European Red List of Vascular Plants - European Commission

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Figure 7. Distribution of threatened policy plants in Europe Figure 8. Major threats to policy plants in Europe 14
islands (Corsica, Cyprus, the Greek islands, and Sardinia). Another area that flagged up as being of concern is the centre of the Pannonian Plain in Hungary. 3.4 Major threats to policy plants in Europe The major threats to each species were coded using the IUCN Threats Classification Scheme. A summary of the relative importance of the different threatening processes is shown in Figure 8. The main threat to the threatened plant species in this group is intensified livestock farming, and especially intensive grazing activities have the worst impacts. Plant species are directly affected through livestock eating them or due to trampling and increased nitrification. The conversion of grasslands into agricultural land for livestock, arable farming or forestry is a serious threat leading to habitat loss or at least degradation. On the other hand, many species are in need of moderate disturbance and were thriving well in areas under traditional agricultural use such as extensive grazing. Whereas an intensification of agricultural activities leads to the disappearance of those species on one hand, the complete abandonment of these activities poses also a serious threat (listed under ecosystem modifications). The abandonment leads to changes in the vegetation dynamic and succession of woody plants and shrubs that lead to an increased competition and therefore disappearance of plant species. Recreational activities such as hiking, mountaineering, or walking are the second biggest factor causing species to be directly or indirectly threatened. Ecosystems frequented by humans often notice a decrease in quality and the plants are in danger of being trampled. Skiing activities in mountain areas, for example, threaten the plant Campanula bohemica. Another example are species growing in sand dunes and beaches affected by vehicles accessing the coast, such as in the case of Anchusa crispa. Invasive alien species and problematic native species are particularly threatening the flora on the Canary Islands and Madeira but also in the Mediterranean. Introduced plants such as Carpobrotus edulis and Opuntia ficus- Carpobrotus edulis, native to South Africa has been introduced widely to the Mediterranean as an ornamental plant and now replaces native vegetation in many parts of that region as seen here at the coast of Cascais in Portugal. Photograph © Melanie Bilz. 15
Page 1: European Red List of Vascular Plant
Page 4 and 5: Published by the European Commissio
Page 6 and 7: 6. Discussion .....................
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements All of IUCN’s Re
Page 10 and 11: Andrés Vicente Pérez Latorre Lore
Page 12 and 13: are declining. But more interesting
Page 14 and 15: a global “biodiversity hotspot”
Page 16 and 17: The assessment provides three main
Page 18 and 19: level, and species complexes have b
Page 20 and 21: Convention includes 612 European pl
Page 22 and 23: 3.2 Threat status of policy plants
Page 24 and 25: Figure 5. Species richness of polic
Page 28 and 29: indica aggressively compete for spa
Page 30 and 31: Today, agricultural production is c
Page 32 and 33: particularly important to Europe in
Page 34 and 35: ecause they are wild relatives of a
Page 36 and 37: Table 6. Threatened and extinct CWR
Page 38 and 39: It should be noted that the percent
Page 40 and 41: Figure 14. Species richness of Euro
Page 42 and 43: threatened species are endemic to t
Page 44 and 45: with the predicted range in 2055. T
Page 46 and 47: The following definition was consid
Page 48 and 49: Near Threatened. One species is Ext
Page 50 and 51: through Africa north and south of t
Page 52 and 53: 5.4 Major threats to aquatic plants
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Page 56 and 57: plant species are classed as Extinc
Page 58 and 59: into water bodies as run-off and ca
Page 60 and 61: the list are threatened but it also
Page 62 and 63: in natural populations within defin
Page 64 and 65: Greater Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla g
Page 66 and 67: ■■ Raise the profile of CWR as
Page 68 and 69: References Anderson, S. 2002. Ident
Page 70 and 71: IPCC. 2007. Fourth Assessment Repor
Page 72 and 73: identifying_and_protecting_the_worl
Page 74 and 75: Family Species Red List Status Euro
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Family Species Red List Status Euro
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Appendix 2. Red List status of sele
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Family Species IUCN Red List Catego
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Appendix 3. Methodology for spatial
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