Oromiya Livelihood Zone Reports Goma Woreda Jimma - FEG

Jimma-Ilubabor Coffee,
Cereals & Chat (JCC) LZ
A mixed agricultural zone in which
crops dominate. It is a food
secure, moderately productive
midland zone. Crops include teff,
sorghum, maize, enset which are
predominantly consumed, the main
cash crops are coffee, chat and
honey. Livestock (cattle, shoats,
chickens) also contribute to
incomes, as does agricultural labor
for poorer households. Hazards
include wild animals such as
monkeys, warthogs; livestock
disease and crop pests.
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Oromiya Livelihood Zone Reports
Goma Woreda
Jimma Administrative Zone
Contents
Map & livelihood zone description
Population by livelihood zone
Key parameters for monitoring
Livelihood zone profiles

Oromiya Livelihood Profile
Population by Livelihood Zone and Kebele (2007)
Woreda: Goma
Zone: Jimma
Woreda population 237,695
Livelihood Zone: Livelihood Zone: Livelihood Zone:
Jimma-Illubabur Coffee, Cereals & Chat continued not assigned
LZ Population: 216,778 LZ Population: LZ Population: 20,917
Population by Kebele: Population by Kebele: Population by Kebele:
Acha Afeta 2,120 Omo Beko 5,520 Unknown 20,917
Acha Goma 2,883 Omo Konche 3,179
Bar Soma 2,870 Tesu 1,639
Belto Komche 2,897 Yachi Urecha 4,001
Beshasha 7,378 Yachu Reche 2,458
Boga Kemise 5,196
Bore Dinsara 8,358
Bulado Chocho 1,039
Bulebulo 5,355
Chedero Suse 6,477
Chemi Chegu 6,480
Choche Lami 8,422
Daye Kechene 1,552
Dayi Ke Chene 1,619
Dedesa Dako 856
Dedo Horeche 2,693
Dedo Ureche 3,331
Diekechene 2,968
Dino 10,282
Dinu 1,480
Efo Yechi 3,884
Ganji Dalecho 3,591
Ganji Elbu 6,760
Gebene Abu 5,751
Genji Dalecho 11,283
Goma Number 1 3,141
Jematederu 6,529
Kadamessa 5,039
Kedamesa 4,389
Kilole 4,190
Kilole Kirkir 3,194
Koja 6,969
Kotabero 2,742
Kotecha Meti 3,622
Koticha Meti 3,971
Koye Seja 5,917
Kuye Seja 3,471
Limu Sapa 3,514
Metehora 639
Odo Adami 7,754
Oma Fantule 3,823
Oma Funtule 1,923
Omegobu 5,959
Omegureda 7,668
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Note: The 2007 woreda population is that estimated by the Central Statistical Authority. The list of kebeles
in the woreda was taken from the 1994 census and each kebele's 2007 population calculated by
multiplying the 1994 census figure by the increase in total woreda population since 1994. Information from
the 1994 census was used in preference to other sources of information since this represents the main
offical source of population data for the woreda. Difficulties were encountered due to changes in woreda
and kebele boundaries since 1994. Many kebeles have been combined since 1994. Where kebeles have
been renamed or combined since 1994, woreda officials were asked to assign the old 1994 kebele to one
or other new kebele in the woreda. It was sometimes not possible to locate a kebele (e.g. because
woreda officials did not recognize the name or did not include the kebele in their list). In these cases an
'unknown' category has been included in the population analysis. A 'not assigned' category has also been
included for livelihood zone. Kebeles included in the 'not assigned' category could not be assigned to any
of the livelihood zones in the woreda.

Content of the Woreda Profiles
The Woreda Profiles are a compilation of the livelihood information directly relevant to a single
woreda. They provide a map of the woreda showing the livelihood zones within the woreda,
population data by Kebele and livelihood zone within the Woreda, the relevant livelihood zone
profiles and the key parameters (indicators) for monitoring within the woreda. Please note that
sources of food and income, whilst typical of the livelihood zone, might not be found in all woredas
within the livelihood zone.
