolws clwsf/ lgIf]k0f tyf k|Tofof]hg ug]{ .
• lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf a[l4 u/L ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgodg tyf ;xhLs/0f ug] { sfo{df
;LdLt u/fpg] .
• zf;gdf u/Ljx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] , lje]b k"0f{ sfg"gsf] cGTo ug]{, j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/
sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{, cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, h:tf sfo{x?4f/f ;fdflhs
jl~rtLs/0f sd u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
• bft[ lgsfosf cgfjZos zt{x? :jLsf/ gug]{, To:tf] ;xof]uaf6 ;+rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?df
klg :jb]zL k|fljlw1 / k/fdz{bftfs} k|of]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{x?df hf]8 lbg] .
*=@=
k|zf;lgs
• g]t[Tjjf6 th' {df ul/Psf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ k|zf;lgs If]qnfO{
sl6j4 t'Nofpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;j{;'ne, l56f]5l/tf], ldtJooL / u'0f:t/Lo t'NofO{ nlIft ju{nfO{
clwstd nfe pknJw u/fpg] .
178

• :yfgLo :t/sf ;/sf/ Pj+ lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 u/L s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng tyf
;]jf k|jfxsf sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .
• k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ux?n] lbPsf ;'emfjx? / zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] cjnDag u/]sf
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;'b[9, ;Ifd, hgd'vL sl6a4 / lgikIf
t'NofOg' kg]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, ldtJooL, kf/bzL{, ;]jfd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL, pQ/bfoL / n+}lus
;dtfd'vL t'NofO{ hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe'lt lbnfpg lghfdtL k|zf;g tyf ;fj{hgls
;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;+3 ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug]{ .
*=#= gLltut
• jf:tljs u/Ljx?sf] klxrfgu/L ;f]xL cg'?k th' {df ul/g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ nlIft ju{ ;dIf
k'¥ofpg] .
• e|i6frf/ ug] { JolQmnfO{ ;dfhaf6 lt/:sf/ ug] { tyf s8f ;hfo lbnfpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
• ul/jL lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmdx?sf] klxrfg, th'{df , sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg / d"NofÍg
;Ddsf ;j} r/0fx?df ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .
• u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ u/Lj ;Da4 nlIft ju{x?df n}hfg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] / pgLx?nfO{ ;+jlGwt :yfgLo lgsfo;+u ;d]t clgjfo{ ?kdf ;dGjo u/L
kf/bzL{ 9+un] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ nufpg] .
• ;x;|fJbL ljsf;sf nflu lgwf{l/t * j6} nIx? s'g} g s'g} ?kn] ul/jL lgjf/0f;Fu ;DalGwt
ePsfn] tL nIox? k"/f ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo, gful/s
;dfh, lghL If]q tyf /fhgLlts bn k|ltj4 e} nfUg'kg]{ .
• ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cem a9L Jojxfl/s t'NofO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
• ljleGg bft[ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;xfotfnfO{ jflif{s jh]6df ;dfj]z u/L kf/bzL{ 9+un]
kl/rfng ug]{ .
179

*=$= cfly{s
• lghfdtL ;]jf nufot cGo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ lhljsf ug{
k'Ug] lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] .
• s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif If]qsf s[ofsnfkx?nfO{ pTkfbgd"ns / /f]huf/d"ns t'NofO{ ;s];Dd
ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf AolQmx?nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• pGgt ljp ljhg, /f;folgs dnvfb, cfw'lgs cf}hf/x? Pj+ l;rfO{ / u/Lj ls;fgnfO{
;x'lnotk"0f{ Jofhb/df s[lif C0f ;d]t pknJw u/fO s[lif Joj:ffonfO{ Jofj;flos t'NofO{
s[lif pTkfbg j9fpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf nufot s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo Jofkf/ cflb ;j} If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a[l4
u/L dlxnf ju{sf] cfo:t/df a[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf JolQmx?nfO{ lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf h:tf
s'/fx? lgz'Ns pknJw u/fpg] .
• u/Lj Pj+ k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ ;Lkd'ns tflnd lbg], zzlQms/0f ug] {, >dd'vL /f]huf/
;DaGwL Joj;fo k|j4{g ug]{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;+efljt cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ug]{ h:tf
sfo{x?4f/f u/Lj ju{sf] /f]hufl/tf k|j{4g ug]{ .
• s[lif, pBf]u, ko{6g, hn;|f]t cflb cfly{s ljsf; ;Da4 If]qx?sf] ;dofg's"n ljsf; u/L
nlIft ju{sf JolQmx?nfO{ /f]hufl/tfsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ug]{ .
• cfGtl/s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng tyf j}b]lzs nufgL ;d]tdf a[l4 u/fO{ s[lif ;8s tyf
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+rfngnfO{ tLa| t'Nofpg] .
• u/Lj JolQmx?sf nflu pTkfbgzLn shf{ k|jfx ug{ k|efjsf/L j+}lsË ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] .
• ;x'lnotk"0f{ n3' C0f k|bfg ug]{ , cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ j}b]lzs >dsf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;Lkd"ns tfnLd k|bfg ug]{ , s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]u / ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf;
ug]{ , h:tf sfo{x?4f/f >d zlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L cfod"ns ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
• ;fgf l;+rfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug] {, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] k|efjsf/L k|j{4g ug] {, u|fdL0f ;8ssf]
ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug] {, ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ug] { , :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/
180

ug]{, ;xsf/L jhf/sf] ljsf; ug] { nufot n3'ljQ tyf ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd cflb
;+rfng u/L pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjsf] a[l44f/f cfod"ns ul/jL x6fpg] .
• cfod"ns ul/jL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg j}b]lzs /f]hufl/tfsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;dof]lrt t'Nofpg] .
• pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L Pj+ cfly{s ?kdf ;DkGg JolQmnfO{ s/ nufO{ ;f] jf6 k|fKt /fh:jn] ul/jL
lgjf/0f ;Da4 sfo{qmdx? th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
• a}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ nfu" u/L e"ldxLg JolQmx?nfO{ Go"gtd cfjf; ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] .
*=%= ;fdflhs
• kl/jf/ lgof]hg sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg l9nf] ljjfx ug] { Joj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{,
n}lus lje]b x6fpg], pRr lzz' tyf dft[ d[To' b/ 36fpg] / cfd hgtfdf hgr]tgf a9fO{
hg;+Vof lgoGq0f ug]{ .
• u/Ljd'vL lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ nufot Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
tfnLd ;+rfng ug] { h:tf sfo{x?4f/f dfgj ;|f]tsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf
6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
• u|fdL0f If]qjf6 zx/L If]qdf j;fO ;g]{ k|a[lQnfO{ cGTo ug{ u|fdL0f If]qdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/
k'¥ofpg .
• ;dfhdf /x]sf ljBdfg e]befj s'l/lt cGofo, cTofrf/ 5'jf5't zf]if0f cflbsf] cGTo ug]{ .
• cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t ;xeflutfd"ns jgfO ;s[otfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
(= lgisif{
;fdfGotof ul/jLsf] lgwf{/0f lg/k]If / ;fk]If u/L b'O{ lsl;daf6 jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hLjg
lgaf{xsf nflu Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? k"/f x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf JolQmx?sf]
cj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If ul/jLsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 eg] c? JolQm;Fu cfly{s b'li6sf]0fn] t'ngf ubf{
sdhf]/ b]lvg] JolQmx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fk]If ul/jLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o;sf] ;fy} clfy{s ?kdf
;DkGg x'bfx'b} klg dfgl;s ?kdf ;+s'rg lng] JolQmnfO dfgl;s bl/b|tfsf] ?kdf ;d]t lng]
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . ul/jLsf] ?k/]vf h] h;/L ljljw k|s[ltsf] ePtf klg uf;, af;, skf; / lzIff
Pj+ :jf:Yosf] ;'ljwf pknJw x'g wf} wf} kg]{ cj:yfsf JolQmx?sf] ul/jL jf:tadf lrGtfsf] ljifo
xf] . cfod"ns tyf dfgjLo / ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fsf] u/LaL h] h:tf] cj:yfsf] ePklg ul/jLsf
181

oL cj:yfx?df dfgj hLjg bM'v k"0f{ / si6bfos x'g] x'G5 . t;y{ oL kIfx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
ul/jLsf] cj:yfnfO{ qmdz Go"lgs/0f ub}{ hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
ul/jL Go"lgs/0fsf ;Gbe{df xfd|f] b]zdf y'k|} k|of;x? x'FbfxFb} klg o;df pNn]vgLo k|ult x'g
g;s]sf] oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfg}{ kb{5 . x'gt ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{ Tolt ;/n / ;xh klg 5}g . k]m/L
lg/k]If ul/jLnfO{ qmdz M Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsPtf klg ;fk]Iftfdf cfwfl/t ul/jL ;b}j /lx/xG5 .
h] eP klg dfgjf]lrt hLjg lgjf{xsf] cj:yf;Dddf k'Ug ;lsPdf 7"n} pknlJw dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
t;y{ dlfy lbOPsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of; ul/Pdf ul/jL Go"lgs/0fsf] sfo{df s]xL
xb;Dd eP klg 6]jf k'Ug] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
• ;'j]bL, lji0f', æul/jL lgjf/0fÆ, k|zf;g Joj:yfkg / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf gjLg cfofdx?,
k}/jL k|sfzg, )^%
• sfˆn], gf/fo0f k|;fb, æul/jL lgjf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f / u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfÆ,
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] gofF cfofd, zf/bf zdf{ sfˆn], gofF jfg]Zj/, sf7df08f}
• lg/f}nf, 9'08Lk|;fb, æul/jL lgjf/0fÆ, zf;g ;~rfngsf gjLg dfGotfx?, ;f]kfg -dfl;s_,
l8NnLjhf/ sf7df08f}
• tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷)^%–@)^^÷)^&_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^$
• lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^& .
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn,
@)^#
182

lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmof M l;4fGt / Jojxf/
6Lsf/fd 9sfn*
A choice among alternatives.
;f/f+z
ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;Defljt ljsNkx?dWo]af6 pko'Qm ljsNk rog ug{] sfo{ g}
lg0f{o k|lqmof xf] . o;sf nflu lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fx?sf] hfgsf/Lsf ;fy;fy} sfg"gL
tyf j:t'ut cfwf/x?sf] 1fg ;d]t cfjZos x'G5 . lglZrt cfwf/ / cWoogljgfsf lg0f{ox?
xr'jf / k|To'Tkfbs x'G5g\ rfx] Tof] dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgofkg;“u ;DjlGwt xf];\ jf k|zf;g
;~rfng;“u . ;Defljt k|ltkmn / cfjZos ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] cf“sngljgf lg0f{o ul/g] k|j[lQn]
ubf{ To:tf lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf
lg0f{o kfG8f]/f afs; (Pandora's Box)df cfwfl/t /x“b} cfPsf] cf/f]k nfUb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf
cnfjf ljleGg sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut k|of;x? x'“bfx'“b} klg clGtd cj:yfdf cfP/ dfq
xtf/ ug{] k|j[lQ, cgfjZos uf]Kotf, kf/blz{tf / ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf] sdL, glthfeGbf
klg k|lqmofdf hf]8, k|efjsf/L lg0f{osf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf / tYof+ssf] sdL tyf k|zf;sx?sf]
sdhf]/ OR5fzlQm / Go"g sl6a4tf ePsf] h:tf cf/f]kx? lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf kof{osf ?kdf kl/lrt x'“b} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ lgld6\ofGg
kfg{ g;s];Dd hgd'vL / k|efjsf/L k|zf;gsf] lgdf{0f ck]Iffdf dfq} ;Lldt /xg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt
gxf]nf .
ljifo k|j]z
lg0f{o ug{ ] k|lqmof Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|zf;lgs / Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . dfgjhLjg ofkgsf] qmddf
xfdLx?n] klg lbgfg'lbg ljleGg lg0f{ox? lnO{/x]sf x'G5f}+ . dfgj hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf lg0f{on]
k|efj kf/] h:t} ;+u7gn] klg lg0f{osf] l;nl;nfdfkm{t hLjGttf k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . sd{rf/Lx?sf]
lg0f{oaf6 ;+u7g / ;+u7gsf lg0f{ox?af6 sd{rf/Lx? k|efljt eO{ g} /x]sf x'G5g\ . lg0f{o lng]
k|lqmof eGgfn] s] s:tf cfwf/e"t ljifox?sf] ;DjGwdf hfgsf/L /fvL / s'g s'g k|lqmof kf/ u/L
lglZrt 6'Ëf]df k'luG5 eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 . ;+u7gdf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] pkNnf] txsf
kbflwsf/Lx?n] lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf cToflws ;do AotLt ug{'kg{] x'G5 . tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx?n]
* zfvf clws[t, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
183

klg ;+u7gsf] ;+rfngsf nflu lg0fo{sf] k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\ / k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
?kdf ;xefuL eO{ g} /x]sf x'G5g\ . o; cy{df lg0f{osf] k|lqmofnfO{ co-operative activity sf] ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
cy{
Problem + Alternatives + Analysis + Choice = Decision Making Process
lg0f{o k|lqmof ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+u7gdf of]hgf th' {df ug{ ],
g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{], lgoGq0f ug{], ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg ug{],
;'kl/j]If0f ug{] h:tf sfo{sf cltl/Qm ;+u7g cGtu{tsf lgsfo / cGo ljleGg ;+u7gx?sf jLrdf
;dGjo tyf ;DjGw ;'b[9 ug{], ah]6 Joj:yfkg, k|ltj]bgh:tf ljljw kIfdf lg0f{osf] dxTjk"0f{
:yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] Joj:yfkgsf] ultlzntf :j:y / k|efjsf/L lg0f{odf e/ kb{5 . lg0f{o
lng] k|lqmof Pp6f s7Lg k|fljlws sfo{ xf] . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] Joj:yfkgsf] ;fwg (means) dfq
xf], ;fWo (ends) xf]O{g .
lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofnfO{ 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf] kof{osf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . o;}n] lg0f{o (decision) ;Fu 5gf}6
(selection) / 5gf}6sf] ljsNk (alternatives) ;Fu l;wf ;DjGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ljsNk/lxt ljifox?df
lg0f{osf] k|lqmof x'Fb}g . lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] nflu Pp6f ;f]rsf] l;h{gf x'g'kb{5 / ;f] ;f]rnfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{'kg{ ] x'G5 . o;y{ klg s'g} ljz]if ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cyjf ljBdfg l:yltaf6 ck]lIft
p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf lglDt k|of;/t /xg] l;nl;nfsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] lg0f{o k|lqmof .
Existing
State
What it is
now.
Desired
State
What it would
be.
Process
Choosing the best alternative
cy{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0faf6 klg o;nfO{ yk k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . dflg;sf cfjZostfx? c;Lldt
x'G5g\ . tL cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{sf] nflu ;fwgx? l;ldt x'G5g\ . ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf]
pkof]uaf6 cl;ldt cfjZostfx?sf] k"lt{ u/]/ Maximum satisfaction k|fKt ug{sf nflu pknJw
ljsNox?dWo] ljj]szLn ljsNk 5gf}6sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . Joj:yfkgsf s'g} klg sfo{x?
ljsNk/lxt x' Fb}gg\ . tL ljleGg ljsNkx?dWo]af6 Pp6f s'zn k|zf;sn] pknJw ;|f]t, ;fwg,
184

;do / kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /flv lg0f{osf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 . o:tf] lg0f{o
k|lqmofnfO{ dfq k|efjsf/L dfGg ;lsG5 .
w]/} ljsNkx?dWo]af6 Pp6f ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug{kg{ ] x'gfn] lg0f{o JolQmlkR5] km/s km/s klg x'g
;Sb5 . To;}n] k|To]s lg0f{o ;j}sf nflu :jLsfo{ x'G5 eGg ;lsb} +g . lg0f{o ubf{ ;+u7gfTds
lgod, sfg'g, / jftfj/0f ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 . clxn] h'g;'s} dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf lg0f{o
ub{f klg To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu ;f] ;Fu ;DjlGwt kIfx?;Fusf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ x'g'kb{5
eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . eljiodf b"/ufdL k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ljifox?df Golden Grid sf
cfwf/df cfjZos k/]df yk 5nkmn ug{], /fo tyf k/fdz{sf nflu Committee u7g ug{] tyf
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifodf lg0f{o lng'kg{ ] ePdf ;a}sf] wf/0ff a'em\g k|rf/ k|;f/ klg ug{ 'kb{5 .
kl/efiff
lg0f{onfO{ ljrf/ / k|lqmofsf] ;]t'sf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ljsNkx?dWo]af6
;s];Dd o'lQm;+ut ljsNksf] klxrfg ug{' g} lg0f{o xf] t/ lg0f{o x'Fb}df lg0f{osf] k|lqmof k"/f ePsf]
dflg+b}g . s'g} klg ljifodf lg0f{o lnP/ To;sf] sfof{Gjog ePkl5 To;sf] k|efj nufot eljiosf
nflu k|fKt x'g] dfu{bz{g ;d]tsf s'/fx? lg0f{osf] k|lqmof cGtu{t g} kb{5g\ . o; ;DjGwdf s]xL
lj4fgx?sf ljrf/x? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
"The art of determining in one's mind upon an opinion or course of action" s'g} ljrf/ jf
sfo{;DjGwL cfkm} +n] u/]sf] c7f]6 xf] .
-Webster Dictionary
"Decision is a judgement, it is a choice between alternatives. It is rarely a choice between right
and wrong" b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ljsNkx?dWo]af6 pko'Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug{' g} lg0f{o lbg' xf] .
-Peter Drucker
"Decision process is a course of action consciously chosen from the available relevant
alternatives for the purpose of achieving the desired objectives" jfl~5t nIo k|flKtsf nflu
ljBdfg ;fGble{s ljsNkx?dWo] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] pko'Qm cfwf/nfO{ g} lg0f{o elgG5 .
-Joseph L. Massie
pk/f]Qm kl/efiffx?sf cfwf/df pknJw ;DefJo ljsNkx?dWo]af6 pko'Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6
u/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{fGjog ug{] / ;dfg k|s[ltsf efjL lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf dfu{bz{g k|bfg
ug{] ;d]tsf lqmofsnfkx? lg0f{o lng] k|lqmof cGtu{t kb{5g\ . Decision making process that
begins with judgement and ends with judgement. In every process, it bridges between thoughts
185

and actions. o;}n] oyfl:yltaf6 lglZrt nIo k|flKttkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] k'n (bridge) sf] ?kdf
lg0f{onfO{ lng ;lsG5 . csf{] cy{df lg0f{o past nfO{ problem, present nfO{ choice / future nfO{
Implementation ug{] ljifo xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;do;Ldfsf] lx;fan] klg lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ o;k|sf/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= ljut
– ;d:ofsf] cg'ej,
– ;"rgf ;+sng,
– lg0f{osf] cfjZostf
dxz'if .
@= jt{dfg
– ljsNksf] ljsf;
– pQd ljsNksf]
5gf}6 .
#= eljio
– sfof{Gjog
– d'Nof+sg / cg'udg
– Feedback k|bfg .
lg0f{o lng'kg{] ljifo ;dfg k|s[ltsf dfq gx'g] x'gfn] lg0f{o ubf{ ljifosf] uflDeo{tf tyf To;n]
kfg{ ;Sg] tTsfn tyf b"/ufdL (current and long term) k|efj ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fVg'kb{5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljz]iftfx?
lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• Joj:yfksLo sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf] qmddf planning, organiizing, staffing, directing,cooperating,
reporting, budgeting h:tf ljljw ljifox?df lg0f{o lng'kg{ ] x'G5 .
• p2]Zod"ns ;+u7gdf k|zf;g ;+rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf lglZrt p2]Zosf nflu lg0f{o
ul/G5 / lg0f{osf] k|lqmof ;f]xL ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt /xG5 .
• ljsNkx?sf] 5gf}6
• p2]Zod"vL, sfo{d"ns / ultzLn k|lqmof
• jftfj/0faf6 k|efljt
• lgoldt k|lqmof
186

• nIod'vL sfo{
• ljsNkx?sf] ;d"x
• ljj]sk"0f{ k|lqmof s'g} ljifoj:t' ;DjGwsf] lg0f{o JolQmsf] perception / rationality
cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g] ePsf]n] lg0f{osf] k|efjsf/Ltf (effectiveness) lg0f{ostf{sf]
v"jL / Ifdtfdf lge{/ ub{5 .
• ;do aGwg
• ;d:of ;dfwfg / kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] dfWod
• ljrf/ / lqmofaLrsf] cj:yf, cflb .
lg0f{o k|lqmofsf l;4fGtx?
lg0f{o ubf{ s'g k|lqmof ckgfpg] cyjf lg0f{o s;/L ug{ ] eGg] ;DjGwdf ljleGg l;4fGtx?sf]
k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . t/ ljleGg kl/l:ylt cg';f/ lg0f{o km/s km/s ug{'kg{ ] ePsf]n] o;}sf]
cfwf/df lg0f{o ug{ 'k5{ eGg] s'g} w|'j;To (universal) lgod 5}g . lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{ostf{sf] e"ldsf
t dxTjk"0f{ 5 g} To;df klg b]zsfn tyf jftfj/0f cg';f/ lg0f{osf] k|lqmof km/s km/s x'g
;Sb5 . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf lg0f{o k|lqmofsf l;4fGtx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
!= hglk|otfsf] l;4fGt
k|hftflGqs zf;g k4lt ckgfO{Psf d'n'sx?df hgtfsf] efjgf cg'?k ul/g] lg0f{o g} hglk|otfsf]
l;4fGt xf] . ljz]if u/L hgrf;f] / ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljifox?df lg0f{o ubf{ o; l;4fGtsf]
cjnDjg ul/G5 . xfn klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg nufotsf ljljw ljifox?df hgdt ;+u|x ug{ ] u/]sf]
kfO{G5 . hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf ul/g] x'gfn] lg0f{osf] Pp6f k|efjsf/L l;4fGtsf] ?kdf
o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
@= a9f]Q/Lsf] l;4fGt
C.E.Lindbolm n] lg0f{o ubf{ a9f]Q/Lsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ug{'kb{5 eg]sf 5g\ . Rule of thumb
sf cfwf/df ljutdf ul/Psf lg0f{osf cfwf/df ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljifodf Ps} k|sf/sf] lg0f{o
ul/G5 . cbfntx?df ghL/x?sf] cfwf/df lg0f{o eP h:t} o; l;4fGtnfO{ klg ;f]xL cfwf/df
:jLsf/ ul/G5 .
187

#= ljj]s k|of]usf] l;4fGt
Thomas Dye o; l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs x'g\ . o; l;4fGt cg';f/ lg0f{o k|lqmofj4 x'g'kb{5 .
pgsf cg';f/ lg0f{osf nflu ;DjlGwt ljifodf lj:t[t cWoog / cg';Gwfg cfjZos x'G5 .
nfe / nfut ljZn]if0f o; l;4fGtsf d'Vo cfwf/x? x'g\ . ljj]sLo l;4fGt cg';f/ lg0f{o ubf{
ckgfpg'kg{ ] r/0fx? o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/G5 .
‣ tYof+s ;+sng
‣ cfjZostfsf] klxrfg
‣ ljsNksf] klxrfg
‣ ljsNksf] d'Nof+sg
‣ pko'Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6
‣ sfof{Gjogsf] of]hgf, k|efj / lgoGq0f .
o; cg';f/ ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq pQd ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 .
$= l;dfa4 ljj]ssf] l;4fGt
Herbert Simon åf/f k|ltkflbt o; l;4fGtsf] dfGotf cg';f/ lg0f{ostf{ g t k"0f{ ljj]sL / g t
k"0f{ cljj]sL klg x'G5 . s]jn lg0f{ostf{df ;Lldt ljj]skg x'G5 . eljiosf] af/]df xfdLn] ;fdfGo
cf+sng dfq ug{ ;S5f} + . To;}n] k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df lg0f{ostf{n] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]6\g] /
;Gt'li6 lbg] ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ub{5 . lg0f{ostf{ hlt oL eljiosf r'gf}lt;Fu h'Wg ;Ifd x'G5 Tolt
g} Jojxfl/s / k|efjsf/L lg0f{o ug{ pm v/f] pqg ;Sb5 .
%= kl/df0f;DjGwL lg0f{osf] l;4fGt
k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwf/df sDKo'6/ / cGo d]zLgsf] ;xfotfn] u0fLlto ?kdf lg0f{odf k'Ug] t/LsfnfO{
kl/df0f;DjGwL lg0f{osf] l;4fGt elgG5 . o; cg';f/ lg0f{o ubf{ dflg;n] k|fylds sfo{ (Primary
task) tyf d]zLgn] dfWolds (Secondary task) ;Dkfbg ub{5 . o; l;4fGt cg'?k lg0f{o
ubf{ bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kg{] ePsf]n] a9L vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 . o; l;4fGt cGtu{t
Models, Simulation, Resource allocation technique, Queing theory, Game theory, CEM theory,
Decision Free, Probability theory cflb h:tf k|ljlwx? ckgfO{G5 .
188

lg0f{o k|lqmofsf r/0fx?
;+u7gsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntf To;sf lg0f{ox?df lge{/ ub{5 . lg0f{osf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu
lg0f{ostf{sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ t x'G5 g}, To;} u/L lg0f{osf] k|lqmofn] klg ;+u7gsf] ;du|
;kmntfdf dxTj /fv]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] lg0f{osf] k|lqmofsf r/0fx? ;DjGwdf klg hfgsf/ x'g'
cfjZos 5 . lgDgfg';f/ lg0f{o k|lqmofsf r/0fx?nfO{ pNn]v ul/G5 .
!= ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
lg0f{onfO{ ;kmn jf c;kmn agfpg] eGg] s'/f ;d:ofsf] klxrfgdf lge{/ ub{5 . Pp6f 8fS6/n]
/f]usf] pkrf/sf] nflu /f]usf] klxrfg ug{' cfjZos eP em}+ ;d:ofs]f klxrfg cfjZos x'G5 .
jf:tljs ;d:of klxrfg ePdf lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] cfwf sfd ;DkGg ePsf] dflgG5 . ;d:ofsf]
klxrfgsf nflu df}h"bf sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 s] ck]Iff ul/Psf] xf] < / xfnsf] l:ylt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5
< eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 / oL b'O{a6f d'2fsf] jLrdf km/s lgsfNg] k|of; ul/G5 . cGTodf
pQm leGgtfaf6 s] s;/L lsg / s;af6 ;d:ofsf] l;h{gf ePsf] xf] klxrfg ul/G5 .
@= ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] of] . jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ePkl5 dfq pQm
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kof{Kttf 5÷5}g < ;"rgf tyf tYof+ssf] vf]hL,
tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f / pQm ;d:of s] sf/0fn] l;h{gf ePsf] xf] < To;n] eljiodf s:tf] k|efj kfg{
;Sb5 / To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ cjnDjg ug{'kg{ ] pkfox? s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f
ul/G5 .
#=;+efJo ljsNkx?sf] 5gf}6
Pp6} ;d:ofnfO{ klg km/s km/s tl/sfaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ lg0f{o k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL
cg'?k x'g'kb{5 h;sf nflu ;dfg p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yfx?sf lg0f{ox?, ;+u7gleq tyf
aflx/sf ljz]if1x? tyf ;Dj4 ;a} kIfx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;+efJo ljsNkx? ljsf;sf] sfo{
ul/G5 . lg0f{o gx'Fbfdf s:tf] k|efj k5{ eGg] s'/f klg cfkm} +df Pp6f ljsNk x'g ;Sb5 .
$= ;+efJo ljsNkx?sf] k|efj d'Nof+sg
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pknJw ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] ljj/0f tof/ ul/G5 . o;df ;+efJo
ljsNksf] ?kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf k|To]s ljsNkx?sf] k|efj d'Nof+sgsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm k|To]s ljsNksf] sfof{Gjogaf6 x'g ;Sg] kmfO{bf, nfut / vt/f;DjGwL ljj/0fsf]
km]xl/:t ;d]t tof/ ul/G5 .
189

%= pQd ljsNksf] 5gf}6
of] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn r/0f xf] . pko'Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug{ g;s]df
lg0f{o unt x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknJwtf, lg0f{on] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] Iflt, ;|+f]tsf]
;Ldf, Go'gtd nfe (Cut of rate) cflb kIfsf] af/]df ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
^= lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog
o; r/0fdf 5gf}6 ePsf lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . sfof{Gjog ePg eg] pko'Qm lg0f{o klg
Paper tiger sf] ?kdf dfq /xg ;S5 . ;kmn sfof{Gjog g} lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] d"n p2]Zo xf] .
Herbert Simon sf zAbdf sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf÷c;kmntfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ] ePsf]n] sfof{Gjog
ljgfsf] lg0f{onfO{ lg0f{o dfGg ;lsb} +g
&= cg'udg / d'Nof+sg
s]xL lj4fgx?n] cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sgnfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] r/0fsf ?kdf :jLsf/ gu/]sf] ePtf
klg s]xL ljåfgx?n] o; ljgf lg0f{osf] k|lqmof g} cw'/f] /xG5 eGb} o;sf cltl/Qm k[i7kf]if0f
;d]tnfO{ lg0f{osf] k|lqmof cGtu{t g} /fv]sf 5g\ . o;df lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog k5fl8 ck]lIft
pknlJw xfl;n eof] ePg eg]/ To;sf] dfkg ul/G5 . eljiodf ;f]xL k|sf/sf lg0f{o ubf{
dfu{bz{g÷k[i7kf]if0f ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ lg0f{osf] k|lqmof cGtu{t /flvPsf] xf] .
o;df lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog k5fl8 ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n eof]÷ePg eg]/ dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 /
eljiodf ;f]xL k|sf/sf lg0f{o ubf{ k[i7kf]if0fsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmof Pp6f Dynamic Process xf] h;nfO{ System Analysis n] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
lgDgfg';f/ klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .
Disequllibrium
Diagnostic
process
Problem
Understanding
Solution
Strategy
Implementation
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Decision Making Process on the basis of System Analysis
190

lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kfg{ ] tTjx?
;+u7gsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf b]xfosf tTjx?n] k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .
• ;]jfu|fxLsf] efjgf / Jojxf/,
• ;+u7gsf] kb;f]kfg,
• ljifoj:t' / sfo{jftfj/0f,
• ;fGble{s tYof+sdf kx'Fr,
• /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] :jefj,
• bafa ;d"x, gful/s ;dfh / ;+3 tyf ;+u7gx?,
• sfg'gL tyf ljlQo c÷kof{Kttf,
• P]ltxfl;s tYo / k/Dk/fx?,
• 1fg, ;Lk, cawf/0ff, O{R5f / k|lta4tf,
• ef}uf]lns ;DjGw cflb .
o;sf cltl/Qm gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, hftLo tyf wfld{s ;f]r, JolQmsf] Ifdtf / k|ltef, ;do /
nfut tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cj:yf h:tf s'/fx?n] klg lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf k|efj
kfb{5g\ .
lg0f{osf lsl;dx?
lg0f{osf k|lqmofsf lsl;dx?sf] 5'Ý} juL{s/0f geP tfklg ;do / cj:yf (time and circumstance)
sf cfwf/df lg0f{osf s]xL lsl;dx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• pko'Qm ljsNksf] 5gf}6
• dgdf nfu]sf]
• eO{/x]sf]df yk jf kl/jt{g
191

• kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf]
• ;xeflutfd"ns
• ;d:of b]lvPdf
• ;d:of b]vf kg{' cufj}
• ;f]r]/ / j'em]/ dfq lg0f{o lng]
• tflnsf Pj+ tflnsf ljxLg
c;n lg0f{ostf{df x'g'kg{ ] s]xL ;Lkx?
ljz]if u/L lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf dflyNnf] txdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
tNnf] txsf JolQmx?sf] klg lg0f{o k|lqmofdf of]ubfg t x'G5 g} t/ dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o ljz]if u/L
dflyNnf] txaf6 g} x'g] x'gfn] ;dfh / ;du| /fi6« g} k|efljt x'g k'Ub5 . o;} ;Gbe{df Seckler
Hudson n] eg]sf 5g\ ls Decision making in government is a plural activity. One individual
may pronounce the decision, but many contribute to the process of reaching the decision. It is
a part of the political system. lg0f{ostf{df ;du| ;+u7gsf] hl6ntf j'em\g] (conceptual skill),
dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] k|If]k0f (human skill) / ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg tyf ljleGg pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u
(technical skill) h:tf ;Lkx? cfjZos x'G5 elgPtfklg yk lgDg ;Lkx? c;n lg0f{ostf{sf
nflu cTofjZos dflgG5g\ .
‣ ;du| /fi6« cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;f:s[lts tyf kof{j/0fLo cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L,
‣ pko'Qm lg0f{osf] Ifdtf,
‣ Joj:yfksLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] jf/]df 1fg,
‣ ;]jfu|fxL ju{sf] cfsf+Iff jf rfxgf,
‣ sd{rf/L jf ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf a'em\g ;Sg],
‣ Joj:yfksLo k|ljlw,
‣ ;"rgf tyf tYof+ssf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0f Ifdtf,
‣ l;h{gzLntf tyf ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf,
192

‣ gjLg k|zf;lso cjwf/0ffx? cjnDjg ug{ ;Sg] v"aL,
‣ plrt ;dodf plrt lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf,
‣ sfg'gL ?kn] of]Uo,
‣ utLlzn, kl/jt{gzLn, ljj]szLn / r]tgzLn,
‣ ;"rgfnfO{ ;xL t/Lsfn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg],
‣ ;dosf] dfuadf]lhd kl/jt{gsf/L,
‣ dfgjLo :jefjsf] cWoog ug{ ;Sg], cflb .
c;n lg0f{osf ;"rsx?
'One decision can change your life forever'
c;n lg0f{o s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f lg0f{o ul/g] ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[tLdf lge{/ ub{5 . c;n lg0f{odf
x'g'kg{ ] u'0fx?sf] nfdf] ;"rL g} aGg ;Sb5 . A. R. Tyagi sf zAbdf 'A sound decision must be
based on all ralevant facts and conditions.It should be free from emotional, institutional and
extraneous consderations and it should be capable of maximizing the goal results.' o;y{ c;n
lg0f{odf lgDg ljz]iftfx? x'g'kb{5 .
!= Need based M hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . cfˆgf] cfsf+Iff /
tTsfnsf] cfjZostf g} dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'gfn] ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ dfq lg0f{o lng'kb{5 . dflg;sf]
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf -uf;, af; / skf;_ sf] kl/k"lt{ eGbf cfTd ;Ddfgsf] cfjZostf
dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g .
@= Participatory M lg0f{o ;xeflutfd"ns x'g'kb{5 . Golden Grid sf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; klg
o;}nfO{ g} dWogh/ u/L cfPsf] xf] . nlIft ju{, ljifoj:t'lj1, tyf ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;xeflutfdf ul/Psf] lg0f{on] ;]jfu|fxLdf :jfldTj (ownership) sf] efjgf hfu[t x'G5 .
#= Implementable M lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kb{5 . sfof{Gjog j]u/sf] lg0f{o ;fFrf]
cy{df lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] x'gfn] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /flv lg0f{o ul/g'kb{5 .
$= Resourcefulness M lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfly{s, ef}lts, dfgjLo cflb >f]tsf] Joj:yf
x'g'kb{5 .
193

%= Should not have side impact M Pp6f ljifoj:t'df ul/Psf] lg0f{on] csf{] kIfnfO{ gsf/fTds
k|efj kfg{'x'Fb}g . /fi6«sf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt gLlt tyf lgb{ ]zs l;4fGtx?, kl/kq, cbfntL
ghL/ tyf cfb]zx?, k/Dk/fut cEof;x?, cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf tyf ljleGg If]qut
:jLs[t gLlt / lgodx?nfO{ klg k|efj kfg'{x'Fb}g .
^= Time frame M lg0f{o x'g] cjlwsf] PsLg x'g'kb{5 . / ;f] ;dofjlwleq lg0f{o eO{;s]/
sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO{;Sg'kb{5 .
&=
Monitoring and Evaluation M lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ul/Pkl5 ck]lIft p2]Zo xfl;n eP gePsf]
af/]df k/LIf0f ug{ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{'kb{5 .
o;af6 eljiodf ;f]xL k|s[ltsf ljifox?df lg0f{o ubf{ cfjZos dfu{bz{g cyjf k[i7kf]if0f
(Feedback) k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ljutdf ePsf uNtLx? ;'wf/ u/L eljiodf ;sf/fTds
lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g k| ]/0ff ;d]t k|fKt x'G5 .
*= Rational M lg0f{o o'lQm;+ut x'g'kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ubf{ lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljleGg l;4fGtx? cjnDjg
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . lg0f{o ug{ ] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg ;dodf ul7t ;ldlt tyf cfof]ux?n]
ljleGg ;'emfjx? k]z u/]sf] eP tfklg g]kfnsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L k|zf;g clxn] klg
k/Dk/fut kl/kf6Ldf g} cfwfl/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/L k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 ljleGg P]g /
lgodx?sf] th'{df ul/Psf] 5 t/ sfof{Gjogsf] cefjn] ubf{ pQm sfg'gL Joj:yfx? s]jn sfuhL
jf3 (paper tiger) sf ?kdf dfq l;ldt /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Ao"/f]Kofyf]nf]hL /
Ao"/f]l;;af6 u|l;t 5 . 1 lg0f{o k|lqmof klg o;af6 d'Qm 5}g .
g]kfndf lg0f{o s;/L x'G5 <
• gLltut lg0f{ox? ;+;bn] ug{],
• sfo{sf/L lg0f{ox? d+qLkl/ifbn] ug{],
• tf]s cfb]zaf6 lg0f{o ug{],
• sd dxTjsf ljifox?df klg l6Kk0fL p7fg u/L lg0f{o ug{],
• 5nkmnaf6 ;xdtLsf] ;fd"lxs lg0f{o (collective decision making) ug{] .
• a}7s, ;ef, ;Dd]ng / jftf{af6 lg0f{o ug{], cflb .
1 uf]kLgfy d}gfnL M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g–cjwff/0ffb]lv cfnf]rgf;Dd, ;f]kfg @)^% h]7
194

lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gbe{df s]xL b:tfa]h÷k|of;
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* n] g]kfnsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ Nofpg s]xL dxTjk"0f{
l;kmfl/;x? u/]sf] 5 h'g o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
• l6Kk0fL p7fO{ lg0f{o ubf{ tLg tx dfq sfod ug{ ], -l6Kk0fL p7fO{ lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{ostf{ / z'?
sf/jfxL ug{ ] clws[tsf jLrdf csf{ ] Ps tx dfq sfod u/L lg0f{osf txx? 36fpg]_
• l6Kk0fLsf] p7fg clws[taf6 ug{ ],
• gLltut jfx]s cGo ljifodf d+qL—;lrj—dftxtnfO{ clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg ug{ ] .
• d+qLkl/ifbdf k]z x'g], cfly{s lgsfzf, d'2f—dfldnf / 7]Ssfk6\6f cflb h:tf ljifodf dfq
l6Kk0fL p7fpg], c? ljifox?df 5nkmn jf cfb]zaf6 ug{ ],
• d+qfno leq}sf dxfzfvf jf zfvf;Fu jf cGo sfof{no, ljefu cyjf d+qfnosf] /fo k|ltlqmof
dfu ubf{ kqfrf/eGbf ;+jlGwt clwsf/Lsf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{åf/f l6kf]6 lnO{ sf/jfxL cufl8
a9fpg],
• clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] dfq j}7sdf efu lng] / To;sf] lg0f{onfO{ g} sfof{nosf] cflwsfl/s
lg0f{o dfGg],
• kl/kq nfu" /xg] ;do ls6fg ug{ ]
• k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] sfd / st{Jo :ki6 u/L lbUbz{g tof/ u/L nfu" ug{ ],
• Ps sd{rf/L k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ] cflb .
;du| k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlwnfO{ r':t, l56f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg] clek|fon] sfof{Gjogdf
NofO{Psf] ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f lgb{ ]lzsf, @)^% df sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf ;DjGwdf lgDg
Joj:yfx? ul/Psf 5g\ h;n] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpgdf dxTj /fv]sf]
5 .
• k|:tfj n]vgsf] z'?jft pk;lrj:t/af6 x'g],
• dxTjk"0f{ k|zf;sLo lg0f{odf # txeGbf a9L gx'g],
• lg0f{ostf{n] lg0f{o kG5fP ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'g],
• gLltut, dxTjk"0f{ k|zf;sLo / ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo u/L ltg k|sf/df lgj]bgsf] juL{s/0f,
195

• cgfjZos /fo jf k/fdz{ dfu gug{ ],
• dGqLkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o $* 306fleq k|dfl0ft u/L dGqfnodf k7fpg],
• ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo lg0f{osf] @ txdfq x'g],
• lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;+nUg x'g]n] ;fdfGotof ! lbgeGbf a9L nufpg gx'g],
• lg0f{odf l56f] / ;:tf] ;fwg k|of]u ug{'kg{],
• gLltut tyf dxTjk"0f{ k|zf;sLo ljifoafx]ssf cGo ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ l6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u
gug{ ], cflb .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/Ln] s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s'g} lglZrt cjlwleq lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{
/x]5 eg] ;f]xL ;dofjlwleq / To:tf] Joj:yf gePsf]df lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ ljifosf] k|s[lt x]/L lg0f{o
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/Ln] pko'St 7x¥ofPsf] ;dofjlwleq lg0f{o ug'{ kg] { Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ dx;'; u/L ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfx?,
jflif{s ah]6 aStJo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;d]t o;df ;'wf/;DjGwL
k|of;x? x' Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ r':t / b'?:t agfpgsf nflu Joj:yfkg ;"rgf
k|0ffnL (Management Information System) nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ] k|of; ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljwLsf]
pkof]unfO{ Jofks kfg{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . t/ klg lg0f{ostf{sf] bIftf / O{R5fzlQmsf] sdLn] ubf{
To;sf] e/k"/ pkof]u ug{ eg] r's]sf] cfefif ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnsf] lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ljBdfg /x]sf ;d:ofx? tyf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ckgfpg'kg{ ] pkfox?nfO{ o;k|sf/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
;d:ofx? M
• DAWN (Delay decision, Ad-hoc decision, Wrong decision and Not decision).
• Vested interest and the political intervention.
• Decisions are postponed for 'BHOLI' but that never seems to come.It becomes a good
tactics to avoid the decision.
196

• Never ending memo -tNnf] txaf6 p7fg u/]sf] l6Kk0fL ;lrj:t/df k'uL lg0f{o x'gsf] nflu
g} nfdf] ;do nfUg] kb;f]kfg_
• Wide gap between prescription and practice.
• Not-institutionalization in decision making.
• Frequently changing decisions, Not stability.
• lg0f{odf cgfjZos s]Gb|Ls/0f,
• hf]lvd jxg ug{ ] Ifdtfsf] sdL,
• ;d:ofsf] d'Nof+sg / ljsNksf] klxrfg g} gu/L lg0f{o x'g],
• Ho", xh"/af6 dgzfo a'em]/ lg0f{o ul/g],
• ciki6 P]g / sfg'g,
• pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQ,
• Feedback nfO{ dxTj lbg] gul/Psf],
• pknJw ;"rgf tyf tYof+ssf] pkof]u g} gePsf
• kf/blz{tfsf] sdL,
• u[xsfo{, cWoog / ljZn]if0f x'g] gu/]sf],
• Resource sf] Vofn} gu/L lg0f{o ul/g] ,
• hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj,
• No 'M' and 'E' mechanisms,
• Reluctance to participation,
• SWOT Analysis sf] sdL, cflb .
197