Urban Populations
Urban HEAs have not been completed for Ethiopia. Large urban centres are not included in the
livelihood baselines.
Source of Population Data
Note: The 2006 Woreda population is that estimated by the Central Statistical Authority. The list of
Kebeles in the Woreda was taken from the 1994 census and each Kebele's 2006 population
calculated by multiplying the 1994 census figure by the increase in total Woreda population since
1994. Information from the 1994 census was used in preference to other sources of information
since this represents the main official source of population data for the Woreda. Difficulties were
encountered due to changes in Woreda and Kebele boundaries since 1994. Many Kebeles have been
combined since 1994. Where Kebeles have been renamed or combined since 1994, Woreda officials
were asked to assign the old 1994 Kebele to one or other new Kebele in the Woreda. It was
sometimes not possible to locate a Kebele (e.g. because Woreda officials did not recognize the
name or did not include the Kebele in their list). In these cases an 'unknown' category has been
included in the population analysis. A 'not assigned' category has also been included for livelihood
zones. Kebeles included in the 'not assigned' category could not be assigned to any of the livelihood
zones in the Woreda.
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Jimma-Ilubabor Coffee, Cereals & Chat (JCC)
Item Key Parameter – Quantity Key Parameter – Price
Crops • Teff
• Sorghum
• Maize
• Barley
Livestock & Livestock
production
• Honey
• Cow Milk
• Cattle sales
• Goat sales
• Sheep sales
• Chicken sales
Cash crops • Coffee
• Chat
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• Teff
• Maize
• Barley
• Honey
• Cow Butter sales
• Cattle sales
• Goat sales
• Sheep sales
• Chicken sales
• Coffee
• Chat

Livelihood Profile
Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
Jimma-Ilubabor Coffee, Cereals & Chat (JCC) LZ May, 2009 1
Zone Description
The Jimma-Illubabor Coffee, Cereal and Chat (JCC)
livelihood zone is situated in western Ethiopia in the
Oromiya region. It includes Gomma, Manna Gachi, and
Chora woredas in Jimma and Ill Ababora administrative
zones. The road from Jimma to Gambella crosses the
livelihood zone. Major rivers found in the area include
the Naso, Hatta, Gicho, Geba, Bodache, Onja, Gido,
Shani, Dibo, Kobiya, Yubbi, Horo, and Dhedhesa. The
dominant agro ecology zone is midlands or woinadega.
The topography is predominantly plains with some
gentle undulating slopes. The vegetation is dense forest
of mainly eucalyptus trees. Wild animals and natural
forests are the natural other natural resources. The
population is moderately dense. Annual rainfall is one of
the highest in the country receiving 1200-1700mm per
year. The main rainy season, genna, lasts from April to
October. Temperatures are moderate with highs of 25-30
�C and lows of 7-12 �C.
Rain fed agriculture is the main economy in the area. The soil is fertile loam soil with a potential of moderate productivity.
There is no history of food shortages in the livelihood zone and it is considered one of the highest surplus cash and food crop
producing areas of the country. There is only one agricultural season/genna. Major food crops produced are maize, sorghum,
teff and enset while the common cash crops are coffee and chat. This is a major coffee producing area; supplying markets with
export quality coffee. Oxen plows are used for land preparation. The activities that require the most labor are land
preparation, weeding and harvesting. Both men and women participate in the weeding, but harvesting is the main
responsibility of men. Migrant laborers usually carry out plowing. There are a number of plant pests and diseases that affect
crop production and productivity. These include rust and smut on maize and teff, aphids on pulses, CBD on coffee and wild
animals ravage all crops. Fertilizer and pesticide are the major inputs used by households to help increase production.
Cattle and shoats are the major livestock kept; beekeeping is also common in the area. Livestock free grazing and drink from
rivers and springs. The livestock are used as food, are sold and also produce livestock products for sale. Cows are the only
animals milked. The milk and butter from cows is consumed and sold. Cattle are sold at 2-5 years and shoats after 9 months.
Shoats are sold throughout the year, but sales are highest around religious holidays (New year in September, Christmas in
January and Easter in April). Shoats are slaughter by the middle and better-off households particularly during holidays. The
replacement of both milking cows and oxen are made from within the herd. Common livestock pests and diseases include
Trypanosomiasis, Black leg and internal and external parasites. Local agricultural employment including weeding and
harvesting (carried out only by poorer households) are the only non-farm income generating activities.
1
Field work for the current profile was undertaken in April 2009. The information presented refers to November 2006 - October
2007 (EC Nov. 1999 to Oct 2000), a normal year by local standards . Provided there are no fundamental and rapid shifts in the
economy, the information in this profile is expected to remain valid for approximately five years (i.e. until 2013). The exchange
rate January 2007 1USD = 9.19
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Markets
Market access is generally good. There is an availability of the market centers near to villages with easy road access and
proximity to larger towns. The main market center is in Yebbu. Many crop and livestock items are traded out of the livelihood
zone. Coffee and chat are the major cash crops. Coffee is transported to Addis Ababa while chat is only supplied for local
consumption. Teff and maize are traded to Jimma. Honey is also an important item supplied to markets; it is then traded out of
the livelihood zone to Jimma and Addis Ababa. Livestock types sold include cattle, shoats and poultry. All livestock are
traded to Jimma and Addis Ababa through Yebbu. Poorer households depend on the markets for purchase of staple grains
(maize and sorghum), which are supplied by local traders.
Seasonal Calendar
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug S ep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Ra iny Seasons Afar sa G ana B irra B ona
Le g en d we eding pla nting cons. gree n ha rves t
Te ff
Maize
Sorghum
Barley
Co ffe e
Ch at
Ho ne y prod uctio n
Ca ttle in h eat pe rio d
Livestock sales
Other
Agricultural labor
Fo od pu rchase
Hu ng er sea son
R a infa ll P att ern
ca ttle s h oa ts ca ttle &s h o ats la n d p rep .
Beehive preparation
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
There are four main seasons: the long rain season genna (June to August); the short rain arfassa (March to May); harvesting
period birra (September to November); and dry season bona (December to February). The consumption year extends from
November to October. The agricultural calendar begins with land preparation in February for maize and sorghum. Land
preparation for teff is delayed up to May and July. The long cycle crops (sorghum and maize) are planted in March and April;
other crops are planted from June to August. The weeding for long cycle crops takes place in May and June; for other crops it
may extend up to September and October. Harvesting takes place at almost the same time for all crop types. The livestock
activities begin with the onset of rains and pasture regeneration. The in-heat period for the cattle begins in December with
births nine months later. The sale of the livestock takes place throughout the year but peaks for oxen from June to August
(when oxen are in demanded fro the land preparation). Bee keeping is also another livestock related activity, with beehive
preparation in October to February and harvests in April and May. Agriculture labor occurs from June to August for weeding
and November to January for harvesting. Food purchases are highest June to September when households’ reserve stocks are
depleted. Diarrhoea is prevalent mostly in June and July when heavy rains cause flooding and contamination of drinking
water.