;dfwfgsf pkfox?
'If you chase two rabbits, both will escape'
• lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf k|ltj4tf sfod x'g'kg{ ],
• lg0f{o ubf{ kof{Kt ?kdf u[xsfo{ x'g'kg{ ],
• kf/blz{tfdf hf]8 lbg],
• cgfjZos x:tIf]ksf] cGTo x'g'kg{ ],
• cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltkmn / hf]lvd cfkm}n] g} jxg ug{'kg{]M personal track nfO{
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] Ps ;"rssf] ?kdf /flvg'kg{ ],
• pknJw k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ lg0f{ostf{nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg'kg{ ],
• nfe / nfutsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o x'g'kg{ ],
• /fli6«o lxtdf hf]8 lbO{ lg0f{o ug'{kg{ ],
• lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd, k|efj / ljZn]if0fk|lt rgfvf] x'g'kg{ ],
• lg0f{o ;dodf g} x'g'kg{], nugkl5sf] kf]t] s] sfd,
• clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg Jojl:yt ug{ ],
• ;+u7gdf right man in right place x'g'kb{5,
• Feedback mechanism nfO{ dhj't kfg'{kb{5,
• Teamwork sf] cfwf/df lg0f{o x'g'kb{5,
• hg;xeflutfnfO{ cfTdf;ft\ ug{'kb{5,
• lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|lqmofd'vL eGbf klg kl/0ffdd'vL x'g'kb{5,
• ;d:ofeGbf ;dfwfgdf hf]8,
• lg0f{osf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf tyf Ifdtfdf clea[l4 ug{'kb{5,
• lg0f{o demand based x'g'kb{5 force based xf]O{g,
• tYof+s ;dod} ;+sng ug{, k|zf]wg ug{ / cfjZostf adf]lhd k|of]u ug{ data bank sf]
:yfkgf ug{ ], cflb .
198

lgisif{
'Administrative decision making is an art, and a difficult art, at that.'
h;/L dflg;sf] ;fdfGo hLjg ljleGg lg0f{ox?sf] cfwf/df cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'G5, To;/L g} ;du|
k|zf;gn] klg k|efjsf/L lg0f{ox?sf] >[+vnfaf6 hLljttf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] ;do ;dodf
ul/g] ljleGg lg0f{ox?åf/f dfgj hLjg / k|zf;g rln/x]sf x'G5g\ . t/ plrt ;dodf plrt
lg0f{o lng ;s]df dfq ;kmn x'g ;lsG5 .
lg0f{onfO{ 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf ?kdf ;d]t lng ;lsG5 . k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf]
?kdf :yflkt lg0f{o k|lqmof ljleGg ljifoj:t'x?af6 k|efljt x'g ;Sg] / ljBdfg sfg'g, gLlt,
lgb{ ]zg tyf jftfj/0f ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;j} kIfsf] /fo, ;Nnfx / ;'emfjaf6 u/]sf] lg0fo g}
>]i7 x'g] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg k|of;/t /xg'kb{5 . dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts ljifox?
hgtfsf] O{R5f / cfsf+Iffaf6 s;/L k|efljt x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f hg cfGbf]ng–@ / To;kl5sf ljljw
cEof;x?af6 1ft x'G5 . s'g} a]nf P]g, sfg'g / lgod klg b]z,sfn / kl/l:yltåf/f lgb{]lzt x'g
;Sg] x'gfn] lg0f{ox? force-based eGbf klg demand-based x'g'kb{5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df sense of
belongingness :yflkt u/fpg lg0f{osf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;s];Dd a9L hg;xeflutfd"ns agfpg'kb{5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljleGg l;4fGtx?nfO{ cjnDjg ub{}df dfq lg0f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g;lsg]
x'gfn] lg0f{onfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ljleGg tTjx?sf] ljZn]if0f ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lg0f{osf]
k|efjsfl/tf :yflkt ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog cfjZos x'G5 eg]
;dofg's"n ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M
• clwsf/L, w| 'j M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d'ne"t kIfx? .
• pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] k|ltj]bg M cGt/fli6«o d~r .
• e§, eLdb]j M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx? .
• l/hfn, p4j M zfvf clws[t lbUbz{g @)^@ .
• ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f lgb{ ]lzsf, @)^% M k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no tyf
dGqLkl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno .
• ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ M k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf]
;lrjfno .
199

• 1jfnL, tf]of M lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmof, ;+lIfKt k'g/fjnf]sg, ;f]kfg k|sfzg, @)^% h]7 .
• Agrawal, Govinda Ram : Management in Nepal.
• Basu, Rumki : Public Administration, Concepts andTheories.
• Bhusan, Y.K. : Fundamentals of Business Organization and Management.
• Sisk, Henry L. : Principles of Management, A system Approach to the Management
Process.
• Tyagi, A.R. : Public Administration.
• Webster's New American Dictionary, Merriam-webster, SMITHER K Publisher's.
200

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
;d:of / ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf
pbo /fgfdu/*
;f/f+z
g]kfn k/fk"a{sfnb]lv ax'hftLo, ax'efifLs, ax';f+:s[lts b]zsf] ?kdf /“xb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ oxf“sf
k|zf;s au{n] lautdf oL s'/fx?sf] ;+af]wg u/L Gofo / ;dtfsf] cfwf/df zf;g ;+rfng ug]{
s'/fdf Vofn u/]gg\ . cNk;Vos, k5fl8 k/]sf / kfl/Psf JolQmx?sf] klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj /
kx'“r a9fpg] tkm{ Wofg lbPgg\ . ax'wfld{s b]zdf lxGb" clw/fHo elgof] eg] ax'eflifs b]zdf
Ps efiff gLlt lnOof] / ax'n ;+:s[lt ePsf] b]znfO{ lxGb" ;+:s[ltsf] d's'08f] klx/fOof] . h;sf]
kmn:j?k k|hftflGqs ;:sf/af6 cfPsf] pTs[i6 elgPsf] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+lawfgn] ;d]t bL3{hLag
kfpg ;s]g / @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngn] lautsf] ;+lawfgnfO{ k|lt:yflkt u/]sf] s'/f e'Ng
ldNb}g .
/fHosf] lautsf] gLlt, P]g, sfg'g Pj+ ;fdflhs dfGotfx? lae]bsf/L ePsf] sf/0faf6 ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf k|ltlglwTj / kx'“raf6 alGrlts/0fdf k/]sf blnt, dlxnf, hghflt,dw]zL Pj+ b'u{d
If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfa]z gug]{ xf] eg] /fHo Pj+ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|lt
pQm ;d'bfox?n] ckgTjsf] cg'e't ug{ ;Sb}g . cfh g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g nufotsf sfg'gx?n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|fawfgnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]tf klg
sfof{Gjogsf] txdf cem klg lkmtnf]kg b]lvPsf] 5 . alxis/0fdf k/]sf tyf kfl/Psf bnLt
;d'bfosf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|ltlglwTj k|foz'Go /x]sf] 5, eg] cGo ;d'bfosf] oy]i6 k|ltlgwLTj
/ kx'“r k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ ca aGg] gof“ ;+lawfgn] d'n'ssf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+3Lotfdf n}hfg]
s'/fdf cfd;xdlt e};s]sf] kl/k|]]Iodf :jeflas?kdf b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfa]zL t'NofO{
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;a} hfthflt, ;d'bfo tyf au{sf] ;femf ynf]sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug'{ cfaZos
5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df o; n]vdf ;++3Lo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf cg'?k g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
?kfGt/0f ug{sfnflu o;sf ;dfa]zL /fHo ;+/rgfePsf] x'“bf ;f] cg'?k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
;dfa]zL agfpgsf] nflu laBdfg ;/sf/sf] gLlt, df}h'bf sfg"gL Joa:yf, cGt/fli6«o cg'ea,
laleGg /fhlglts bnsf] k|lta4tf, o;sf kIf lakIfdf p7]sf ;jfnx?, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
b]lvPsf ;d:of / To:sf] ;'wf/sf] vflt/ ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf af6fx? vf]tNg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
* zfvf clws[t, g]kfn ;/sf/
201

!= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cawf/0ff
d'ntM ax';f+:s[lts d'n'sx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfonfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tyf
sfof{Gjogsf] sfddf Gofok"0f{ :yfg lbg] tyf ;xeflutf u/fOg] l;4fGtdf /xL ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cawf/0ff cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fHoleqsf ;a}n] cf—cfˆgf] leGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, l/tLl/jfh, k/Dk/f
efiff, /xg;xg tyf cf:yf cflbsf] klxrfgnfO{ sfod /fVb} lagf e]befj /fHok|0ffnLdf ;xefuL
x'g kfpg] sfg'gL dfGotf g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfaf6 d'n'sdf blnt,
dlxnf, hghflt, cflbaf;L, dw];L tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf hg;d'bfox? b]zsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt
ul/G5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfwf/df d'n's ;+rfng x'Fbf /fli6«o Pstf sfod /fVg, nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, 4Gb ;dfwfg ug{, /fHo;Qfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj sfod ug{,
b]znfO{ vl08t x'gaf6 arfpg, d'n'ssf] ;dfg'kflts lasf; ug{, ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf
;xefuL u/fpg of]ubfg k'Ug] s'/fdf laafb ug{ ;lsb}g . hlt;'s} sfg'gsf jfjh"b sd{rf/Ln]
s]xL g s]xL :jljj]soL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpFb5 o;f] ubf{ p;n] cfkm\g} a0f{ jf ;fdflhsLs/0f
k[i7e"ldaf6 l;lh{t d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ lg0f{o ub{5 . ctM ;dfhsf ;a} kIfsf]
k|ltlglwTj /xg] k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqn] g} ;a} j0f{ tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] lxtdf sfd
ug{ ;Sb5 . k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqsf] cawf/0ffnfO{ d"ntM a]nfotsf Donald J. Kingsley
n] ;g !($$ df k|sflzt ePsf] Representative Bureaucracy eGg] k':ts dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs
u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] cfˆgf] k':ts dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfhsf ;a} au{sf] k|ltlglwTjsf
;DaGwdf ax;sf] ;"qkft u/]sf 5g . tt\kZrft of] cawf/0ffnfO{ Moore and Johnson 1983,
472; Aaron and Powell 1982) sf] cWoogn] cem km/flsnf] agfO{ k|zf;gdf cNk;+Vossf]
k|ltlglwTj /xFbf cNk;+Vossf] lxt ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvPsf] lg:sif{ lgsflnPsf] 5, eg]
Cole(1986) sf] cWoogn] cNk;+Vosn] cfkgf] ju{sf] k|ltlglw kfq (Role model) sf ?kdf sfd
ug{ ;s]sf] / Meier and Stewart(1991) sf] cWoogn] cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf ;d"xLs/0f
/ cg'zf;g;DaGwL gsf/fTds c;/ /f]Sg d2t k'u]sf] / oL b'O{ jLr Negative causality :yflkt
ePsf] lg:sif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . oL l;4fGtdf 6]s]/ laleGg b]zx?n] klg k5fl8 kf/]sf cNk;Vos
au{sf] kIfkf]if0f xfnsf lbgx?df kxnsbdL rfNg ;'? ul/;s]sf] kfOG5 .
@=cGt/{fli6«o cg'ea
laleGg b]zsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ wgL tyf u/La b]zx?df klg gful/sx?sf lar au{ laeflht ePsf]
kfO{G5 . tL lae]bx?sf] la?4 a]nfavtdf hgla4f]x eO{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x? ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
h;dWo] s]xL b]zx?df ePsf] sfg'gL lae]b tyf To:sf] lj?4df p7]sf hgcfjfhn] NofPsf
kl/at{gnfO{ pbfx/0f :j?k kl:sPsf] 5M
202

lIf0f clk|msfdf uf]/f hfltsf dflg;x¿n] sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿df cdfgjjLo e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ ub} { cfO/x]s} ;dodf ;g\ !($* df ;/sf/n] /+ue]b ;DaGwL gLlt Nofof] . o:tf] cGofok"0f{
gLltsf] lj?4df clk|msL hgtfsf] cu'jfO g]:gn d08]nfn] u/]sf] lyP 1 . of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;g\ !(^!
b]lv /+ue]b ;DaGwL gLltsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;d]t lj/f]w ug{ yflnof] . uf]/f hfltsf] ;/sf/
9Nof] / sfnf hfltx¿ hftLo e]befj / pTkL8gaf6 d'lQm kfpg ;kmn eP .
cd]l/sfsf] ;Gb{enfO{ lgofNbf !^ cf} + /fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sgn] b]zdf lae]bsf] cGosf] nflu /+usf]
cfwf/df sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿dfly ul/Psf] zf]if0f / cGofok"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ /f]s nufpg s8f
sfg'gsf] Joj:yf u/sf] lyP . 8f= dfl6{g n'y/ ls+un] dfgj ;Eotf lj/f]wL sfg'gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
cd]l/sL k[ysLs/0f sfg'gsf]2 lj?4df ;+3if{ rsf{P . sfnf hflt la?4sf] pu| egfO cufl8 ;fg]{
h]D; cn{6]n] æuf]/fsf] k':t}gL 3/ s'g} lgu|f] hfltn] vl/b u¥of]Æ eg]/ 8f= dfl6{g n'y/ ls+usf]
xTof ubf{ cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm s]g]8Ln] æxfdL cfk;df ldn]/ sfd u/]kl5 hftLo Pstf
Pj+ ;dfgtfsf] nIodf k'Ug ;lsG5Æ eGg] kf7 lgu|f]x¿sf ljZjljVoft dfgjtfjbL g]tfsf] b'Mvb
xTofn] l;sfPsf] eGg] wf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;f/] . tTkZrft\ lgu|f] hfltsf] cfjf; ljw]os t'?Gt kfl/t
ul/of] . /f]huf/, lzIff / /fhgLlts lgo'lQmx¿df klg lgu|f]x¿nfO{ cj;/ k|fKt eof] . lgu|f]x¿sf]
:jtGqtfsf] ;+3if{af6 cQflnP/ sfnfx¿sf] nflu cf/If0f pknAw u/fpg uf]/fx¿ afWo eP .
o'/f]kdf k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGtk"j{ ;fdGtL zf;sx¿n] lakGg ju{sf hgtfpk/ hftLo e]befj
u/]sf lyP . ;fdGtL ;/sf/ lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;Dk"0f{ ls;fg, dhb'/, sflnu9, bf;, cw{bf;x¿
;d]t ;+ul7t x'Fbf kl/0ffd :j¿k ;g\ !&*( df k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGt eof] . o; qmflGtsf] kl/0ffd
:j¿k ;fdGtL;Qf w/fzfoL eof] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg hftLo e]b Pj+ ;'ljwf ;DkGg tyf ;'ljwfxLg
aLrsf] b'/L cGTo eof] / ;dfgtfsf] sfg'gn] cu|flwsf/ kfPsf] lyof] .
ef/tdf 8f=afaf ;fx]j led/fj cDa]8s/sf] of]ubfg :j?k ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;+a}wflgs k|Tofe'lt
k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] kfO{G5 . ef/tLo cEof;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] cg';'lrt hghflt, cg';'lrt hflt
/ cGo lk5l8Psf au{nfO{ /fHo ;+oGqdf kFx'r / k|ltlglwTjsf nflu cf/If0fsf] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
h;sf] nfe cfh nfvf}+ alGrtLs/0fdf k/]sf] ;d'bfon] oy]i6 p7fPsf 5g .
1 blIf0f clk|msfsf g]N;g dG8]nfn] æ;a} dflg;x¿ a/fa/ x'g\, s;}dfly klg cGofo x'g' xF'b}g eGg] dfGotf af]Sg]
g]N;g dG8]nfn] hftLo lje]bsf] lj?4df rn]sf] cleofgsf] g]t[Tj ubf{ pgnfO{ cfhLjg sf/faf;sf] ;hfo
;'gfOof] . pgL /+ue]b gLltsf] lj/f]wsf k|ltssf] ¿kdf ;+;f/el/ kl/lrt x'g k'u] . zf]if0f, pTkL8g / bdgsf]
lj?4df ePsf] sfnf hfltx¿sf] ;+ul7t cfGbf]ngaf6 blIf0f clk|msf / cd]l/sfsf] ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df
"Blacks and dogs are not allowed" egL 7"nf cIf/df n]lv{Psf af]8{x¿ ˆoflsg yflnP .
2 cd]l/sf uf]/fx¿sf] b]z xf], sfnfsf] xf]Og cd]l/sfdf sfnfx¿nfO{ af; lng] clwsf/ klg 5}g eGg] h:tf lae]bsf/L
sfg'gL Joa:yf xf] .
203

o;/L laZj kl/a]zdf x]bf{ /fHosf] unt gLltsf sf/0f lk5l8Psf, ;fdflhs alGrtLs/0fdf
k/]sf AolSt ;d'bfosf] /fHo ;+oGqdf kxF'r / k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;s/fTds lae]b, cf/If0fsf]
gLlt lnPsf] oy]i6 cEof; /x]sf] 5 . lautsf] /fHosf] unt gLltsf sf/0fn] pTkL8gdf k/]sf
;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf] nflu laleGg d'n'sx?n] laleGg If]qdf ;s/fTds lae]b, cf/If0fsf] gLlt
canDag u/]sf] kfO{G5 . cd]l/sfdf cNk;+Vosx?sf] nflu laBfnosf] lzIff / ;]jftkm{ s/f/
sfdsf nflu cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . >Ln+sfdf z}lIfs If]qdf dfq cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
ga]{df klAns sDkgLx?df $)Ü :yfg dlxnfx?sf] nflu cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Ps]f 5 . g]kfnsf]
;Gb{edf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ef/tsf] cEof;sf] ;s/fTds / gs/fTds kIfsf] cWoogsf]
cfwf/df cl3 a9\g' al9 ;fGble{s x'G5 .
of] cawf/0ff cGt{ut /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f nufot ;a} dxTjk'0f{ lhDd]jf/L Pj+ /f]huf/Lsf]
ca;/x?df al~rltdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ cy{k'0f{ ?kdf ;xeflutfsf] ca;/ k|bfg ug{ hftLo,
cfly{s tyf n}lËs Pj+ ef}uf]lns cfwf/df canDag ul/g] laz]if ;+/If0fsf] lawL ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] .
#=cGt/fli6|o ;GwL ;Demf}tf / sfg'gL Aoa:yf
lk5l8Psf] au{ ;d'bfo / hfltsf] /fHodf ;dfg xs clwsf/ / :jfldTjsf k|flKtsf ;DaGwdf
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL b:tfj]hx¿ / ltgLx¿df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M
j]i6kmflnof ;GwL (Treaty of Westphalia, 1648)
o; ;lGwaf6 g} cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'gsf] ljsf;sf] z'ef/De ePsf] dflgG5 . o; ;lGwn]
cNk;+Vos JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug] { b[li6sf]0fn] wd{sf] cfwf/df ;dfgtfsf] Jojxf/sf] lglZrttf
k|bfg u¥of] .
gful/s clwsf/kq, !^*( (The Bill of Rights 1689)
;g\ !^** df a]nfotdf lg/+s'z zf;g lj?4 ePsf] /Qmkft ljxLg uf}/jk"0f{ qmflGt (GoLrious
Revolution) sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k gful/s :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf ;+;båf/f
;g\ !^*( df of] clwsf/kq hf/L ul/of] . o; clwsf/kqn] j}olQmt :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f h:tf
cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ;kmn eof] .
;lxi0f'tf P]g, !^*( (The Toleration Act, 1689)
a]nfotdf wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xsnfO{ k|Tofe"t ug{ o; P]gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u¥of] .
204

cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff, !&&^ (American Declaration of Independence, 1776)
$ h'nfO{ !&&^ sf] cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffn] ;a} dflg;x¿ ;dfg 5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;[li6af6
g} s]xL cx/0fLo clwsf/x¿ x'G5g\ . olb ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] df}lns xs, clwsf/ ckx/0f ub{5
eg] To:tf] ;/sf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/ klg hgtfdf lglxt x'g], hLjgsf] :jtGqtf, sfg"gsf]
cufl8 ;dfgtf, ljrf/ cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtfh:tf s'/fx¿ k|i6 ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
dflg; tyf gful/s clwsf/x¿sf] k|mfG;]nL 3f]if0ffkq, !&*( (French Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the Citizen, 1789)
lg/+s'z zf;g Joj:yf /x]s]f k|mfG;df c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf ?;f] dG6]:So", ef]n6]o/ h:tf bfz{lgsx¿åf/f
k|lzlIft, hfu[t / cfGbf]lnt k|mfG;]nL hgtfn] u/]sf] k|mfG;]nL qmflGtsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k of] 3f]if0ffkq
hf/L ul/of] . o; 3f]if0ffkqn] ;a} JolQm hGdhft :jtGq / ;dfg 5g\ . dflg;sf] k|fs[lts tyf
cx/0fLo clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug' { /fhg}lts ;+u7gsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf
3f]if0ff u¥of] .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkq, !($% (Charter of the United Nations, 1945)
@^ h'g !($% df :yfkgf ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkqsf] k|:tfjgfdf df}lns dfgj clwsf/,
dfgjLo d"No dfGotf, 7"nf / ;fgf /fi6«x¿ ;a}df dfgj aLr ;dfg xsdf k'gM ljZjf; u/fpg]
s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . hgtfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ / cfTd lg0f{osf] ;Ddfgdf ;d'lrt
sbdx¿ p7fpg hflt, lnË, efiff / sd{df e]befj g/fvL ;a}sf] lgldQ df}lns xs Pj+ dfgj
clwsf/x¿k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj k|f]T;flxt / ljsf; ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3sf] p2]Zo x'g] h:tf s'/fx¿ pNn]v ub}{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ o;
a8fkqdf ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f kfl/t !) l8;]Dj/ !($* sf] o; 3f]if0ffdf Ps k|:tfjgf /
tL; wf/fx¿ 5g\ . dfgj kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿df cGtlg{lxt dof{bf tyf ;dfg / cx/0fLo
clwsf/x¿sf] dfGotf g} :jtGqtf, Gofo / zflGtsf] cfwf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/x¿sf] cjx]ngf /
cgfb/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ aa{/tfk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5g\ / dfgj hfltsf] cGt:s/0fdf cf3ft k'¥ofp5 eGg]
s'/fx¿ k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .
205

hflt xTof ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / ;hfo ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !($* (Convention on the Prevention
of Genocide and Punishment, 1948)
( l8;]Dj/ !($* sf] of] dxf;lGw !@ hgj/L !(%! df nfu" ePsf] xf] . !( j6f wf/fx¿ ePsf]
o; dx;lGwn] e]befjk"0f{ 9+uaf6 /fli6«o, ;fDk|bfoLs, hftLo jf wfld{s ;d"xsf] gfz ug]{ sfo{nfO{
hflt xTofsf] ck/fwsf] ¿kdf kl/efiff ub}{ To;sf] /f]syfd / ;hfo ug]{ ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .
gful/ssf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%@ (Convention on Women's Political
Rights, 1952)
@) l8;]Dj/ !(%@ sf] of] dxf;lGw & h'nfO{ !(%$ df nfu" ePsf] xf] . !) j6f wf/fx¿ ePsf] o;
dxf;lGwn] hft hfltsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x /fhgLlts clwsf/ pkef]u
ug{ kfpg] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
/f]huf/ Pj+ sfo{sf] 5gf}6df e]befj pGd"ng ljifos ;lGw, !(%* (Convention on Discrimination
or EmpoLyment and Occupation, 1958)
o; ;lGwn] /f]huf/ k|fKt ug]{ / /f]huf/sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwdf hflt, efiff, wd{, lnË, /+u,
/fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, ;fdflhs pTklQ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gx'g] u/L ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
cj;/ tyf ;dfg Jojxf/ k|bfg ug{ cfjZos kg] { /fli6«o gLltsf] th' {df tyf Jofjxfl/s kl/
l:yltsf] ;[hgf cf–cfk\mgf] /fli6«o kl/l:ylt Pj+ rngcg';f/ ug{ kIf /fi6«x¿n] cleef/f lng'kg]{
s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
z}lIfs e]befj lj?4sf] ;lGw, !(^) (Convention Against Discrimination in Edcuation, 1960)
lzIff ;DaGwdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befjnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] sfg"g, k|zf;lgs lgb]{zg / Jojxf/
x¿nfO{ ;dfKt ug'{ tyf ;a} k|sf/sf hfltut, efiffut / wd{ut ;d'bfoaLr ;lxi0f'tf /
;dembf/L clej[l4 s'/fsf lzIff pknAw u/fpg' kIf /fi6«x¿sf] bfloTj x'g] s'/fdf o; ;lGwn]
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
hftLo e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos 3f]if0ff, !(^# (Declaration on the Elimination
of all Forms of Racial Discriminatio, 1963)
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f @) gf]e]Dj/ !(^# df kfl/t o; 3f]if0ffsf !! j6f wf/fx¿ 5g\ .
o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]lvt l;4fGtx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
206