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Wealth Breakdown
HH size
Land area
cultivated
Very Poor 4-6 0.5-1.5ha
Poor 5-7 1-2ha
Middle 6-8 2-3ha
Better-off 8-10 3-5ha
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
% of households
Wealth Groups Characteristics
Crops cultivated Livestock/Asset Holding
maize, sorghum, teff, enset,
coffee and chat
maize, sorghum, teff, enset,
coffee and chat
maize, sorghum, teff, enset,
coffee and chat
maize, sorghum, teff, enset,
coffee and chat
0-1 oxen, 1-3 cattle, 2-3 goats,1
3 sheep, 3-4 chickens, 5-6
beehives, 25-35 enset, 350-400
coffee, 150-200 chat
0.5-1.5 oxen, 2-4 cattle, 2-4
goats,3-5 sheep, 3-5 chickens,
5-7 beehives, 20-30 enset,
1500-2000 coffee, 700-800 chat
1-3 oxen, 7-8 cattle, 4-5 goats,4
6 sheep, 0-1 donkey, 5-7
chickens, 15-17 beehives, 30-
40 enset, 2500-3000 coffee,
800-900 chat
3-5 oxen, 10-12 cattle, 4-6
goats,5-7 sheep, 0-2 donkey, 0-
1 mule, 8-10 chickens, 17-19
beehives, 35-45enset, 4000-
5000 coffee,1000-2000 chat
Land cultivated, livestock owned and perennial crops are the key determinants of wealth. The very poor own an average of a
hectare of land while the better-off own 3-5ha. Perennial crops such as coffee, chat and enset are income-producing assets
owned by all households, the number owned increasing with relative wealth. This area is one of the highest coffee producing
parts of Ethiopia. Even the very poor possess coffee trees between 350 and 400 and other wealth groups have several
thousands of trees. Livestock ownership is another wealth determining asset. Livestock are used as an agricultural input for
land preparation (oxen) and as a means to generate cash income. All households own oxen, cattle and shoats. Middle and
better-off households also own donkeys. Honey production is a cash generating activity done by all wealth groups. Beehive
ownership ranges from 3-4 for the very poor to 17-19 for the better-off. There are number of factors limiting additional crop
and livestock production. Lack of oxen, money and shortage of cultivated land are the key problems faced by the poorer
wealth groups. Inadequacy and untimely supply of agricultural inputs, topography inconvenience for tractor plowing are the
reported problems faced by the better-off. There are no social arrangements in place between the wealth groups to overcome
the constraints observed. Poorer households are challenged by lack of capital, shortage of grazing land for them to benefit
more from the livestock production. Shortage of grazing land and labor and wild animals attacks are factors constraining
wealthier households from additional livestock production. These households try to overcome labor shortages by hiring
children from the poor wealth groups. There are not any off farm income generating activities. Lack of money and awareness
are the main reasons mentioned as reasons for this.
Sources of Food – Normal (2006-2007)
Own crop production accounts for more than half
of the annual food requirements for all
households with middle and better-off meeting
more than 90% through their own crops. Maize,
sorghum and teff are the major crops grown and
contribute for the own crop production
consumption (in order of importance). Enset is
another crop contributing equally (nearly 5%) to
households’ annual food needs. Purchases of
staple and non-staple food are the next most
important source of food. The staple foods
(sorghum and maize) are purchased by very poor
and poor wealth households. Non-staple foods
(pulses, oil, sugar and meat) are purchased all
wealth groups with the better off buying more. A
small amount of annual food is covered from the
consumption of the livestock product (cow’s
butter and meat).
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120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
gifts
food aid
purchase
paym ent in
kind
livestock prod.
crops
In the graph, food access is expressed as a percentage of minimum food
requirements, taken as an average food energy intake of 2100 kcals per
person per day.

Sources of Cash – Normal (2006-2007)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off
other
petty trade
self-employment
employment
l ivestock sal es
l/stock prod. sales
crop sales
The graph provides a breakdown of total cash income according to income
source.
Annual income
12000-
5000-6000 6000-7000
25000-26000
(ETB)
13000
Expenditure Patterns - Normal (2006-2007)
Expenditure on other non-essential items
100%
accounts for the largest share of expenditure for
all wealth groups. The middle and better-off
spend more on the input purchase of inputs 80%
(animal drug, seeds, fertilizer and livestock
restocking). Labor payment is exclusively made
60%
by the middle and better-off is also included
under inputs. Spending on household items
including tea/coffee, salt/pepper, soap, kerosene, 40%
grinding and utensils is of similar proportion to
over all income for all households. The very poor
20%
and poor are the only wealth groups purchasing
staple food. There are also spending on clothing,
social services (education/health) and which 0%
increase with wealth status.