• dfgj dfqnfO{ hft, j0f{ jf hftLo pTklQsf] lx;fjaf6 ul/g] e]befj dfgj k|lti7f
lj?4sf] ck/fw xf] / o;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkqdf lglxt l;4fGtsf] cj1f tyf
dfgj clwsf/ / d"ne"t :jtGqtfsf] pNn+3g 7x¥ofO{ lgGbf ul/g'kb{5 .
• gful/s clwsf/, gful/stfsf] k|flKt, lzIff, wd{, /f]huf/, Joj;fo k|fKt ug] { s'/fdf hft,
j0f{ jf hftLo pTklQsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befj /f]Sg vf; k|of;x¿ ul/g'kb{5 .
• /fhgLlts tyf gful/s xssf] pkof]u ug]{ s'/fdf vf; u/L dtbfg ug]{ ;/sf/df
eflubf/ x'g] s'/fdf hft, j0f{ jf hftLo pTklQsf] cfwf/df e]befj x'g' x'b]}g . x/]snfO{
d'n'ssf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;dfg k|j]z kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw (International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965)
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f @! l8;]Dj/ !(^% df kfl/t $ hgj/L !(^( b]lv nfu" ePsf]
o; dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] #) hgj/L !(&) df cg'df]bg u/L ! dfr{ !(&! b]lv nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
o; dxf;lGwn] hft / /+usf cfwf/df x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug{ tyf hftLo
e]befjsf sf/0f kLl8t JolQm jf ;d"xsf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fk1, !(^^ (International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, 1966)
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ df ;j{;Ddltsf ;fy kfl/t @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv
nfu" ePsf] !$ d] !((! df g]kfnåf/f cg'df]bg ul/Psf] o; k|lt1fkqdf s"n ^ efu / %# j6f
wf/fx¿ 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsfnfO{ nfu"
ug]{ afWosf/L bfloTjsf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .
dlxnfx¿ lj?4sf] e]befj pGd"ng ljifos 3f]if0ff, !(^& (Declaration on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women, 1967)
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f ;g\ !(^& df kfl/t !! j6f wf/fx¿ ePsf] o; 3f]if0ffn] hft, hflt,
j0f{ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df dlxnfdfly e]befj ug{ gx'g] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
207

Ëe]b ck/fwsf] bdg / b08;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(&# (International Convention on
the Suppression of Crime of Apartheid and Punishment, 1973)
/Ëe]b ;DaGwL ck/fwnfO{ bdg ug{ / ;f] ;DaGwL b08sf] Joj:yf ug{ o; dxf;lGwn] cGt/f{li6«o
;d'bfodf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . #) gf]e]Da/ !(&# df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f
kfl/t !* h'nfO{ !(&^ df nfu" ePsf] o; dxf;lGwdf !( j6f wf/fx¿ 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwn]
/Ëe]bsf] ck/fwnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ug]{ cdfgjLo sfo{sf] ¿kdf kl/efiff u/]sf]
5 .
hflt / hftLo k"jf{u|x ljifos 3f]if0ff, !(&* (Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, 1978)
of] 3f]if0ffkq ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, a}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g (United Nations Education,
Scientific and Cultural Orgnaization - UNESCO) åf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ lnvt xf] .
!) j6f wf/fx¿ ePsf] o; 3f]if0ffn] ;a} dflg;x¿ Pp6} hftLsf x'g\ . dof{bf / clwsf/sf]
;DaGwdf ;dfg ¿kn] hGd]sf x'G5g\ . hftLo k"jf{u|x k"0f{ ¿kn] cf}lrTo/lxt 5 . hftLjfb
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf d"ne"t l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 . hftLjfbn] x/]s If]qsf] ljsf;df cj/f]w
k'¥ofpg'sf] ;fy} ;fdflhs ljklQnfO{ tyf 3[0ff:kb lgDTofpg] xF 'bf o:nfO{ ;dfKt ug' {kb{5 eGg]
dfGotfx¿nfO{ cufl8 cfPsf] xf] .
dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( (Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979)
!* l8;]Da/ !(&( df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f kfl/t # ;]K6]Da/ !(*! b]lv nfu" ePsf] s"n
^ efu / #) wf/fx¿ ePsf] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] @@ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u/L g]kfn
o; dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /lx;s]sf] 5 . dlxnf pk/ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjsf] pGd"ng
ug{ of] dxf;lGw lqmofzLn 5 .
$= g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o k|of;x?
g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf ;dfj]zLs/0f la=;= @)^# ;fn cl3 / kl5sf] sfnv08df laefhg u/L
cWoog ubf{ pko'St b]lvG5 . la=; @)^# ;fn cl3sf] ca:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfn cGtl/d
zf;g lawfg @))& sf] wf/f !^ df h'g;'s} ;/sf/L kbdf sfddf nfpg] jf lgo'lSt ug]{ ;DaGwdf
;a} gful/sx?n] ;dfg ca;/ kfpg] Aoa:yf lyof] . t/ s'g} gful/sn] ;/sf/L gf]s/Ldf kof{Kt
:yfg kfPsf] 5}g eGg] /fHosf] ;xdlt ePdf ltgLx?sf] lgldQ s]xL kb 5'§fO{ /fVg] k|aGw /fHon]
ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] ;+a}wflgs Aoa:yf ;a{k|yd /flvof] . cg'Ggt gful/s ju{sf] nflu ;/sf/L
gf]s/Ldf s]xL kb 5'§fpg] gLlt /fHon] lnPtf klg sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g . cg'Ggt gful/s ju{sf
208

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf kx' Frsf nfuL @))& df /fHon] lng yfn]sf] gLlt xfn ;Dd cf]em]ndf k/]sf]
5 .
o;}u/L gful/s clwsf/ P]g @)!@ sf] bkmf df s'g} cg'Ggt gful/s ju{sf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf
clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x'g] Aoa:yf u/\of] . of] Aoa:yf klg tt\sfnLg cj:yfdf sfof{Gjog
ePg . o;kZrft lgdf{0f ePsf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg, @)!% / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n]
o:tf] Aoa:yf u/]g . la=;= @)$& ;fnsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!-#_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zn] dlxnf, afns, a[4 jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s?kn] czQm AolSt jf cfly{s
;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] au{sf] ;+/If0f jf lasf;sf] nflu sfg'g4f/f ljz]if Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsg]5 elg Aoa:yf u/\of] . o; kZrft ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf /fHon]
gLltut tyf ;+:yfut k|of;nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
$=!= ;:yfut Joa:yf
s= cflbaf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg
g]kfnsf] laleGg cflbaf;L hghfltsf] ] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s lasf; / pTyfg Pj+
/fli6«o lasf;sf] d'n k|afxdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] nflu cflbaf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o
k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug{ @)%* ;fndf cflbaf;L÷hghflt pTyfg eO{ u7g ePsf] xf] .
of] P]gsf] p2]Zo cflbaf;L÷hghfltsf] ;af{ËL0f lasf;, o:sf] Oltxf;, efiff, lnkL ;+:s[lt, snf
;flxTosf] ;+/If0f k|a{4g tyf /fi6« ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;xeflu u/fpg] / lt ;d'bfosf] xs,
lxt, pTyfg tyf lasf; ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
v= pk]lIft, pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfb]zåf/f @)%$ ;fndf
pk]lIft, pTkLl8t / blnt ju{sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs nufot ljleGg kIfsf] ljsf; ug{ of] ;ldltsf]
:yfkgf u/]sf] xf] . o; ;ldltn] blnt au{sf] xs clwsf/sf] kIfdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] s'/f u7g
cfb]zdf g} pNn]v ul/ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
u= /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u P]g @)^# n] /fi6« ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf dlxnf au{sf] ;+lawfg / sfg"gn]
;'lglZrt u/] ]sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf yk P]g, gLlt, sfo{qmd
lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{gsf] nflu kxn ug'{ o; cfof]usf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o:n] tf]s]sf] sfd st{Ao
/ clwsf/ adf]lhd dlxnf au{sf] ;du| lxt / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] nflu of] cfof]u ls|oflzn /lx
cfPsf] 5 .
209

3= /fli6«o blnt cfof]u
blnt;d'bfosf] ;du| xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)%*
r}q ^ ut]sf] lg0f{oaf6 /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,
cfly{s, /fhg}lts Pj+ z}lIfs nufot ;a} If]qdf ;a}eGbf kl5 kfl/Psf] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;+ljwfg
tyf k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f df}lns xs–lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ To;sf] lgjf{w ¿kdf pkef]u u/L
/fi6« ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf
yk P]g, gLlt, sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{gsf] nflu kxn ug'{ xf] .
ª= lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo -cb/ Aofsjf8{ sDo"lg6L—cf]aL;L_ pTyfg lasf; ;ldlt
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfb]zåf/f @)^%.!).@)
df lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo -cb/ Aofsjf8{ sDo"lg6L—cf]aL;L_ dw]z t/fO{sf] hflt ju{sf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs nufot ljleGg kIfsf] ljsf; ug{ of] ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; ;ldltn]
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo -cf]aL;L_ dw]z t/fO{sf] hflt ju{sf] xs clwsf/sf] kIfdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] s'/f
u7g cfb]zdf g} pNn]v ul/ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
$=@= gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL Joa:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg @)^# lgdf{0fdf klxnf] kN6 hftLo, n}lËs / If]qLo k|ltlglwTjsf]
cltl/Qm d'n"ssf ;j} hft hflt, efiff eflif, If]q ju{, lnË / ;d'bfosf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj /x]sf]
kfO{G5 . /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfa]zL agfpg] ;DaGwdf of] ;+lawfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} b]zdf laBdfg
alu{o hflto, If]lqo, n}lËs ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+/rgf ug{] ;+sNk
ul/Psf] 5 . To;} ul/ wf/f $-!_ df "g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If,
;dfj]zL / k'0f{nf]stflGqs /fHo xf] "elg /fHosf] :j?k lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . h;af6 /fHosf] rl/q
;dfa]lz /xg] s'/fdf ljjfb ug{ } ;lsb}g . wf/f @! df df}lns xs cGt{ut ;fdflhs Gofosf]
xsdf " cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjfl; hghflt, dw]zL
;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/j ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfa]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df
/fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 " elg ;+a}wflgs k|Tofe'lt k|bfg ePsf] 5 . ;+lawfgsf]
wf/f ## df ;+lawfgdf ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] /fHosf] bfloTj cGt{ut wf/f ## -3!_ yk ul/ ;f]
wf/fdf d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cu+x?df dw]zL, blnt, cflbaf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dhb'/,
ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf au{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfa]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg]
elg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $%-!_-u_, wf/f ^#-$_,-%_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df /fHo
;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfO{Psf] 5 .
210

;+lawfgn] g} /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfO{Psf] k[i7e"lddf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf
nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( df ldlt @)^$.$.@# df ePsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
klxnf] kN6 ;dfa]zL agfPsf] 5 . h;df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f
k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ zt k|ltzt dfgL b]xfo adf]lhdsf
pDd]b\jf/ aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
o;df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ dlxnf -## k|ltzt_, cflbjf;L÷hghflt -@& k|ltzt_, dw]zL -@@
k|ltzt_, blnt -( k|ltzt_, ckf+u - % k|ltzt_ / lk5l8Psf] If]q - $ k|ltzt_ 5 . o;df
Ædlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L / blntÆ eGgfn] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf
dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L / blntnfO{ a'emfOPsf]5 .
kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu lgwf{/0f ubf{ Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 3ftfª\s-k\mofS;g_cfPdf To:tf] 3ftfª\s
h'g ;d"xsf] xsdf 3ftfª\s cfPsf] xf] ;f]eGbf nut} kl5sf] ;d"xdf ;b{ +}hfg] Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L
5'6ofOPsf] kbdf h'g jif{sf] nflu lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f] jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/
pknJw x'g g;s]df To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf ;dfj]z ug' {kg]{5 / To;/L lj1fkg ubf{
klg pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknJw x'g g;s]df To:tf] kb ;f]xL jif{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f k"lt{ x'g]
kbdf ;dfj]z x'G5 . of] Joj:yf k|To]s !) jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g]5 eGg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 eg]
k'?if pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf #% jif{ / dlxnf pd]bjf/sf] xsdf $) jif{sf] pd]/ ;Dd ;]jf k|a]zsf]
nflu of]Uo x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ^ dlxgf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ! jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfn tf]lsPsf] 5 . dlxnf,
cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckf+u / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf :yfoL a;f]jf; ePsf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lx?sf] pNn]lvt ;]jf cjlwdf ! jif{ sd ;]jf cjlw eP klg a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . blntsf xsdf /fli6«o blnt cfof]uaf6 ;"rLs[t ePsf] hfltsf]
xsdf ;f]xL ;"rLsf] cfwf/df, t/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]uaf6 ;"rLs[t ePsf] hfltleq PseGbf a9L
y/x? ePdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/zdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 ;"rLs[t
ePsf] hfltleqsf] y/ egL k|dfl0ft u/fO{ b/vf:t;fy k]z ug'{kg]{ Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}u/L /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u P]g @)^#, adf]lhd /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]udf kbflwsf/L rog ubf{
;f]nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]zL agfO{Psf] 5 .
;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;'zf;g - Aoa:yfkg tyf ;~rfng _ P]g @)^$
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . h'g P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'lv, hjfkmb]xL,
kf/bzL{ ;dfa]zL tyf hg;xeflutf d'ns agfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn ;a{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fpg]
elg pNn]v 5 . eg] bkmf ^ df k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;+rfngsf cfwf/ cGt{ut ;dGofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f
211

eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf &-5_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] clVtof/ ug]{ lgtLx? cGt{ut hghflt,
blnt, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf] au{sf] pTyfg eGg] Aoa:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfa]zL agfpgsf] nflu s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]gn] k|x/L P]g
@)!@, lasf; ;ldlt P]g @)!#, lzIff P]g @)@*, g]kfn ljz]if ;]jf P]g @)$@, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g
@)%#, ;z:q k|x/L P]g @)%* / ;}lgs P]g @)^# df lgo'lSt ;dfa]zL ul/g] ;DaGwdf ;+zf]wg
;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
Gf]kfnsf] lqjlif{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq @)^&÷^*—)^(÷&) df klg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
sfo{?k lbg dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd, ckfË ePsf JolQm, cNk;Vos / nf]kpGd'v
hflt Pjd\ s0ff{nL If]q ;d]tsf b'u{d / lxdfnL If]qsf afl;Gbf tyf lakGg au{ / ;d'bfo tyf
alGrlts/0fdf k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ clwsf/ / cj;/ Gofof]lrt kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug]{
p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
%=;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf /fhlglts bnx?sf] k|lta4tf
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf d'Vo d'Vo /fhlglts bnx?n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf u/]sf]
k|lta4tf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_
blntx¿dfly x'g] 5'jf5"t nufotsf ;a} e]befjx¿sf] k"0f{ cGTo ul/g]5 . k"/} b]znfO{ 5'jf5"tnfO{
Onfsf 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 / 5'jf5"t ug]{x¿ dfly dfjgtf lj?4 ck/fwsf] s8f sfg'gL sf/jfxL
ul/g]5 . /fHoåf/f cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs, ;}lgs nufot
hLjgsf ;a} If]qaf6 blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;'lglZrt 9+uaf6 k5fl8 kfl/Psf] xF'bf c? ;d'bfo ;/x
;a} If]qdf ;dfg gxf]p~h]n;Dd /fHon] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . of] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] gLlt /
ljlwnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljz]if lgodåf/f Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .
@= g]kfnL sfFu|];
blnt, jfbL nufot ljleGg ju{ / ;d"xåf/f cfk\mgf] klxrfg / clwsf/sf nflu u/]sf] zflGtk"0f{
;+3if{nfO{ hLjGt / kl/0ffd'vL agfpg] lbzfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kfOnfsf ¿kdf cfTd;ft ul/g] . efjL
/fHo ;+/rgfdf, pTkLl8t, blnt nufot cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; k|lqmofdf k5fl8 jf aflx/
k/]sf hflt, ;d'bfo / ju{x¿ ;a}sf] /fHo–;+/rgf kx'r x'g] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;
ul/g'sf] ;fy} ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g] s'/f pNn]v 5 .
212

#= g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -P=df=Nf]_
dfgjtfdfly snª\sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5'jf5"t k|yfnfO{ k"0f{tM ;dfKt kfl/g]5 . d'n'sdf /x]sf ljljwtf
tyf cfly{s / ;fdflhs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf ju{ / ;d'bfosf] klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj / kx'rsf nflu
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g], /fHo k'gM ;+/rgfsf] qmddf, /fHosf ljleGg c+ux¿df
/fhgLlts lgo'lQm ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLltnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/g], kl5 k/]sf, l;dfGts[t /
klxrfg vf]lh/x]sf ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf]
gLlt / cjnDag ul/g], ;fdGtL zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] lzsf/ ag]sf / 5'jf5"t h:tf] s';+:sf/af6
kLl8t tyf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf kl5 k/]sf pTkLl8t÷blnt
;d'bfosf] d'lQm / ljsf;sf nflu /fHosf tk{maf6 k|ultzLn cf/If0fsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd NofOg]
s'/f pNn]v 5 .
$= dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d, g]kfn
;Qfsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfo, s]Gb|sf] ;+;b, s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ s]Gb|Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf ;a} c+u / lgsfodf
d'n'ssf blnt, pk]lIft, pTkLl8t ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g'kg]{, dw]; /fHo jf dw];
k|b]zdf /fHo jf k|b]z leqsf blnt, pTkLl8t÷pk]lIft nufot ;a} ju{ Pjd\ ;d'bfosf] /fHo jf
k|b]zsf] ;a} lgsfodf ljgf e]befjk"0f{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g'kg]{, blnt ;d'bfon] ef]u]sf]
;fdflhs tyf /fHok|bQ cnufjsf] gLltsf] Ifltk"lt{jfkt ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df /fHosf
;a} ;'ljwf tyf lgsfodf ;dfgtfo'Qm cf/If0f kfpg'kg]{ / ;/sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLltsf txut
cf/If0faf6 blnt, pTkLl8t÷pk]lIft ;d'bfox¿nfO{ /fHodf ;xeflutf u/fpg' Ps Jojxfl/s
pkfo x'g] Joa:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= t/fO{ –dw]; nf]stflGqs kf6L{
blnt ;d'bfo j0ff{>dsf] lt/:sf/, /fhgLlts–cfly{s pk]Iff / pTkL8gdf kfl/Psf d'Vo ;d'bfo
x'g\ . To;}n] blnt ;d'bfon] ef]u]sf] ;fdflhs tyf /fHok|bQ cnufjsf] gLltsf] Ifltk"lt{ jfkt
;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;s/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cg';f/ cf/If0f
kfpg'kg]{ / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cf/If0faf6 pk]lIft, pTkLl8t, blnt ;d'bfox¿nfO{ /fHosf]
tf]s]sf] ;dofjlw;Dd dfgj ;"rsfÍsf] cfwf/df k|fyldstf lbO{ ;xeflutf u/fpg' Ps k|efjsf/L
pkfo x'g] s'/f pNn]v 5 .
^= g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{
/fHo;Qfsf] ;a} lgsfodf kxf8] blnt / dw];L blntaLr e]befj gu/L ;dfg cj;/ lbnfpg] pNn]v
5 .
213

&= hgdf]rf{ g]kfn
blnt hflt ;d]tsf] :jfledfg / xslxtsf] /Iff ug]{, pgLx¿n] p7fpb} cfPsf Gofok"0f{ Pj+
cfwf/e"t dfux¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ /fHo / k|zf;gdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf]
Joj:yf ug] {, ;lbof}+b]lv ;fdGtL PsfTds Pjd\ s]lGb|s[t /fHoaf6 blnt ;d'bfodfly e}/x]sf]
zf]if0f pTkL8gsf] cGTo ug] {, e"ld/lxt ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf cf/If0f clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ / 5'jf5"tnfO{
uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fw 3f]if0ff u/L s8f ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug] { / /fHo;Qfaf6 nfdf] ;dob]lv
zf]if0f, pTkL8g / e]befjåf/f k5fl8 kfl/Psf blnt ;d'bfo ;d]tnfO{ c? ;/x ;dfg x}l;otdf
gk'Ubf;Ddsf nflu cf/If0fsf] ljz]if clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ pNn]v 5 .
*= g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{
o'uf}+b]lv zf]lift kLl8t ePsf hgtfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 .
(= /fli6«o hgdf]rf{
blnt pTkLl8t, pk]lIft, zf]lift hft, hflt, ju{ nufot ;a}sf Gofok"0f{ dfux¿ k"/f ug'{kg]{ .
blnt hfltx¿sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, ;fj{hlgs kbx¿ jf cGo ;fdflhs cj;/
x¿df blntnfO{ cf/If0f k|fKt x'g'kb{5 / pgLx¿dfly ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt ckgfOg] pNn]v
5 .
!)= /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{
xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv ¿l9jfbL ;fdGtL k|yfn] pTkLl8t hfltnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf cj;/af6 jl~rt df/fv]sf]
x'Fbf /fHosf ;a}h;f] If]qdf pTkLl8t hfltdfly xF 'b} cfPsf zf]if0f, bdg, cGofo, cTofrf/ h:tf
cdfgjLo / cGofok"0f{ sfo{ / Jojxf/sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf cGTo ub}{ Oltxf; el/s} pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{
:j¿k Gofo, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, dof{bf Pj+ ;jf]{kl/ lxtsf nflu x/ If]qdf ;Ifd agfpg
/fhg}lts, cfly{s, z}lIfs / gf]s/Ldf ;d]t k|ultzLn cf/If0fsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,
g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;lbof} +b]lv ljBdfg /xFb} cfPsf] e]befjk"0f{ cj:yf, hftLo zf]if0f / c;dfgtfsf]
l:yltnfO{ cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL /fHo ;+rfng k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{] pNn]v 5 .
!!= /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{
;dfj]zL k|hftGq ;d]tnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO ;jn /fli6«otfsf] k|j4{g ug]{, /fHo ;+rfngdf
blnt lk5l8Psf ;a} hfthflt ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf Pj+ k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] / ;sf/fTds lje]b
cyf{t\ cf/If0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{, blnt ;d'bfo nufotsf lk5l8Psf ju{ /
;d'bfonfO{ cf/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf pknAw u/fpg] s'/fsf] Joa:yf 5 .
214

^= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kIf–lakIfdf p7]sf ax; / ;d:ofx?
Gf]kfndf d'nt hghfltsf] d'Vo ;jfn eg]sf] ;fF:s[lts÷eflifs÷wfld{s, dw]zL ;d'bfosf]
eflifs÷gful/stf÷zf;gdf ;xefuLtfsf] ;jfn, dlxnfsf] sfg'gL, ;fdflhs lae]b / ;zlQms/0fsf]
;jfn / blnt ;d'bfosf] 5'jf5't÷hflto lae]b -;fdflhs d'2f_ cflb ;jfnx? /x]sf] 5 . olx
;jfnsf] ;+af]wg ug{sf vflt/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cjnDag ul/ ;s]sf]
ePtf klg o;sf kIf lakIfdf ts{ gp7]sf xf]O{gg . pSt ts{ nfO{ ;+lIfKtdf b]xfo adf]lhd
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
s= lakIfdf p7]sf ts{
• ;dfj]zLs/0fn] pN6f] lje]b ub{5 .
• lgikIftf gx'g ;Sb5 .
• df}sf lbP/ of]Uo agfpg'eGbf of]Uo agfP/ df}sf lbg' /fd|f] .
• cf/If0fsf] cfwf/ hftLotf x'g] ePsf]n] o;n] ;dfhdf g/fd|f k|efjnfO{ hGd lbG5 .
• k|lt:kwf{af6 g} ;Ifdtf cfpg] x'Fbf ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;Ifd k|zf;s ;]jfdf gcfpg] x'G5 .
• ef/tdf %) jif{sf] cjlw;Dd cf/If0f Joj:yf kZrft\ klg hflto 5'jf5't / lje]b x6\g
g;s]sf] .
• d]xgtL÷ k|lt:kwL{÷;jn÷;Ifdtfdf JolQmsf] dgf]jn 36fp5 .
• of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ Ift–ljIft ub{5 .
• cof]Uosf] hdftn] k|zf;g ;+oGq sdhf]/ kf5{ .
• 6fF7fFjf7fsf] dfq k|e'Tj eO{ haves and haves not aLrsf] vf8n a9fpF5 .
• /fi6«sf] ;femf cfly{s, ;fdflhs >f]t ;fwgdf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] j/fj/ kx' Fr geO{ k|ltef
lgis[o x'g] vt/f /xG5 .
v= kIfdf p7]sf ts{
• n}lËs hftLo auL{o If]qdf ;Gt'ng NofpF5 / /fli6«o Pstf sfod x'G5 .
215

• ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgf x'G5 .
• k|e'TjzfnL ;d'bfo / lk5l8Psf ;d"xlar /x]sf] kfns / cfl>t h:tf] efjgfsf] cGTo
x'G5 .
• hftLo lae]b lg{d"n ug{ 6]jf k'Ub5 .
• lk5l8Psf] au{sf] ;zlQms/0f / ;jnLs/0fdf 6]jf k'Ub5 .
• ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsn] ;fy{stf kfpFb5 .
• lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; u/fpFb5 .
• g]kfn kIf /x]sf] cGt/fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] bfloTj k'Ub5 .
• /fHodf ;a} hft–hfltsf] :jfldTj dx;'; u/fpg hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj a9fpF5 .
• ;fdflhs 4G4, ljv08tfnfO{ cGTo u/L ;fdflhs cGt3{'ngsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .
• ljutdf /fHon] lbPsf] pTkL8g, cGofo / cTofrf/sf] abnfdf Gofo k|bfg u5{ .
u= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfndf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofx?
• :ki6 dfkb08 / cfwf/ agfpg g;lsPsf]n] Elite capture ePsf] ,
• ;dfj]zLtfnfO{ clwsf/df cfwfl/t /0fgLlt gagfOPsf],
• ;dfj]zL sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 ,
• lk5l8Psf] au{, l;dfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ k|zf;lgs ;]jfk|lt cfsif{0f u/fpg g;s]sf] ,
• nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lng] k/LIffsf] nflu k"j{ tof/L sIff tyf kf7\os|dsf] ;do;fk]If km]babn
ug{ g;lsPsf] ,
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;Gb{edf k|efjsf/L gLltut Aoa:yfsf] cefj,
• ;zlQms/0f sfo{s|dnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsPsf],
216

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf gs/fTds k|rf/ k|;f/n] k|>o kfPsf],
• laBdfg ca:yfdf ;d]t hftLo, n}ËLs, If]qLo, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts lje]b k"0f{ ?kdf cGTo
gePsf],
• lk5l8Psf] au{, l;dfGts[t ;d'bfoleq oy]i6 z}lIfs hgzlStsf] cefj,
• 5'jf5't k|yfsf] cjz]if xfn;Dd klg /x]sf],
&= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox?
s=gLltut txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/
• c;dfg sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;+zf]wg ub{} hfg'sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfx?af6 l;lh{t
cGo bfloTjnfO{ k'/f ug{sf nflu sfof{Gjog kIfdf hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 .
• clwsf+z ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] k|efjsf/L cf}hf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lzIffdf ljz]if hf]8 lbFb}
cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf ju{ / dlxnfnfO{ ljZjljBfno ;Dd g}
lgz'Ns lzIffsf] gLlt nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
• lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/LnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf]
If]qsf ju{ / dlxnf ljsf; / d'nk|jfxLs/0fsf] nflu Comprehensive Development Plan /
Strategic Policy tof/ ul/g'kb{5 . h:n]ubf{ x/]s If]qdf :ki6 Road Map to ug{ ;lsof];\ .
• cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf ju{ / dlxnf aLrdf /x]sf] ;DkGgtf /
ljkGgtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL jf:tljs ljkGg / k5f8L k/]sf nlIft ;d"xnfO{ dfq Focus ug]{
gLlt lnOg'kb{5 . o:tf ;d"xsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Indicator tof/ u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df
nlIftju{ rog u/L sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
v= ;:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/
• cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / dfgj ljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L h:tf If]qdf
kx'Fr k'¥ofpgsf nflu ljs6 ef}uf]lns tyf b'u{d lxdfnL If]qdf lzIf0f, :jf:Yo tyf
tflnd s]Gb|h:tf ;+:yfx? :yfkgf ul/g'kg] { x'G5 . To;}u/L cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L,
lk5l8Psf] If]q / dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo:t/df /x]sf lgsfox?nfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L
agfpg'kg] { .
217

• cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf ju{ / dlxnf ljsf; / ;zlQms/0fsf]
sfd s]jn ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] dfq xf] eGg] ;f]rn] ubf{ cGo dGqfnox?n] oL d'2fnfO{
;+j]bgzLn ?kdf a'em\g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ lgsfonfO{ o; ;DaGwdf ckgTj af]w
u/fpgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/sf ;j} lgsfox?n] lgoldt ?kdf Reporting u/fpg] u/L ljleGg
;/f]sf/jfnf ;d]t /x]sf] Pp6f pRr:t/Lo ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ;+oGq lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
• dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] sfo{ / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 tf]sL ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf
:yfkgf ug]{ . dlxnf / blnt lj?4sf] lae]b dfgjclwsf/ xgg h:tf ljifox?df cg';Gwfg
tyf txlssft u/L d'2f rnfpg] ;d]tsf clwsf/ k|bfg ul/ ;DkGg jgfOg' kb{5 .
• hftLo lje]b / 5'jf5't tyf dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f, dfgjclwsf/ xgg h:tf ljifox?df ph'/L
;'g'jfO tyf ;+af]wg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo:t/df e/kbf] { ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g'kg] { .
• dGqfno:t/df ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpgsf] nflu lglZrt zfvfsf] sd{rf/L tf]ls
lghsf] sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ sfof{nos} sfo{ljj/0f;+u cfj4 ul/g'kb{5 .
u= P]g sfg'gdf ul/g'kg] { ;'wf/
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf of]Uotf k4ltnfO{ sfod /fVb} bL3{sfndf Ifdtf ljsf; u/L
;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xNffO{ k|lt:kwL{ / Ifdtfjfg\ agfpg]u/L cNksfndf cf/If0f sfo{qmdsf]
th'{df u/L lb3{sfndf Ifdtf a9fpg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{sf] ;fy} z}lIfs hgzlSt lgdf{0fdf
k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k'gM;+/rgfdf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo lgsfodf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf cf/If0f
k|bfg ul/g' k5{ . ;+3sf] k|zf;g ;]jfdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L lglZrt l;6
cf/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . l5d]sL d'ns ef/tdf ;d]t of] cEof;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/
cfPsf] 5 .
• dlxnf au{nfO{ bvf{:t lbg kfpg] pd]/sf] xb $) jif{ ul/P h:t} blnt÷hghflt÷dw];L
;d'bfosf AolStx?n] bvf{:t lbg kfpg] pd]/sf] xb $) ul/g] u/L lg=;]=lgdf ;'wf/ ul/g'
kg]{ .
• pk]lIft, pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o
k|lti7fg, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo -cf]aL;L_ pTyfg
ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ ;zlQms/0f sfo{sf] nflu /fHon] cfjZos ah]6sf] Aoa:yf ug'{ kg] { .
218

• blnt ;d'bfosf JolStx?nfO{ sfof{no ;xof]uL÷;jf/L rfns ->]0fL laxLgsf kbx?sf]
sd{rf/L_ sf] ?kdf lgo'St ug{ ] ;DaGwdf dlGq kl/ifbn] gLltut lg0f{o ug'{ pko'St x'g] .
• k|fljlws If]qdf cf/If0f eGbf ;zlQms/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbO{g' pko'St x'G5 .
• Ps k6s ;]jf k|a]zdf cf/If0f k|fKt ul/ ;s]sf] jf a9'jfdf cf/If0f k|fKt ul/;s]sf AolStnfO{
k6s k6s cf/If0f k|bfg gul/g] gLlt agfpg pko'St x'g] .
• lglZrt cjlw tf]s]/ ;DalGwt ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] hg;+Vofsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj;Dd
-k|To]s !) jif{df x'g] hgu0fgf;Fu} k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ldnfpg] ul/_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf
cf/If0fdfkm{t ;]jf k|j]z u/fpg' pko'St x'g] .
• c;dfg ca:yfdf /x]sfx?jLr ;dfg k|lt:kwf{n] cNksfndf k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/L tGq
:yfkgf x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] ;dGofoLs b[li6sf]0f cg'?k clwsf/df cfwfl/t ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] gLlt canDag ug{' kg] { .
• hg;+Vofsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj e};s]sf hftL ljz]ifnfO{ qmdzM cf/If0faf6 x6fpFb} hfg]
/ nf]kf]Gd'v, ;+s6fu|:t hfltnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug{ pko'St{ x'g] .
3= ;fF:s[lts tyf Aojxfl/s ;'wf/
• ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]q
/ dlxnfsf] ljsf; / ;zlQms/0fsf] nfuL s]lGb|t agfpg] / :yfgLo:t/;Dd Jofks ?kdf
r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{kg] { .
{
• ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu n}lËs / hflto ;dfgtf ;DjGwL ;r]tgf sfo{s|d
:yfgLo :t/b]lv g} ;+rfng ug'{kg] .
• hflto / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf ljifodf r]tgf clej[l4 ug{sf] nflu cfd ;~rf/sf] dfWodn]
;d]t ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
• lje]bsf] Jojxf/ km}ng glbg ;fdflhs ;b\efj a9fpg] .
• lje]b tyf s'l/tLx?sf] cGTo ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf] kl/rfng ug{ ] .
• lje]bsf Gap sd ug{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug] {,
• cGt/ls|of tyf 5nkmndf hf]8 lbg]
• ;fdflhs cGt3'{ngnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug] { .
219

ª = Joj:yfksLo÷k|lqmofut ;'wf/
• hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf ju{ / dlxnfsf] d'2fnfO{ Cross cutting issues sf]
?kdf lnO{ x/]s ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?df tYofÍ /fVg] kl/kf6L a;fNg'sf ;fy}
cfkm\gf] lgsfosf gLlt, sfo{s|d, ah]6, of]hgf, l;4fGt, ;+/rgf, Jojxf/ / ;+:s[lt cflb
;d]tdf ;sf/fTds ?kdf x]g]{ ;+:sf/sf] lasf; ul/g'kg] { .
• k|To]s lgsfodf ;dfj]zLs/0f ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/ o:tf d'2fdf ul/g] cWoog, cg';Gwfg
tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu s]lx k|ltzt /sd 5'6\ofpg' kg] {.
• k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}x| ;/sf/L lgsfoåf/f ;~rflnt
sfo{s|d tyf ah]6sf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] cg'udg / d'NofÍg ug{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ .
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|efjsf/Ltf / ljsf;sf nfuL ;/sf/L–gLlh ;fem]bf/L, (PPP) sf] cjwf/0ff
cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 .
r= Kf/LIff k|0ffnLdf ug'{ kg] { ;'wf/sf kIfx?
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lng] k/LIffdf lk5l8Psf] au{ tyf cNk;+Vos hft hfltsf AolStx?nfO{
bvf{:t kmf/d / bvf{:t b:t'/ lgMz'Ns ul/g' kg] { .
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lng] k/LIff tof/Lsf] nflu nlIft ;d'bfosf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ sIff ;+rfng
ul/g'kg] { / tof/L sIff lbbf lgMz'Ns cWoog ;fdfu|Lsf] ;fy} cfjf;Lo ?kdf sIff ;+rfng
ug'{kg] { .
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] kbk"lt{sf nflu ug]{ la1fkgsf ;DaGwdf nlIft ;d'bfosf AolStx?nfO{
clws ;xefuL u/fpg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf pk]lIft, pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf;
;ldlt,cflbaf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt
cfof]u, lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo -cf]aL;L_ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldltn] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug] ]{{ lhDdf lbg] .
• sf]6f cg'?ksf kbx?df Go"gtd ptL0f{ c+s Nofpg g;Sbf;Dd tL sf]6fx? ;DalGwt ;fdflhs
;d"xs} gfddf ;+lGrt x'Fb} hfg] Aoa:yf ug{' kg]{ / kb;+Vof k'lt{ gePdf ;f] kb;+VofnfO{ vf/]h
gu/L cfufdL lj1fkgdf ;dfj]; ug{] / To; cjlw;Dd tL kbx?df ;Da4 ;d"xaf6} 5fgL
s/f/df sfd nufpg] .
• k/LIff lnFbf v'Nnf / ;dfj]zLsf] 5'§f 5'§} kl/Iff lnO{, v'Nnf k/LIffsf] glthf klxn] k|sflzt
ug]{ .
220

• ;/sf/L / cGo ;a} kIfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf cf/If0f sf]6f nufot nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf
k/LIffx?df ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xsf k|ltefzfnL AolQmx?sf] cfj]bg a9fpgsf nflu sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug'{kg] { .
*= lgisif{
;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;+a}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Aoa:yf Pj+ gofF lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] ;+lawfgsf]
cawf/0ff ;d]tn] /fHo k'gM ;+/rgfsf] d'n cfwf/sf] ?kdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . /fHosf] ;a} tx / lgsfodf
;dfj]zLs/0f x'g] eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt e}];s]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL
agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . ctM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf ePsf]
cf/If0fsf] Aoa:yfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ nlIft ;d"xdf kxF'r k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . o;af6
k|ltlglwd"ns sd{rf/LtGqsf] lgdf{0f x'g] h;af6 ;dfhdf /x]sf ;fdflhs :jfy{x?sf] ;Gt'ng x'g]
b]lvG5 . cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ;d]t x'g] cj:yfdf ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;a}
ju{sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|lt :jfldTj / ckgTj dxz'; ePdf g} ;+3Lotfn] ;fy{stf kfpg] x'G5 .
o;af6 ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgfn] ;fy{stf kfO{ nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;d]tnfO{
;'b[9 ug{df of]ubfg k'Ub5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/ dfq xf]O{g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
;/sf/L÷u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
• gf/fo0f g]kfn, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, @)^&, k|zf;g
k'gM;+/rgf cfof]u
• /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgx?
• ljleGg /fhlglts bnsf] 3f]if0ff kqx?
• Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^&
• g]kfn cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^#
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( tyf lgofdfjnL @)%)
• /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u P]g @)^#
• ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!#
• k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?
• cfjlws of]hgfx?
221

Public Service Delivery
(With some examples of best practices)**
Shyam Prasad Mainali*
Abstract
The ci!zen's percep!on of the state and its func!onaries is primarily based on its role as
a service provider, law enforcer and regulator. Improving the quality of administra!on
and providing a responsive interface between the ci!zens and the public service requires
a number of ini!a!ves. Perhaps the most important is the introduc!on of greater
transparency in the func!oning of government department and public bodies. A number
of a"empts have been made to make the administra!on much more transparent but
with li"le success. To a large measure the system of governance that we have inherited
does not allow transparency to the desired extent.
The rules, regula!ons and procedures s!pulate unnecessary restric!on on free access of
the public to informa!on. Perhaps this is more of an a#tudinal problem. Even though
everyone agrees that to a large extent the problem is a#tudinal but in prac!ce one
expects the other person to change this a#tude. Similar is the case of transparency
where everyone expects transparency is decision making at the other end. Whatsoever,
there is a demand for introducing greater transparency in the func!oning of Government
departments and public bodies.
For Governments to be e$ec!ve, they must have the trust and con%dence of the people
they are meant to serve. Public ins!tu!ons must operate free of bias and establish a
fair, predictable set of rules around which people can organize economic and social
enterprise. This trust is manifested through ins!tu!ons such as court, the civil service,
the provision of public services, and the design of public policies. A threat to this process
is corrup!on is le& unchecked, public resources are diverted to those with power, and
polices designed to help the poor and support economic ac!vi!es cannot succeed.
Likewise, for the good governance, the healthy environment for open interac!on among
government, non-government and private sector plays a vital role. Decentraliza!on
enables this short of interac!on. In addi!on, public awareness and people's ac!veness
is also very much signi%cant. Presently, some countries have been successful to provide
exemplary public services which can be inspiring example for other countries.
* Secretary, Public Service Commission, Nepal.
** The paper was presented at EROPA Seminar, 2011 (at Bangkok 19-23 February, 2012).
222

1. Concept of Public Service Delivery
Delivering public services effectively is the commitment of modern democratic
governments to raise the standard of services and empower their citizens. Public
service delivery (PSD) is a set of institutional arrangements of the government to
provide public goods and services to its citizens. The quality and seriousness of
arrangements influence the performance of PSD. Because of internal and external
factors, most of the States have failed to guarantee the basic demands of the people.
PSD aims to satisfy to the service-seekers by proving effective and efficient service
and gives more emphasis to improve services as well as procedural aspects to receive
them. These aspects are changing profoundly due to technological, organizational,
institutional and other various forces. Governments play important role in controlling
the use of scarce resources so that all the people could have equitable/rational access to
them. Nevertheless, many developing countries continue to suffer from dysfunctional
governance systems including inappropriate allocation of resources of vital public
services. One of the reasons behind this is that the government's move towards by
neglecting the spirit of equity and equality leaving far behind the weaker sections of
the society, i.e., women, children, minorities, down-trodden and marginalized people
as well.
Of late, due to globalization, localization and information revolution people are aware
enough of their right to question on the accountability of their respective government
but measuring the performance of the government especially on PSD is not so easy.
To make it measurable a comprehensive framework is required. Citizens only have
the confidence in their government that it can, among other things, provide them
essential services, such as- physiological requirements, security, territorial integrity,
social services (education, health, and the basic amenities of life) etc. People always
want to see the fulfillment of their requirements promptly in satisfactory standards.
If the government is unable to meet the expectations of its people, it often suffers
crises of legitimacy and protests of internal opposition. However, the government is
desirable as a necessary evil that strongly enough must be accepted for our survival.
The government and its service delivery mechanism have been observed in many
instances almost failing to meet and satisfy the rapidly rising expectation of the people.
Needs, appropriateness and impact have challenged existing bureaucracy and thus
they have brought a refreshing change in the society concerned. Available services
also are left far behind for the lower income people as they are unable to afford
expensive services. However, the poor in most countries are forced to use expensive
goods and services available at market run by the private sector for their survival.
223