Crop sales are a major cash source with
coffee constituting the majority of crop sales.
This area is producing coffee for the export
market as well. Chat is the next most
important cash crop. Food crops including
teff and maize are sold by all but the very
poorest households. The better-off are the
only wealth group that sell sorghum. All
households produce and sell honey. Cattle
are sold by every wealth group and make up
the largest share of the livestock income.
Shoats and chickens are also sold by all
wealth groups, as are eggs, butter and skins.
Poorer households supplement their annual
cash income through local agricultural labor
employment (weeding and harvesting) on the
fields of middle and better-off households.
V.Poor Poor Middle Betteroff
other
clothes
social ser v.
inputs
water
HH items
non-staple food
staple food
The graph provides a breakdown of total cash expenditure according to
category of expenditure.
Hazards
The wild animals, crop and livestock diseases are the major hazards identified by the livelihood zone. Apes, monkeys and
boars ravage matured crops in the field. Rust and smut attacks maize and teff, aphids on damage pulses, and CBD (coffee) are
the major crop pest and diseases. Trypanosomiasis, Black leg, internal & External parasites are the most prevalent livestock
disease affecting the livestock and limiting production. These hazards occur every year, but have never been so serious as to
cause a disruption to food and income access.
Coping Strategies
Both the poorer and the wealthier households will increase livestock sales as a means of copping during difficult times. The
poor will also seek loans from wealthier households. The poor will also seek out additional employment opportunities to
expand the cash income. Middle and better-off will consume food stock and switch expenditure to buy cheaper items when
there is a gap in their food or income.
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Summary
The Jimma-Illubabor Coffee, Cereal and Chat (JCC) livelihood zone is situated in western Ethiopia in the Oromiya region.
The dominant agro ecology zone is midlands or woinadega. The topography is predominantly plains with some gentle
undulating slopes. The vegetation is dense forest of mainly eucalyptus trees. Rain fed agriculture is the main economy in the
area. The soil is fertile loam soil with a potential of moderate productivity. There is no history of food shortages in the
livelihood zone and it is considered one of the highest surplus cash and food crop producing areas of the country. There is
only one agricultural season/genna. Major food crops produced are maize, sorghum, teff and enset while the common cash
crops are coffee and chat. This is a major coffee producing area; supplying markets with export quality coffee. The activities
that require the most labor are land preparation, weeding and harvesting. Both men and women participate in the weeding, but
harvesting is the main responsibility of men. Migrant laborers usually carry out plowing. Cattle and shoats are the major
livestock kept; beekeeping is also common in the area. Market access is generally good. There is an availability of the market
centers near to villages with easy road access and proximity to larger towns. Land cultivated, livestock owned and perennial
crops are the key determinants of wealth. Own crop production accounts for more than half of the annual food requirements
for all households with middle and better-off meeting more than 90% through their own crops. Maize, sorghum and teff are
the major food crops. Crop sales are a major cash source with coffee constituting the majority of crop sales. This area is
producing coffee for the export market as well. Chat is the next most important cash crop. Food crops including teff and
maize are sold by all but the very poorest households. . Poorer households supplement their annual cash income through local
agricultural labor employment (weeding and harvesting) on the fields of middle and better-off households. Expenditure on
other non-essential items accounts for the largest share of expenditure for all wealth groups. The wild animals, crop and
livestock diseases are the major hazards identified by the livelihood zone. Both the poorer and the wealthier households will
increase livestock sales as a means of copping during difficult times. The poor will also seek out additional employment
opportunities to expand the cash income. Middle and better-off will consume food stock and switch expenditure to buy
cheaper items when there is a gap in their food or income.
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Jimma-Ilubabor Coffee, Cereals & Chat (JCC) LZ