Boarding schools and private hospitals can be best examples where poor people are
quite unable to afford but they lack reliable alternative to have such services. This
issue of unavoidability has been debated several times by multilateral donors too.
To overcome such problems new procedures and techniques need to be invented,
which may become the fly-wheel of governance even though they tend to do what
bureaucracy should be doing but fails to do.
The concept of the service innovation has been developed in past decades and it is
used to refer many things.
2. Innovations in Public Service Delivery
In the sense of improved service products and commodities for public services,
there are some sorts of the service innovation functions related to service design
and new service development.
"Service innovation is a new or significantly improved
service concept that is taken into practice. It can be
for example a new customer interaction channel, a
distribution system or a technological concept or a
combination of them. A service innovation always
includes replicable elements that can be identified and
systematically reproduced in other cases or environments.
The replicable elements can be the service outcome or
the service process as such, or a part of them. A service
innovation benefi ts both the service producer and
customers and it improves its developers’ competitive
edge. A service innovation is a service product or service
process that is based on some technology or systematic
method. In services however, the innovation does not
necessarily relate to the novelty of the technology itself
but the innovation often lies in the non -technological
areas. Service innovation can for instance be new
solutions in the customer interface, new distribution
methods, novel application of technology in service
process, new forms of operation with the supply chain of
new ways to organize and manage services."
224

Service innovation denotes quite a different directions to much standard innovation
such as-
• Improved service concept, which refers to service, is quite new to its particular
market or to introduce a new value proposition. It involves fairly intangible
characteristics of the service as well as application of new ways of organizing
solution to problems.
• Interface, with clients or service seekers, involves direct participation and
interaction between service providers and its customers. Clients are involved in
the phase of production as a service recipient. Clients play their roles and are
related to suppliers can be major innovations for many services.
• Service delivery System mostly relates to the linkage between the service provider
and its client. Service delivery does involve an interaction with the service
seekers. Services are delivered through internal organizational arrangements
which relates to the ways in which job seekers receive critical services.
• Use of advanced technologies especially in manufacturing sectors familiar
process are innovated and used in a new way. The application of a new
technology is especially signifi cant to various services so as to increase the
greater satisfaction. It also allows greater effectiveness and efficiency in the
information processing increase elements which prevalent to a great extent in
service sectors.
3. Importance of Innovation in Service Delivery
The following circumstances highlight the importance of innovating in service
delivery:
3.1 Wrong politics
Large share of natural resources are allocated for rich/influential people. If
budget is allocated properly, the situation of the majority poor would have been
changed, but powerful people are getting most of the funds whereas poor people
are neglected. Neither adequate emphasis is given toward creating poor-friendly
environment in practice, nor any meaningful programme implemented for the
betterment of weaker section of the society. Such inappropriate policy of the
government will not be seen for long period, if this practice sustains, it will result
counterproductive. In the state of its continuation, in the against, mass agitation
and massive demonstration of people across the world will gradually prove the
control of the State by interest groups rather than the people in general and the
State will consequently become unproductive and ineffective.
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3.2 Public policy and service innovation
At present, public policy makers have started to emphasize the potential for promoting
service innovations as a part of their economic development strategies. It has been
driven by the growing contribution of services, programs and activities which make
particular country's economics. Various studies have shown that their traditional
policy measures are not proved appropriate, technology transfer supports have
been desirable and have been developed from a manufacturing perspective of the
innovation process. Such corrective measures in public policies have been seriously
taken in the European Commission Expert Group's Report on the field of service
innovation, titled as "Fostering Innovation in Services" as well as various trendchart
studies. This emerging thought in policy action has been translated to launch a
number of knowledge intensive service platforms designed to act as laboratories for
new public policies to design services innovation. This effort has been an integral
part of Finland, Germany, Canada, Norway including other refracted societies of
the globe. The allocation of new innovation of service delivery in the process of
designing public policy has been appropriate and highly essential, especially in
developing world.
3.3 Proper identification of people's demand
Due to the dissatisfaction of the people about the quality and process of the public
service, innovation-based reform has been highly inevitable both in the developed
and developing nations. Growing disbelief and distrust against government,
people in developing countries, especially the ordinary people have been alienated
from governments. Such situation has led to weaken achievements of democratic
government. In many societies mass demonstration for transparency, accountability
and demand-based planning has existed. This raises the loss of trust and institutional
instability from the society. Such deplorable condition need to be improved by
respecting the rule of law, human rights and proper identification of the ordinary
people. Majority segment of the world population agrees with democratic principles
that the will of the people should be the basis for the authority of government.
But in many parts failure of innovation in public service delivery has been main
cause of democratic failure. To address the heightened expectation of ordinary
people governments need try to raise the basic services resulting mismatch to realize
capacity building required to deliver. So every society has a need to regain its own
ethnographic people to design their own system to deliver in the best possible
manner. To obtain the ownership from the people, governments should understand
what actually they need otherwise governments will run without the trust and
confidence of ordinary citizens which is entirely futile and counterproductive for
the concerned government.
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3.4 Narrowing gulf between rich and poor
In most countries growing gulf between rich and poor is leading to extreme
marginalization to meet their normal life. In the United States, one in eight Americans
is fighting heavily to feed themselves. According to the Development Report of
the World Bank three out of four of the total population reside in rural areas and
are dependent on agriculture. While this sector needs to be promoted to achieve
the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015, services would be
drastically changed to newer arrangements which is expected to bring accountability,
transparency, cost effectiveness, speed, quality along with the ability to materialize
and continue the newly innovated service arrangements in future. Situation needs
to be furnished to advance social justice, equality, equity and community solidarity
including the realization of the potentiality of the individuals.
4 . Best practices on service delivery
While talking about PSD poor and vulnerable class of people who, often fail to
have easy access to service delivery, must be kept in mind. Although in most of the
developing nation, the state of majority people is not improved in the desired extent.
However, in some countries, collaborative efforts of people and governments are
doing better by putting ultra-poor at the centre of service provisions, by empowering
them for the purpose of participative planning, implementation and monitoring of the
whole processes of their development, paying due respect to the voice of the people
in public policy making and by enhancing the capacity of the service providers,
especially focusing the poor . Typically, reforms in service delivery are based on the
capacity enhancements of the supply-side, such a top-down approach is not sufficient;
voice to capacitate the demand-side has been significant, trend to emphasize demand
component makes compatible with the supply-side has highly been essential. Special
attention is given to the demand of the service-seekers everywhere. To meet tremendous
demands, different programs/schemes, and projects are being materialized as cited
below:
4.1 India
4.1.1 Rural Employment Guarantee Programs
With the purpose of addressing the lives of the poor and promoting inclusive
growth, the Government of India is materializing National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act. since 2006 in a phased manner. Its basic features include
wage payment and time-bound employment guarantee within 15 days, 90
percent of the total cost of employment is borne by the centre; rest amount
for unemployment allowance is the liabilities of the State. Emphasis is
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given to the labor intensive works, i.e., prohibition in the use of machines
and contractors. It covers the provision of inclusion by providing 33 percent
opportunities to the women, one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment
in a financial year to every jobless household is being offered. The Ministry
of Rural Development is encouraging the concerned States to provide
insurance facilities to the workers under Jan Sri Bhim Yojana. Such workers
are engaged for enhancing agriculture productivity, such as water harvesting,
checking dams ground water recharging, improve moisture content, social
erosion checking, micro irrigation, stemming of disaster migration, improving
market accessibility . Supplementing household incomes, balancing in natural
stocks, improving gender workforce by increasing female workforce ratio in
the program in general.
Likewise, vigorous trainings are being delivered to strengthen the required
capacity for planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation, public
disclosure and social audits to the ministerial functionaries. In addition, the
central government is providing technical supports, necessary resources, and
IT skills to the State governments. So far, more than three hundred districts in
rural regions have been covered by the program and scheme. The target has
been set to cover the whole nation within five years from the date of resuming.
4.1.2 Citizen Reports Cards in Bangalore
As an appropriate method of getting response and feedback from users of
service delivery, Citizen Report Cards (CRCs) has been extensively used in
Bangalore. Through this, service- users are asked to rate the efficiency and
quality of service-providers of public services, i.e., water authorities, telephone
authorities, schools of different levels, hospitals, etc. It is considered as a
evaluating tools of users satisfaction on PSD; such relative ranking of service
delivery can also be compiled among geographical territories throughout the
whole command areas.
This method was introduced by the group of civil society institutions, where the
service delivery was inferior. But these groups do not deserve the appropriate
authority to correct the PSD institutions. Decision was taken that the best way
to stimulate an informed debate on the state of public services was to enable
the clients or users to provide feedback based on their real experiences with
the consumed services. Groups devised CRCs to get feedback of PSD that
they had sufficient experience with, and raters are asked to reply through given
cards without prejudice.
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Application of CRCs produced efficient evaluation of the main service
providers and those service providers institutions were ranked in accordance
with their customers’ satisfaction. The activity of CRCs Rating CRCs was also
used to ask details such as behavioral aspects of the staff, quality of services,
use of speed money and degree of responsiveness to complaints as well, such
findings were shared and discussed with concerned chiefs of agencies as well
as they were extensively disseminated through media and press. The result of
the CRCs had a significant impact and providers were compelled to improve
service delivery, due to its reliability, it has been instrumental in mobilizing
public pressure. Agencies with unfavorable ratings were significantly
improved. Findings of the CRS were extensively debated and established
its credibility so that this approach is being materialized in different cities of
India and abroad including integration in public reform projects in Vietnam,
Ukraine, Bangladesh and Thailand.
Function of the CRCs are enlisted by Transparency International (TI) in 2001
as follows:
• Generate citizen feedback on the degree of satisfaction by various
public service agencies.
• Catalyze citizens to adopt pro-active stances by demanding more
accountability, accessibility and responsiveness from service providers.
• Serve as a diagnostic tools for service providers, external consultants
and analysts / researchers to facilitate effective diagnosis and therapy,
and
• Encourage public agencies to adopt and promote citizen friendly
practices, design performance standards and facilitate transparency in
operation.
CRCs are used by individuals and households, it is for macro- level,
excessive emphasis is given to the demand side, feedback from the users
is collected in 3 to 6 months interval and such information is collected
through questionnaires. It is beings popular with extensive area coverage
domestically and internationally. Despite above community score
board, where information is collected through focus group discussions,
public pressure is created against those providers who are in a category
of negative rating. Ultimately, service providers will be concentrated
for improvement. The Right to Information Campaign was funded by
the group of social activists in Rajasthan. It was designed especially for
controlling malpractices and corruption. In presence of local officials
social audits, public hearings, disseminations of financial statements are
conducted, and users are awarded; ultimately correction has been possible
as its achievement.
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4.2 Sri Lanka
4.2.1 Issuing passport
Service delivery as its best does exist in Sri-Lanka. An apt example would be process
of issuing passports, performed by its immigration department. Sri Lanka provides
two types of services to citizens desiring passports. Those, who have an urgent need,
are promptly provided with passports within 3 hours in the office premise upon
payment of higher amount. In the case of those not having an urgent need, a nominal
amount is collected from the door of the service-seeker through their official network
and the passport is delivered to the doorstep of the service-seeker within 13 days from
the date of application. It is also impressive that the physical layouts of the offices
are pleasantly and orderly placed, the mission statement, organizational chart and
citizen chart are clearly displayed. A reception desk manned by an officer in the main
entrance of each organization has been established so that the service seeker finds a
friendly environment while entering the premise. Information, procedure and forms
necessary for receiving the concerned service are easily provided at the reception desk
Seating arrangement for the officials' and managers has been managed in such a way
that papers or documents can easily pass from one desk to another and so that mangers
may have a direct visual supervision. Such best practices of Sri-Lanka can represent
the example which can be replicated in other countries which do not have started yet.
5 . Nepal
In Nepal, four forms of service delivery system, i.e. direct delivery of services,
privatization of service delivery, alterative models of service delivery and
decentralization of services are being materialized. The government's vision and detail
outcome of required polices to address the effective service delivery and economic
infrastructure have been the significant part of the national plan documents. Human
Resource Development has been considered as an overarching national goal of the
nation in order to reduce poverty. In this context, human development strategy has
been entirely linked with effective delivery of public services and basic infrastructure
development as well. For the empowerment of the people, with special emphasis to
the weaker and marginalized segment of the society, different programs of service
delivery are being launched. Among them, the following are the worth to take as
mentionable as the best practices.
5.1. Devolution of services to the local authorities
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Service delivery in grass-root level is much broader and it includes a number of
sectors and cross-cutting issues. Many partners are involved while delivering
services. The Government of Nepal has promulgated 'Local Self-Governance

Act, (LSGA), 2055 (1999)' LSGA is aiming to institutionalize the process
of development by enhancing the participation of all the people including
the ethnic communities, indigenous and down-trodden people as well as
socially and economically backward groups in bringing out social equality in
mobilizing and allocating resources and means for the development of their
own regions with the provision of balanced and equal distribution of the fruits
of development. Keen attention is taken to enrich the capacity for bearing
power and responsibilities, at local level, which is necessary to formulate and
carry out plans and constitute local bodies for the development of the local
self- governance system in a manner that they are able to make decisions on the
matters affecting the everyday needs and lives of the people by strengthening
local leadership.
According to the provisions of LSGA, some principles and polices for the
development of local self governance system are adopted as follows:
(a) Development of power, responsibilities and means and resources
which are to be required for enhancing the ability of the local
bodies,
(b) Institutional strengthening of the local bodies in order to make
them much functional to perform their responsibilities,
(c) Devolution of power to acquire and mobilize such means and
resources as are required to discharge the functions, duties,
responsibilities and accountability conferred to the local bodies.
(d) Orientation to the local bodies towards establishing the civil
society, based on democratic process, transparent practice, public
accountability and people's participation in carrying out the
functions devolved on them.
(e) Establishment of effective mechanisms for developing local
leadership to make the local bodies accountable to the people in
their jurisdiction.
(f) Encouragement to the private sector to participate in local self
-governance in the task of providing basic services for sustainable
development,
(g) Directing and evaluating the development and construction works
carried out within the area of Village Development Committee,
(h) Approval of by-laws of the Village Development Committees,
(I) Implementation of the prescribed functions effectively.
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In order to carry out the responsibility of the local bodies, adequate attention
is given to empower the local/grass-root people. In different sectors such
as agriculture, drinking water, works and transport, education and sports,
irrigation, soil erosion and river control, physical development, health service,
forest and environment, language and culture, tourism and cottage industries
miscellaneous, etc., authorities are clearly define to the local authorities. All
development administrative, as well as judicial authorities are carried out by
the elected representatives. To make them accountable, for involving in every
affair of local bodies, institutional mechanisms have been set up. The system
of involving grass-root people in the process of formulation, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of different sectors of plans and programs intuitional
mechanisms have been practiced. Public auditing and public hearing have been
the part of life of the local people so that every work is made demand-based,
transparent and people have realized self-ruled in a full- fledged democratic
manner.
5.2 Community forestry
Community forestry (CF), one of the most successful approaches of the
forestry sector, is defined as a process through which government transfers the
responsibility of managing forests to the communities and recognizes latter’s
right to use on sustainable basis (Kanel, 2004). This implies that there is a
significance of sustainability concept in the community forest management.
Rural communities live in close proximity of community forest, particularly
in the mid-hills. Mostly they directly rely on the CF for fuel wood, fodder,
and livelihood. Simultaneously, it empowers women, poor, and Dalit through
the upliftment of socio and economic status by the process of decentralization
and good governance. These people need regular supply of forest products and
income from the forest in order to maintain their life perpetually. Therefore,
the sustainability of community forest management has turned out to be
indispensable.
Nepal’s forestry service has gone through tremendous changes since the
nationalization of forests in 1957. Continued perceptions of rapid deforestation
and forest degradation during the 1970s forced the government to encourage
community participation in forest management. However participatory forestry,
as initiated in 1978, still remained under the control of the local and central
administration without meaningful people’s participation. With the establishment
of democracy in 1990, community forestry (CF)- a paradigm that delivers both
democratic governance and social inclusion to bring social transformation,
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was formally introduced into the acts and regulations and forests were legally
handed over to local communities. Looking at the history of CF in Nepal,
communities have been ‘acting as local development agencies’ for the country
when government systems have failed to function at local level. Studies have
shown that communities are better at managing forest and generating financial
resources in addition to controlling deforestation and forest degradation.
The forestry sector in Nepal is strengthened by robust local institutions like the
Federation of Community Forest Users Nepal (FECOFUN), which is probably
the largest civil society in Nepal. FECOFUN has been practicing community
federalism since its establishment and has made remarkable achievements not
only in forest conservation but also in improving the capacities and livelihoods
of local communities. Civil societies like FECOFUN have bridged the gap
between the public and the government to promote diverse forms of community
institutions in forest and natural resource management and encourage community
forest user groups to influence policy debates at national level.
In future it is essential to expand the space for community in forest governance.
Initiatives such as carbon-trade have potential for improvement of livelihoods
and biodiversity conservation only if they ensure community rights over
forest resources. It is important to incorporate the lessons of CF into the wider
democratization, peace building and constitution-making process in Nepal.
Community should always be at the centre of development and policy-making
since states and markets alone have failed to bring about the desired changes.
Ecological well-being
Social well-being
Community forestry
Economic well-being
Figure 1: Conceptual framework of sustainable community forest management
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In order to reduce poverty, the lessons from CF highlight three elements
(governance, tenure and regulating frame-work) in society that need to work
simultaneously to ensure development.
The relationship of the above mentioned three elements with sustainable forest
management and improved livelihood is shown in the figure – 2 below:
Regulatory framework
Tenure
Tenure
Sustainable Forest
Management
+ Improved Livelihoods
Governance
Figure -2 : Relationship of elements with sustainable forest management
5.3 . Karnali Employment Programs
To reach the poorest and vulnerable, different programs are being launched in
different parts of the globe who are able to offer their labor skill while more
inclusive and pro-poor longer term growth strategies are taking place. Longer
Term inclusive growth strategies will take some time to get return, to generate
higher growth and ultimately to reduce inequality and poverty. It has been the
conclusion of the Government of Nepal to identify and accelerate pro-poor
economic growth as of critical importance for the nation. In a short-term, social
protection for the pro-poor is highly essential. The Karnali employment Program
(KEP) is a kind of public works to fulfill the aims of providing social protection
scheme, it is located at the remotest and poorest part of the country and all
attempts to address the regional dimension of poverty and vulnerable stability.
KEP has been making efforts to achieve the objectives:
• social protection through provisions of short term employment.
• creation of social and economic assets which contribute additional
meaningful benefits, and
• a cost-effective operator.
This scheme has the potentiality of creating other benefits such as enabling
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local communities and strengthening local institutions through the participatory
planning. It also helps for local capacity building. Out of sixty-three thousand
households of the Karnali Zone approximately sixty thousand, i.e., 95 percent of
the total unemployed households has participated in the program.
5.4. Primary Education
Nepal has shown remarkable improvement in the net enrolment rate (NER) at
primary level. However, there has been a gradual closing of the gender gap in
NER at primary level: it decreased from 6.7 percentage points in 2005 to 2.1
percentage points in 2009 (Table 2.1).
Between 2005 and 2009, there was an increase in the proportion of Janajati
children in primary enrolment, reaching 38.6 percent (DOE 2009).
Figure-3: Net enrolment rate in primary education (Source: NPC/UNCT 2005; DOE 2005; DOE 2009).
5.5 Reduction in Child Mortality Rate
Nepal has made significant progress in reducing the infant mortality rate (IMR) and
under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in recent years. By 2006, the national IMR had
decreased to 48 deaths per 1,000 live births and the U5MR had decreased to 61 deaths
per 1,000 live births (MOHP et al. 2007). Trend analysis of data from 1995 to 2005
suggests that the IMR declined by 39 per cent and the U5MR by 48 percent over the
period (Table-1).
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INDICATOR 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
TARGET
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 108 64 48 41 36
Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) 162 91 61 50 54
Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles 42 71 85 85.6 >90
Table 1: Reduction in Child Mortality Rate and the Under-five Mortality Rate
The indicators point to the possibility that Nepal may achieve MDG targets on child
mortality before 2015. A survey, conducted in 2010 in rural areas of 40 districts, shows
that in these areas IMR has fallen to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births and U5MR to 50
deaths per 1,000 live births (NPC, 2010). These figures suggest that the national target
for U5MR has already been achieved.
Figure 1: Trend in IMR and U5MR
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Figure 2: U5MR by caste, ethnicity and regional identity (2006)

The analysis of the IMR and U5MR for Nepal shows that there are important
disparities by gender, caste/ethnicity, and geographic locations. Data from
2006 show a little difference in the national IMR and U5MR between girls
and boy (MOHP et al. 2007); however, the Nepal Family Health Programme
survey mentioned above shows that in rural areas gender disparity is still quite
significant, with infant mortality 1.18 times higher for females than for males
and under-five mortality 1.19 times higher . There are also important disparities
in mortality rates across caste/ethnic groups. For example, Dalits have a U5MR
of 90 deaths per 1,000 live births compared with an all-Nepal level of 68 (MOHP
et al. 2007 cited in UNDP 2009) (Figure 2). The lowest corresponding figure
was for Newars at 43 and the highest figure was for Hill Dalits at 95.
Mortality in urban areas is consistently lower than in rural areas, with IMR being
36.6 percent lower and U5MR being 35.9 percent lower, and infant mortality
being higher in the Mid-Western and Far Western Development Regions than
other regions. Similarly, U5MR ranges from 128 per 1,000 live births in the
Mountains to 62 per 1,000 live births in the Hills (Table 2), and under-five
mortality is higher in the Mid-Western and Far Western Development Regions
than in other regions.
Table 2: IMR and U5MR by socio-economic characteristics
Likewise, immunization against measles for children aged 12-23 months reached
85 percent in 2006 (MOHP et al. 2007) and recorded a slight improvement in
2009 to 85.6 percent (NFHP 2010).
To control morbidity and mortality among children, the government has initiated
several child-survival programmes including the Community-Based Integrated
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Management of Childhood Illness (CB-IMCI), the Community-Based Newborn
Care Package (CB-NCP), and the National Immunization Programme (NIP).
The CB-IMCI package has recently been expanded to all 75 districts.
Based on the National Neonatal Strategy 2004, the government is piloting
the CB-NCP in 11 districts. This programme promotes the use of skilled
birth attendants during delivery, and provides Community-Based counseling,
treatment and referral of sick neonatals. It encourages clean delivery, newborn
resuscitation, prevention of hypothermia, kangaroo care, use of antibiotics for
infection, tetanus toxin vaccination, breast-feeding education, hygiene education
and antenatal interventions. And initial assessment of four UNICEF-supported
pilot districts (Kavre, Chitwan, Palpa and Dang) suggests that neonatal mortality
has fallen to 18 deaths per 1,000 live births compared to the national average
of 33 and the IMR to 24 deaths per 1,000 live births (UNICEF, 2009). Neonatal
health has also been made an integral part of Safe Motherhood Programme,
and provisions have been made to deliver appropriate neonatal care through
all health facilities where basic and/or comprehensive emergency obstetric care
(BEOC/CEOC) services for pregnant women are available.
Figure 3: Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
Figure 4: Percentage of births attended by skill birth attendant
The NIP, including vaccination against measles, is a high-priority government
programme, and covers the entire country free of cost. It delivers services through
routine and supplemental immunization programmes. Following the National
Measles Campaign in 2005, both measles-like our-breaks and laboratoryconfirmed
measles cases have decreased significantly. The Multi-Year Plan
for Immunization (2007-2011) outlines activities aimed at achieving measles
elimination by 2011. To sustain achievements made so far, the government
conducted a national measles follow-up campaign in 2008.
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As outlined in the Nepal Health Sector Programme Implementation Plan (NHSP-
IP 2004-2009), 75 percent of health facilities are expected to provide prioritized
elements of essential health care service (family planning, safe motherhood and
neonatal health; child health; communicable diseases control; and out-patient
care) in 2009. The government has also introduced a free health care policy,
targeting the poor and marginalized; this is expected to raise the demand for
health services.
Budget allocations to the health sector in general and the child health sector in
particular are increasing. The government has adopted a sector-wide approach
(SWAp) to funding and programming.
In this way, Nepal has made landmark progress in relation to child survival. In
recognition of this, it received an award at the International Partners' Forum
held in Hanoi in November 2009. Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP)
has also been awarded by the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization
(GAVI).
5.6. Effects of social inclusion in Nepal.
5.6.1. Social inclusion/exclusion: present scenario
Nepal has a mixture of race, caste, class, region, religion and ethnicity, along
with gender as a factor in each proposed remedy. The country comprises more
than 103 castes and ethnic groups, which speak more than 92 languages, and
adhere to differing religions. Population and resources are unevenly divided
among regions, so that there are also social and historical differences determined
by topography. Above all, the country is moving from a hierarchical society in
which one’s place was dictated by gender, by caste and by ethnicity, to one that
aspires to making human dignity and equality its fundamental principles. There
is a close correlation between poverty and ethnic minorities. Consequently,
Nepal is facing the challenge of peace building, nation-building and statebuilding
by mainstreaming all the people belonging to all caste, classes, groups
and communities. Presently the country has multiple transitions, such as - from
monarchy to republic; from authoritarianism to democracy and human rights;
from a hegemonic to a participatory system of governance; from a state wholly
pervaded by one religion to secularism; and from a heavy centralized unitary
system to one characterized by decentralization and autonomy.
Smarting under their exclusion, Dalits, Janjatis, Madhesis, people from socially
and economically backward areas, and women are formulating their own
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agendas and recommendations for the new constitution. These include: fair and
effective representation in state institutions; equality and elimination of all forms
of discrimination; affirmative action, including “reservations” or quotas; secure
citizenship; a secular state; political recognition of the diversity of cultures and
languages; self-government through a federal type of autonomy, preferably
based on language and ethnicity, etc. As in many countries, a strong sense of
ethnicity is most frequently a response to discrimination and deprivation. All the
“marginalized” communities have suffered in this way. For many long years,
they have asked for fair representation, fair treatment, fair opportunities and
their rightful place in state affairs despite Government has made efforts in the
past, at a much larger scale after the April 2006 Janandolan, to reduce cultural,
political and socio-economic exclusion.
The Interim Constitution provides much more provisions than the Constitution
of 1990 to improve the prevailing anomalies. However, various studies have
shown vivid gaps across the country’s different regions and its caste and ethnic
groups. These gaps become all the more pervasive with time both for the
regions and the groups within them. This implies that the policies of the past
have not addressed exclusion and inequalities effectively. In this context, we
need to aware that equitable representation cannot alone resolve the problems
of exclusion unless those who represent Nepal’s various constituencies can
influence policy decisions through direct and active participation. Those now
excluded are unlikely to participate as effectively as advantaged groups because
of their political inexperience and shortcomings in their endowments. Inequalities
in endowment not only create, but cause exclusion. Consequently, inequality
and exclusion must end simultaneously in all its dimensions, including that of
political action - a major feat that can come about only through consensus and
cooperation.
Because Nepal’s present mixed electoral system gives different caste and ethnic
groups better representation than its predecessors, it has offered an opportunity
to even the marginalized groups and to the smaller parties to help define the
destiny of the country. This also helps foster accountability and ensure inclusion.
The current mixed electoral system was designed so as to give excluded groups
a greater voice in the legislature. The following tables show the representation
of formally excluded groups in the Constituent Assembly, Nepal, 2008.
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Table 1: Quota for excluded caste, ethnic groups and regions in the
Constituent Assembly, Nepal, 2008
Excluded caste, ethnic groups and regions
Quota (% of total seats)
Dalit 13.0
Indigenous groups 24.8
Madesi 31.2
Other groups 27.0
Backward regions 4.0
Total 100.0
Source: http://www.nepalelectionportal.org/EN/elections-in-nepal/electoral-system.php
Table 2: Social Representation in the Constitutional Assembly, Nepal, 2008
Population groups
Seats
Hill Dalits 36
Madhesi Dalits 13
Hill Janajati 164
Madhesi/Tarai Janajati 50
Madhesi 128
Muslim, Churaute 17
Others (Hill Brahman, Chhetri) 193
Women 197
Total 601
Source: www.election.gov.np
There are several reasons for the deficiency of internal democracy within the
political parties, including a paucity of resources, personal interest of party
leaders, and inadequate oversight from civil society and government.
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Civil society has not played an active role consistently to make the party
leadership accountable to the voters and strengthen democracy at the grassroots
level. In the perception of many, this is because the large number of the active
civil society members affiliate with a party seeking election.
Fair representation and participation are necessary for human development.
Participation is defined as the involvement of people in economic, social,
cultural, and political activities that affect their lives. Citizens can either
participate directly or through their representatives or organizations. In the
political processes, citizens participate through their legislative representatives
or through politically oriented organizations established under a country’s
laws. However, representation alone cannot fulfill citizen interests unless their
representatives participate effectively in the making of policies and laws that
benefit the groups they represent, especially groups of the excluded.
People can engage in various ways, chiefly through union activities, public
discussions, citizen initiatives, petition-signing, and participation in public
protests. However, in Nepal, participation has largely taken the forms of union
demonstrations and public protests. Generally trade unions, student unions,
and other politically affiliated organizations and their community counterparts
call for Bandha, the Nepali term for a strike. It takes various forms, including
Bandha of markets or road/transport systems.
Bandha has become so common that it is now a norm of Nepali society. The
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Nepal
recorded 755 major events in 2008 alone.
5.6. 2 Decentralization
Decentralization directly affects social inclusion. The benefits of decentralization
for enriching include the following:
• An increase in the participation of communities in decision-making;
• Bringing governance closer to people and thus enhancing
accountability and access to services; and
• Efficient use of funds in accordance with the needs and priorities of
communities at the local level.
Full de-concentration, devolution and fiscal decentralization can broaden
the canvas of recruitment within neighborhoods, allowing women and men
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of various castes and ethnic groups to join different organizations and fulfill
responsibilities they had once thought beyond their purview or abilities. If this
kind of decentralization is supported by other policies, such as recruiting frontline
service providers who know local languages, it can increase the interface
between local people and government structures. Of all Nepal’s efforts in this
direction, the most promising was the 1999 Local Self-Governance Act. It
included the devolution of basic services, such as education, health, drinking
water, agricultural extension, and rural infrastructures. It initiated and increased
local grants, putting their management into the hands of local bodies. As of
December 2008, 7,729 schools (around 30 percent of the total) were handed over
to local School Management Committees; 69% of them were primary schools.
In addition, the management of 1,435 health institutions was given over to
local level committees. The Interim Constitution of 2007 has also made special
provisions for the devolution and decentralization; resource allocations among
regions have been made more just and discrepancies between local, regional
and central authorities are being eliminated. Never in the history of Nepal
have citizens at large involved themselves in such transformations. Excluded
groups are now claiming their due share of power and control over resources
and representation in various organs of the state – so much so that the political
parties that fail to make democracy inclusive face an eclipse of their earlier
power by new popular forces. The composition of the new CA on the basis of the
mixed electoral system has made it representative in form, if not yet in character,
thus marking a major departure from past patterns of representation.
Evidence abounds on the increase in educational attainment and health
improvement at the local level, implying an improvement both in human
development and social inclusion. In recent years, women’s life expectancy
has surpassed that of men. However, the progress achieved differed markedly
from one group to another, in large measure because Nepal has never realized
complete decentralization due to:
• A marked lack of political will to extend decentralization to its
administrative and fiscal dimensions. The centre retained its
monopoly on recruitment, revenue collection, and distribution;
• The appointment of regional administrators curtailed the powers of
local authorities significantly;
• Some of the provisions of the 1999 Local Self-Governance Act
contradicted existing laws and by-laws;
• Role delineations between the central government and local bodies
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were not made clear; this was complicated by poor coordination
between different government agencies and inadequate fiscal
transfers to local authorities;
• Low capacity of local bodies, including weak revenue- generating
capacity at the local level;
• Lack of proper supervision, monitoring and auditing of local bodies,
and;
• Increased conflict and insecurity after the implementation of the
decentralization act in 1999.
5.7. Way forward
For the effectiveness of public service delivery in Nepal, the following reforms
and innovations are essential:
• A holistic approach for effective PSD with the provision of relevant
pro-poor policies and their effective implementation are necessary.
This can be done when the excluded groups are well represented and
participate effectively in the political system to change the outcome in
their favor. Unless society eliminates its exclusionary practices, state
transformation can do little to help individuals feel free to develop and
use their capabilities to the fullest extent possible.
• The political system and state structure need change. Such change
and progress requires peace. In short, ending inequality depends in
large measure on political inclusion, whose prerequisite is peace. The
ultimate need is both a democratic state and a democratic society.
Ending exclusion through fair representation and participation in the
political system can enlarge options and thus enhance empowerment.
In this context, it is obvious that the electoral system, the internal
democracy of political parties, and decentralization have great influence
on representation and participation in the process of democratization
which ultimately enriches inclusive development.
• Economic and social policies with a focus on excluded groups are
necessary for improving unequal human development, and attaining
rapid human progress. Targeting basic services including education
and health for women, Dalits and Janajatis together with changes in
other policies is necessary. This social empowerment needs to move
hand in hand with economic empowerment through the provision of
decent employment opportunities.
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• In the same vain citizens should not merely claim rights and freedoms,
but also fulfill their many obligations by respecting the country’s
laws, recognizing the rights and freedom of others, eliminating
discrimination, and observing justice in their daily activities. All this
can happen only when society undergoes a decisive change towards
inclusive and equitable human development that increases the range of
choice for everyone.
• The fact that unequal human development is both a cause and result of
exclusion points to the need for a two-fold strategy:
ü Ensuring the equitable representation of all groups in
state structures; and
ü Enabling citizens to participate effectively in decisions
concerning their development.
• The democratic principles can function only if society undergoes
significant social and economic transformation. Considering this fact,
the state has to invest disproportionately more both in the health and
education and in income-generating activities of the poor in order to
close the gap between those who are excluded and those who are not.
• The nature of the electoral system of a country determines to a
large extent how inclusively its population is represented in the
political system and how meaningful this participation is for human
development.
• Efforts need to be deepened and extended for capacity building of local
bodies.
• A federal system based on national consensus is expected by many to
ensure both inclusion and empowerment at all levels of the new polity.
But making federalism practicable will require enormous study by all
those involved in political activity, especially the members of the CA.
However, the government’s decision to restructure the nation into a
federal system has opened up again the issues related to the division
of the country into state or regions; decisions about the structure of
local government systems; fiscal decentralization; and the delineation
of responsibilities among the different tiers of government.
• Although reduction in IMR and U5MR at the national level is encouraging,
there are significant regional and rural-urban disparities. Therefore, it
is necessary to identify which populations are most affected and map out
where they reside. After identification of these populations, targeted health
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interventions are required.
• The CB-NCP has been designed to reduce neonatal mortality, but it is a
costly intervention and expansion has consequently been slow. However,
community-based programmes for newborn care need to be scaled up
nationwide. As the introduction of the CB-NCP creates increased demand
for newborn care services, service delivery sites at health facilities need to
be strengthened.
• To meet shortage of health workers at the local level the government (MOHP)
needs to be proactive to overcome the inhibiting factors in the recruitment
process of human resources. Until vacant positions within the Health service
are fulfilled, the vacant positions should be filled up in temporary basis
locally on multi-year contracts or services need to be contracted out to the
private sector.
• In order to improve the accuracy of data on immunization coverage, figures
need to be recalculated using revised population sizes for local areas.
Furthermore, monitoring and supervision of data-reporting for the HMIS
needs to be strengthened, with strong leadership and accountability at all
levels, in order to obtain data from 100 percent of non-government facilities.
• The nutrition component suggested for achievement of MDG 1 Target C
should be strengthened to address the problem of malnutrition.
• Efforts need to be made to mobilize local resource for instance, block
grants provided to local bodies as well as other resources generated at the
local level with guidelines and directives for allocation of funds towards
achieving the target for reducing child mortality.
6. Conclusion
Efforts are made to draw conclusion in general perspective and in the context
of Nepal. Innovation in service delivery is focused in local level where poor,
vulnerable and actual helpless service-seekers reside. Various efforts have been
made to strengthen local bodies in order to enable to involve local people in
understanding developmental activities, mobilize local resources and manage
local affairs. LSGA is considered to be the milestone in regard to impressing
legislative framework for decentralization which has developed wider functions,
power and responsibilities to the local bodies for planning, implementation and
monitoring the development activities and for improving service delivery in an
efficient manner. The local bodies are the key institutions in their respective
areas to co-ordinate and mobilize other agencies, such as - line agencies, NGOs,
civil societies and community groups in course of initiating developmental
programs and other activities.
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At present, local bodies have been suffering in the absence of elected
representative. The country was heavily affected by the problem of insurgency
for more than ten years. As an achievement of popular People's Movement -
April 2006, Nepal is adopting the republican model instead of the constitutional
monarchy. The country is on the process of the federalism and the Constituent
Assembly is making efforts to finalize the structure and other essential provisions
for it. The people of Nepal are getting their new constitution in near future. It is
expected that the new constitution with federal structure would move effectively
for providing efficient services and people will get themselves empowered.
In the general perspective, innovation of service delivery fill the gap of limited
ability of representative democracy which define the gulf between functionality
and the absence of the functionality and between formulation and implementation
processes Innovation also requires efficient human resources in the organization
which does not have time to wait for experimentation but have to develop an
institute-base through interacting with people to save from policies backfiring.
Decision makers and policy designers require to be exposed to the global
currents of thinking as innovations transcend time and physical limitations of
implementation of capital as well as faces lack of resources.
References
Amita Singh (2009), Innovations in Public Service Delivery, The Nepalese
Journal of Public Policy and Governance, vol. xxiv, No.1, July, 2009,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Borins, Stanford (ed), Innovation in Government, Research, Recognition and
Replication, Brookings Washington D.C.
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Law and Justice, 1999, Local Self-
Governance Act, Kathmandu.
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission, Three year Plan (2010-
2012) Approach Paper (2010), Kathmandu.
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission (2011), White Paper on
the Public Private Partnership, Kathmandu Nepal.
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Government of India, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, New Delhi,
India.
Hoods, Christopher and Jackson, Michael, (1991Administrative Argument,
U.K.: Dartmouth.
MOHP, New ERA and Macro Intanatioanl INc. (2007), Nepal Demographic
and Health Survey 2006, Kathmandu; MInistry of Health and Population,
New ERA, and Maco Internatioanl Inc.
Mainali, Shyam Prasad "Suffer the People" (2010), The Kathmandu Post, 9 th
Shrawan, 2067 VS, Kathmandu, Nepal.
NFHP (2010), Family Planning, Maternal Newborn and Child Health Situation
in Rural Nepal. A Mid-term Survey 2009. Kathmandu: Nepal Family Health
Programme.
NPC (2010), Poverty Management Practices in Nepal and Number of Poor,
Kathmandu: National Planning Commission.
Nepal Human Development Report-2009, UNDP, Nepal.
Proceedings of the Community Forestry International Workshop, 15-18
September, 2009, Pokhara, Nepal.
Twenty-Five Years of community forestry (Proceeding of the fourth National
Workshop on community Forestry, 4-6 August, 2006, Kathmandu, Nepal:
Community Forest Division, Department of Forest, December, 2004.
248

Introduction
Overview on Conflict Management
Dr. Niranjan Prasad Upadhyay*
Abstract
But not all con(ict is bad. Con(ict is always di)cult, but it leads to growth
and change, which is good. No one likes pain, but pain wakes you up and tells
you when to react. If you had your hand on a stove, and you couldn’t feel the
pain to know to remove it, you would be in big trouble. If there was no painful
s!mulus, you would get burned. It has been said that con(ict is like a tea bag:
You have no idea how strong it can be un!l it gets into hot water. Posi!ve con(ict
is very useful in group delibera!ons. When faced with a con(ict, most healthy
groups will look for more informa!on to resolve it. Because the disagreement
was expressed, a more thorough inves!ga!on will be conducted. When the
group makes a decision, it will be based on addi!onal informa!on that probably
would not have been obtained had the con(ict not occurred. Even though some
of the feelings generated by con(ict may be nega!ve, disagreement indicates
involvement in the discussion. Con(ict becomes unhealthy when it is avoided
or approached on a win/lose basis, where one side is the winner and one is the
loser. The responsibility as a manager or team member is to ensure that this
situa!on does not occur, because it has nega!ve e$ects for both the winner and
loser. In Nepalese context, bureaucrats are su$ered from con(icts and stresses
due to many factors such as low pay scale, transfer, no security, excessive threats
and poor allowances.
When an individual must choose one or the other of two goals or has both positive and
negative feelings about a particular goal, he/she faces conflict frustration (Upadhyay,
2008). Since motives may be either positive or negative - either seeking or avoiding
- there are four possible types of conflict: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance,
approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance.
Organizational conflict occurs when two or more parties, who have different
objectives, values or attitudes, compete for the same resources. Conflicts can arise
* Former Chief Psychologist, Public Service Commission, Nepal
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due to disagreements between individuals or departments; due to their dissimilar
focus. Contrary to popular belief not all organizational conflicts are detrimental to
the effective functioning of the business or project at hand. Social identity theory
posits that situational factors increase category salience that, in turn, brings inner
group bias, such as prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination (Bongsoon and Debra.,
2002). This study investigates the effects of two situational factors, conflict and power
differentials, on social identity and group discrimination. Result showed that group
power differentials had a direct effect on group discrimination, not mediated by social
identity strength. Additionally, different response patterns were found between male
and female subjects, with females showing stronger gender identity and less group
discrimination than males. Male's gender identity was stable across conditions, while
female showed greater variability of gender identity across conditions.
The conceptual differences between organizational commitment and identification are
discussed theoretically and examined empirically. The research study is based on data of
450 employees of five different organizations in Nepal( Gautam.,2004).A revised eightitem
scale was designed out of Cheney’s Organizational Identification Questionnaire to
assess the core aspects of organizational identification. In confirmatory factor analyses,
identification was found to be distinguishable from four related commitment concepts
(i.e. affective, continuance, normative, and attitudinal commitment).
Popular management theorists have recognized the fact that groups tend to storm
before performing, and in one sense this can be advantageous, as it brings problems
out into the open, addresses the need to resolve such issues satisfactorily, motivates
staff to seek acceptable solutions and each department or person embroiled in the
conflict learns to respect and even benefit from the inherent differences of each other.
However, some conflicts spin out of control. This lower employee morale, results in
unacceptable behavioral patterns, reduces productivity and causes an escalation in
differences that makes bridges harder to build. Identifying actions that aggravate
conflict, others that resolve differences and the different method of coping with
conflict, are all part of conflict management.
Managerial actions that aggravate conflicts
Ill-defined expectations, non-consultative changes and feelings of helplessness in
the decision making process tend to aggravate conflict. Poor communication, an
authoritative style of leadership and unprepared planning are at the very heart of
these problems.A lack of understanding, an excuse-ridden culture and avoidance of
accountability too, increase the detrimental effects of conflicts.
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Managerial actions that minimize conflicts
Formulating well-defined job descriptions in a consultative manner, ensuring that
any overlaps are minimized and carrying out periodical reviews to ascertain that
such documentation is accurate, give the employees a sense of control over their own
destiny.This participative approach goes a long way in minimizing conflicts and helps
foster better work ethics. Formulating cross-departmental teams to solve specific
problems, conducting outbound training which fosters team spirit, holding regular
meeting where feedback on performance is given, and where the challenges faced are
addressed and the solutions are discussed are some of the other relationship building
techniques used by progressive organizations.
Different methods of handling conflicts
The four most popular methods of handling conflict can be summarized as fight,
flight, fake or fold. To elaborate further, fighting is where one party tends to dominate
another, by way of repetitive arguments, labeling and name-calling. Flight, is where
people run away from problems instead of confronting them, and turns to avoidance
as a means of handling conflict. Faking, as its name implies, means agreeing to the
solution presented, although in reality, the opposite holds true. Folding is where an
individual is made to agree to a solution, by means of browbeating. However, none of
the afore-mentioned method would yield satisfactory results in the long term. Even
today, compromise and collaboration go a long way in resolving conflicts in an optimal
manner, as both are win-win situations for the most part, after which, interested
parties can work together to reach a common goal. Effective dialogue paves the way
for conflict resolution. At any cost, if the disagreements cannot be resolved by the
two parties themselves, then a third party arbitrator or counselor might need to be
consulted, for best results.
Skills required for conflict resolution
Communication skills, negotiation skills and the ability to see the whole picture are
necessary skills in conflict management. Listening skills, the ability to find solutions
that do not compromise any party's interest are also worth developing, when handling
conflict management.
Steps in conflict management
Identify the problem.
Identify the limiting resource or constraint that is generally at the root cause
of the conflict.
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Engage in participatory dialogue and find a range of solutions that will be
acceptable to all the parties concerned.
See which solutions clash with the organizational objectives and/or are not in
keeping with the company's culture.
Eliminate those that do not promote mutual understanding or acceptance.
Choose the best solution that satisfy most people, most of the time, and
implement this.
Conflicts arise from differing needs
Everyone needs to feel understood, nurtured, and supported, but the ways in which
these needs are met vary widely. Differing needs for feeling comfortable and safe create
some of the most severe challenges in our personal and professional relationships.
It is important to acknowledge that both parties’ needs play important roles in the
long-term success of most relationships, and each deserves respect and consideration.
In personal relationships, a lack of understanding about differing needs can result in
distance, arguments, and break-ups. In workplace conflicts, differing needs are often at
the heart of bitter disputes. The legitimacy of conflicting needs and become willing to
examine them in an environment of compassionate understanding; it opens pathways
to creative problem solving, team building, and improved relationships.
Conflict resolution skills
Conflict is a normal part of healthy relationships. After all, two people can’t be expected
to agree on everything at all times. Learning how to deal with conflict – rather than
avoiding it – is crucial. When conflict is mismanaged, it harms the relationship, but
when handled in a respectful, positive way, conflict provides an opportunity for
growth, ultimately strengthening the bond between two people. By learning these skills
for conflict resolution, manager can keep the personal and professional relationships
strong and growing.
Managing and resolving conflict
Conflict arises from differences. It occurs whenever people disagree over values,
motivations, perceptions, ideas, or desires. Sometimes these differences look trivial,
but when a conflict triggers strong feelings, a deep personal need is at the core of the
problem, such as a need to feel safe and secure, a need to feel respected and valued, or
a need for greater closeness and intimacy.
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It is commonplace for organizations today to work in teams. Whether they be leaderdriven
teams or self-directed teams; the hope is that productivity, creativity, and results
will be greater in a team environment. While this is a proven approach, any time you
bring together people from differing backgrounds and experiences, it is inevitable that
conflict will occur.
Many people and organizations view conflict as a negative, or something to be avoided.
Yet conflict, differences, or disagreements are a natural result of people working
together. Also, without conflict, teams can become complacent and not perform at
optimum levels.
Conflict and perception
Conflict arises from the clash of perceptions, goals, or values in an arena where people
care about the outcome (Alessandra, 1993, p. 92). If the management of that conflict
is not effective, it can totally disrupt the entire group process. However the old saying
"that which does not kill us will make us stronger" illustrates how successfully managed
conflict can benefit the group.
How the conflict has evolved is clearly an indicator of whether it will help or hinder the
group process. Some common sources of group conflict are listed in Cappozzoli (1995)
and Alessandra (1993):
• Values of team members
• Attitudes of team members
• Goals/Expectations - the processes and expected outcomes
• Roles and responsibilities of team members
• Limited resources
• Personalities
• Interdependency
• Increased interaction (frequency)
Allen C. Amason, of Mississippi State University, has studied conflict and its role in
decision-making. He suggests there are two types of conflict:
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Cognitive - conflict aimed at issues, ideas, principles, or process
Affective - conflict aimed at people, emotions, or values
His studies showed the presence of both types in any group setting; but he's clear to
explain that cognitive conflict is constructive, while affective is destructive (Brockmann,
1996).Another researcher, Capozzoli (1995), reinforces this by describing the outcomes
of constructive and destructive conflict:
Constructive conflicts exist when:
• People change and grow personally from the conflict
• The conflict results in a solution to a problem
• It increase involvement of everyone affected by the conflict
• It builds cohesiveness among the members of the team
Destructive conflicts exist when:
• No decision is reached and problem still exists
• It diverts energy away from more value-add activities
• It destroys the morale of the team members
• It polarizes or divides the team
• Team Member Preparation
Teams are a powerful force in organizations. They are assembled to tackle complex and
strategic issues within a company. Often the membership is a select group of people
from different departments, each with special skills or talents to solve a particular
problem. However; what is often lacking is training in the core competencies of
working on a team. In order for a team to be successful, it is essential that members
know the basics of conflict resolution, delegation, and consensus building (Convey,
1994, p. 13). Without these skills, each member must rely on whatever they've learned
on their own, or the facilitator's skills in moving the team through these struggles.
This is not an ideal way to manage teams, and reduces the synergistic benefits of teambased
activities.
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Dual concern model of conflict resolution
The dual concern model of conflict resolution is a conceptual perspective that assumes
individuals’ preferred method of dealing with conflict is based on two underlying
themes or dimensions:
A concern for self (i.e. assertiveness), and
A concern for others (i.e. empathy).
According to the model, group members balance their concern for satisfying personal
needs and interests with their concern for satisfying the needs and interests of others
in different ways. The intersection point between these two dimensions ultimately
lead individuals towards exhibiting different styles of conflict resolution (Goldfien &
Robbennolt, 2007). The dual model identifies five conflict resolution styles/strategies
that are mentioned below:
1. Avoidance conflict style
Characterized by inaction and passivity, avoidance conflict style is typically used when
an individual has reduced concern for their own outcomes as well as the outcomes of
others. During conflict, these avoiders adopt a “wait and see” attitude, often allowing
conflict to phase out on its own without any personal involvement (Bayazit & Mannix,
2003). Unfortunately, by neglecting to address high-conflict situations, avoiders risk
allowing problems to fester out of control.
2. Yielding conflict style
In contrast, yielding or “accommodating” conflict styles are characterized by a high
concern for others while having a low concern for one’s own self. This passive prosocial
approach emerges when individuals derive personal satisfaction from meeting
the needs of others and have a general concern for maintaining stable, positive social
relationships. When faced with conflict, individuals with a yielding conflict style tend
to give into others’ demands out of respect for the social relationship (e.g., to maintain
group unity) because they believe being “agreeable may be more important than
winning” .
3. Competitive conflict style
Competitive or “fighting” conflict style maximizes individual assertiveness (i.e.,
concern for self) and minimizes empathy (i.e., concern for others). Groups consisting
of competitive members generally enjoy seeking domination over others, and typically
see conflict as a “win or lose” predicament. Fighters tend to force others to accept their
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personal views by employing competitive, power tactics (e.g., argue; insult; accuse;
violence) that foster feelings of intimidation (Morrill, 1995).
4. Cooperation conflict style
Characterized by an active concern for both pro-social and pro-self behavior,
cooperation conflict style is typically used when an individual has elevated interests in
their own outcomes as well as in the outcomes of others. During conflict, cooperators
collaborate with others in an effort to find an amicable solution that satisfies all parties
involved in the conflict. Individuals with this type of conflict style tend to be highly
assertive and highly empathetic at the same time. By seeing conflict as a creative
opportunity, collaborators willingly invest time and resources into finding a “winwin”
solution. According to the literature on conflict resolution, a cooperative conflict
resolution style is recommended above all others (Sternberg & Dobson, 1987; Jarboe
& Witteman, 1996).
5. Conciliation conflict style
Conciliation or “compromising” conflict style is typical of individuals who possess an
intermediate-level of concern for both personal and others’ outcomes. Compromisers
value fairness and, in doing so, anticipate mutual give-and-take interactions. By
accepting some demands put forth by others, compromisers believe this agreeableness
will encourage others to meet half-way, thus promoting conflict resolution (van de
Vliert & Euwema, 1994). This conflict style can be considered an extension of both
“yielding” and “cooperative” strategies.
Resolving Conflict in Work Teams
As organizations continue to restructure work teams, the need for training in conflict
resolution will grow. Conflict arises from differences, and when individuals come
together in teams, their differences in terms of power, values, and attitudes contribute
to the creation of conflict. To avoid the negative consequences that can result from
disagreements, most methods of resolving conflict stress the importance of dealing
with disputes quickly and openly. Conflict is not necessarily destructive, however.
When managed properly, conflict can result in benefits for a team.
A major advantage a team has over an individual is its diversity of resources, knowledge,
and ideas. However, diversity also produces conflict. As more and more organizations
restructure to work teams the need for training in conflict resolution will continue to
grow. Varney (1989) reports that conflict remained the number-one problem for most
of the teams operating within a large energy company, even after repeated training
sessions on how to resolve conflict and how to minimize the negative impact on
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team members. One reason for this may be that mangers and other leaders within
organizations are not giving the issue of resolving conflict enough attention. Varney's
research showed that although most managers are aware of disagreements and have
received training in conflict resolution, they seldom assign a high priority to solving
conflict problems. With this in mind, it is critical that team members possess skills to
resolve conflict among them.
How conflicts arise?
Conflict arises from differences. When individuals come together in work teams their
differences in terms of power, values and attitudes, and social factors all contribute to
the creation of conflict. It is often difficult to expose the sources of conflict. Conflict
can arise from numerous sources within a team setting and generally falls into three
categories: communication factors, structural factors and personal factors (Varney,
1989). Barriers to communication are among the most important factors and can be
a major source of misunderstanding. Communication barriers include poor listening
skills; insufficient sharing of information; differences in interpretation and perception;
and nonverbal cues being ignored or missed. Structural disagreements include the
size of the organization, turnover rate, levels of participation, reward systems, and
levels of interdependence among employees. Personal factors include things such
as an individual's self-esteem, their personal goals, values and needs. In order for
conflict to be dealt with successfully, managers and team members must understand
its unpredictability and its impact on individuals and the team as a whole.
Conflict in work teams is not necessarily destructive, however. Conflict can lead to new
ideas and approaches to organizational processes, and increased interest in dealing
with problems. Conflict, in this sense, can be considered positive, as it facilitates the
surfacing of important issues and provides opportunities for people to develop their
communication and interpersonal skills. Conflict becomes negative when it is left to
escalate to the point where people begin to feel defeated and a combative climate of
distrust and suspicion develops (Bowditch & Buono, 1997). Nelson (1995) cautions
that negative conflict can destroy a team quickly, and often arises from poor planning.
He offers this list of high potential areas from which negative conflict issues commonly
arise:
• Administrative procedures: If the team lacks good groundwork for what it's
doing, its members will not be able to coordinate their work.
• People resources: If the team does not have enough resources to do the job, it is
inevitable that some will carry too heavy a load. Resentment, often unexpressed,
may build, so it is crucial that team leaders ensure adequate resources.
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258
• Cost overruns: Often inevitable, cost overruns become a problem when proper
measures are not taken. The whole team should know early on when cost
becomes a problem so additional funding can be sought by the team. This way
the problem can be resolved before it grows into a problem for management.
• Schedules: The schedule is highly consequential to the team's project and
should be highly visible. All members should be willing to work together to
help each other meet their deadlines.
• Responsibilities: Each team member must know what areas are assigned and
who is accountable for them.
• Wish Lists: Stick to the project at hand and avoid being sidetracked into trying
to fit other things into it. Wait and do the other things you would like to do
after successful completion of the original project.
Team members can and should attempt to avoid negative conflict from occurring.
When negative conflict does occur there are five accepted methods for handling it:
Direct Approach, Bargaining, Enforcement, Retreat, and De-emphasis (Nelson, 1995).
Each can be used effectively in different circumstances.
Direct Approach: This may be the best approach of all. It concentrates on the leader
confronting the issue head-on. Though conflict is uncomfortable to deal with, it is best
to look at issues objectively and to face them as they are. If criticism is used, it must
be constructive to the recipients. This approach counts on the techniques of problemsolving
and normally leaves everyone with a sense of resolution, because issues are
brought to the surface and dealt with.
Bargaining: This is an excellent technique when both parties have ideas on a solution
yet cannot find common ground. Often a third party, such as a team leader, is needed to
help find the compromise. Compromise involves give and take on both sides, however,
and usually ends up with both walking away equally dissatisfied.
Enforcement of team rules: Avoid using this method if possible, it can bring about
hard feelings toward the leader and the team. This technique is only used when it is
obvious that a member does not want to be a team player and refuses to work with the
rest. If enforcement has to be used on an individual, it may be best for that person to
find another team.
Retreat: Only use this method when the problem isn't real to begin with. By simply
avoiding it or working around it, a leader can often delay long enough for the
individual to cool off. When used in the right environment by an experienced leader

such techniques can help to prevent minor incidents that are the result of someone
having a bad day from becoming real problems that should never have occurred.
De-emphasis: This is a form of bargaining where the emphasis is on the areas of
agreement. When parties realize that there are areas where they are in agreement, they
can often begin to move in a new direction.
Though we often view conflict through a negative lens, teams require some conflict
to operate effectively. Cooperative conflict can contribute to effective problem solving
and decision making by motivating people to examine a problem. Encouraging the
expression of many ideas; energizing people to seek a superior solution; and fostering
integration of several ideas to create high-quality solutions (Tjosvold, 1988). The key
is to understand how to handle it constructively. If members understand how to do it,
differences that arise can result in benefits for a team.
When people share their views and strive toward reaching a consensus, better decisions
are reached. Team members also improve their communication skills and become
better at understanding and listening to the information they receive when differences
are freely aired. Fisher, Belgard, and Rayner (1995) offer these tips on improving
listening skills:
• Understanding is not agreeing.
• Seek clarification before responding, if needed.
• Apply listening skills when receiving a message.
• Evaluate yourself for how well you listened at the end of any conversation.
The tension of well-managed conflict allows teams to confront disagreement through
healthy discussion and improve the decisions made (Rayeski & Bryant, 1994). This
leads to greater team efficiency and effectiveness. Effectively managing conflict allows
teams to stay focused on their goals. Swift and constructive conflict management leads
to a broader understanding of the problem, healthy expression of different ideas or
alternatives, and creates excitement from the positive interaction and involvement
which will help the team through periods of transition and on to greater levels of
performance.
As teams become more responsible for managing themselves, it is important for
organizations to help them by identifying the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
required handling conflict. Because conflict is inevitable in teams, the focus needs to
be on how it is managed. Conflict that is poorly handled creates an environment of fear
259

and avoidance of the subject. On the other hand, if properly managed, it can lead to
learning, creativity, and growth.
Rayeski and Bryant (1994) recommend using the Team Resolution Process to handle
conflict when it occurs in teams. Conflict should first be handled on an informal
basis between the individuals involved. This, they say, will allow time for resolution
or self-correction by the individuals. If the conflict remains unsettled, a mediator
can be brought in to help resolve the situation. If resolution is still not achieved the
dispute should be openly discussed in a team meeting. A formal discipline process
needs to occur, if resolution is not achieved after being addressed at the team level. The
escalating process of Team Resolution is as follows:
Collaboration (One-on-one): Handle the new problem person-to-person. Use as
many facts as possible and relate the issue to customer, team, or organizational needs.
Be open and honest and conduct the session in a private setting. Document the
concerns or issues, the dates, and the resolution, if any, and have both parties sign it.
Mediation (One-on-one with mediator): If collaboration did not work or was
inappropriate, handle the problem with a mediator. The mediator must be trained in
conflict resolution, understand policy and ethics, be trusted by the team, and have
the ability to remain neutral. Gather facts and talk over the issue with the people
involved. Bring up as many facts as possible and relate the issue to customer, team,
or organizational needs. Be open and honest and conduct the mediation session in
private. Document it and have all parties sign.
Team Counseling: The conflict is now a definite issue to the team. Collaboration
and/or Mediation could not be done, were not appropriate, or did not work. Handle
the conflict at a team meeting; put the problem on the next agenda and invite the
necessary individuals. Again, bring up the facts; relate the issue to customer, team, or
organizational needs. Be open and honest, discuss it in a private setting, document
it, and have all parties sign it. Anyone on the team can put an issue or problem on
the team agenda, however, this step should be used only after Collaboration, and
Mediation has been ruled out.
Because every team is different, disputes that arise will be too. However, Stulberg
(1987) recognizes patterns common to all controversies. He calls them the Five-P's of
Conflict Management:
Perceptions: People associate conflict with negative responses such as anger, fear,
tension, and anxiety. Rarely do we perceive any benefits from being involved in a
dispute. Our negative perceptions impact our approach in resolving conflict as we
260

strive to eliminate the source of these negative feelings.
Problems: Anyone can be involved in a conflict, and the amount of time, money, and
equipment needed for resolution will vary according to its complexity.
Processes: There are different ways to go about resolving disputes: Suppress the
conflict, give in, fight, litigate, mediate, etc.
Principles: We determine the priorities of all resolution processes on the basis of
an analysis of our fundamental values regarding efficiency, participation, fairness,
compliance, etc.
Practices: Power, self-interest, and unique situations are all factors relating to why
people resolve disputes the way they do.
Stulberg proposed these patterns as an aid for formal mediators, but anyone dealing
with conflict can benefit from understanding the elements common to disagreements.
Although there are common patterns, there is no one best way to deal with conflict.
Disputes arise for different reasons and every team is unique. Varney (1989) proposes
that negotiation is the most effective response to conflict when parties stand to gain
something, each has some power, and there is interdependency. Negotiation offers
flexibility and viability other responses, such as Avoidance, Confrontation, and
Diffusion lack. The process of negotiation involves listening to both sides, seeking out
common areas of interest and agreement, and building on them so that individuals can
understand each other's points of view. Varney believes there are four essential skills
team leaders need to learn and apply to effectively resolve disagreements using the
negotiation process:
Diagnosis: Recognizing areas of understanding and areas of differences.
Initiation: Bringing the disagreements to the surface.
Listening: Hearing not only what the other person is saying, but the Emotional
aspects as well.
Problem Solving: A process with numerous steps including data gathering, Considering
its impact, examining alternatives, identifying solutions, and developing a plan of
action.
In order to resolve their differences, Varney (1989) recommends bringing the parties
together and, with the assistance of a third party, asking the following questions:
261

• What is the problem, as you perceive it?
• What does the other person do that contributes to the problem?
• What do you want or need from the other person?
• What do you do that contributes to the problem?
• What first step can you take to resolve the problem?
Each party should be questioned while the other listens, asking questions only for
clarification. Then the parties discuss a mutual definition and understanding of the
problem. They should be allowed to express their feelings and get hostility out of their
systems at this stage, but both parties must be willing to admit partial responsibility
for the problem. This requires good listening, low defensiveness, and an ability to
stay in a problem-solving mode. Agreement should be reached on what steps will be
taken to resolve the problem, and should be put in writing in order to prevent later
misunderstandings.
No matter what kind of team it is, no method of managing conflict will work without
mutual respect and a willingness to disagree and resolve disagreements. Donald Weiss,
president of Self-Management Communication, Inc., believes each person on the team
must be willing to take the following four steps when a team meeting erupts into a
storm (Weiss, 1997): listen, acknowledge, respond, and resolve remaining differences.
Listen: To hear what someone else is saying is not the same as listening. To
listen effectively means clearing your mind of distractions and concentrating
not only on the words but also on nonverbal gestures, which often convey ninety
percent of what the person is trying to say. When resolving disagreements, you
often have to deal with feelings first.
Acknowledge: You can acknowledge people's positions without agreeing with
them. Show this with statements like, "I understand that you're angry," "If I
understand you, you think we should", or "Let's explore your opinion further."
You may still disagree with them, but at least they know you've heard them.
Respond: You've listened and acknowledged what the other person is saying.
Now it is your turn to be heard. If you're offering criticism of your teammate's
ideas, make sure it's constructive, and if you're disagreeing with them, be ready
to offer an alternative. Be willing, also, to be questioned or challenged, while
avoiding defensiveness when you answer.
262

Resolve remaining differences: Define the real problem by looking for what's
causing the disagreement. Then analyze it into its manageable parts. Now you
can generate alternative solutions to the problem and select the alternative on
which everyone can agree.
For individuals to work effectively in teams they must be able to clearly communicate
their ideas, to listen, and be willing to disagree. Although it is difficult, learning to
appreciate each other's differences reflects a team's ability to manage conflict. When
conflict occurs we must not turn our backs and hope it will go away. Instead, we must
learn to tolerate it, even welcome it, for well-managed conflict can be the source of
change and innovation. As more and more organizations attempt to make the difficult
transition to teams, they must develop and provide programs for their employees who
offer training in conflict management skills and techniques.
Counseling and conflict management
When personal conflict leads to frustration and loss of efficiency, counseling may
prove to be a helpful antidote. Although few organizations can afford the luxury of
having professional counselors on the staff, given some training, managers may be able
to perform this function. Nondirective counseling, or "listening with understanding",
is little more than being a good listener—something every manager should be.
Sometimes the simple process of being able to vent one's feelings—that is, to express
them to a concerned and understanding listener, is enough to relieve frustration and
make it possible for the frustrated individual to advance to a problem-solving frame of
mind, better able to cope with a personal difficulty that is affecting his work adversely.
The nondirective approach is one effective way for managers to deal with frustrated
subordinates and coworkers.
There is other more direct and more diagnostic ways that might be used in appropriate
circumstances. The great strength of the nondirective approach (nondirective
counseling is based on the client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers), however, lies in
its simplicity, its effectiveness, and the fact that it deliberately avoids the managercounselor's
diagnosing and interpreting emotional problems, which would call for
special psychological training. Listening to staff with sympathy and understanding is
unlikely to escalate the problem, and is a widely used approach for helping people to
cope with problems that interfere with their effectiveness in their place of work.[
Conclusion
263

Conflicts are inevitable in one’s personal life, in organizations or even between nations.
It do have some noteworthy advantages, if handled correctly, as it brings problems
out into the open, and compels interested parties to find solutions that are acceptable
to all. However, conflicts that escalate out of control are detrimental to everybody in
the equation, so conflict management becomes a necessity. Some basic skills, some
knowledge, and having the best interest of the organization at heart, together with
respect for its people, will go a long way in handling conflict, admirably.
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