Seed priming to improve germination and seedling growth of ...
Seed priming to improve germination and seedling growth of ... Seed priming to improve germination and seedling growth of ...
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 6: 76-84 (2012) even ABA. According to Bewley and Black (1982), seed priming leads to the initiation of primary metabolic processes, so the time required for germination is reduced. This positive effect is probably due to the stimulatory effect of priming on later stages of the germination process through the mediation of cell division in germinated seeds (Sivritepe et al. 2003). Argerich and Bradford (1989) found that the swelling of the embryo inside primed tomato seed may speed up germination by facilitating water absorption. Indeed, the priming is an effective technique that increases seed vigor and improves germination and seedling growth (Jumsoon et al. 1996). Results found in our trial were consistent with the research work in this area. Several studies have shown that seed priming homogenized seed germination in a short period of time (Khajeh-Hosseini et al. 2003). The maximum coefficient of velocity of germination were found in the low salinity treatment and decreased with increasing salinity. Similar results were reported by Okcu et al. (2005). The findings of Ruan et al. (2002a) demonstrated that priming the rice seed with KCl and CaCl2 had improved results for germination index. Greater efficiency of seed priming with KCl is possibly related to the osmotic advantage that K + has in improving cell water saturation, and that they act as co-factors in the activities of numerous enzymes (Taiz and Zeiger 2002). In the present study, salt stress causes a significant reduction in seedling and radicle length, seedlings fresh and dry weight and vigor index. Reduction in seedling growth as a result of salt stress has been reported in several others species (Achakzai et al. 2010, Akram et al. 2010). Salinity has both osmotic and specific ionic effects on seedlings growth (Dioniso-Sese and Tobita 2000). Similarly, toxic ion accumulation (Na + and Cl - ) negatively affect plant metabolism (Grieve and Fujiyama 1987). It has also been reported that salinity suppresses the uptake of essential nutrients like P and K (Nasim et al. 2008), which could adversely affect seedlings growth. Cicek and Cakirlar (2002) have reported that salinity reduced shoot length, fresh and dry weight of maize seedlings. Result indicated that seed 81 Elouaer and Hannachi priming significantly improved safflower seedling growth at different salinity level. Similarly, Katembe et al. (1998) investigated the effect of seed priming as a method to improve seedling growth of two Atriplex species under salt stress. Significant improvement in root and shoot length may be attributed to earlier germination induced by primed over un-primed seeds (Farooq et al. 2005), which resulted in vigorous seedlings with more root and shoot length than the seedlings from un-primed seeds. Our results confirm the findings of Stofella et al. (1992), who reported that priming of pepper seeds significantly improved radicle length. In our study, seedling fresh and dry weights decreased linearly with increasing salinity. The same results were also obtained by other researchers (Mansour et al. 2005). Increased seedling fresh and dry weight in primed seeds over the un-primed seeds were also observed by Sivritepe et al. (2003) who reported an increase in seedling dry weight in NaCl primed melons seeds under saline conditions as compared to the un-primed seeds. Seed priming improve significantly safflower vigor index under saline conditions. Similar results were found by Ruan et al. (2002b) who reported that primed rice seeds showed higher vigor index than non-primed ones. It is clear from these results that priming improves germination and growth of many crops. In this present study, safflower seed showed differential response to salinity and priming treatments. Reduction in germination parameters and seedling growth was more profound in control seeds than primed seeds. NaCl and KCl seed priming increase germination of safflower seeds. Thus, the priming may be an effective method to meet the demands of farmers during the installation of the culture in the field and especially in conditions of salt stress. For this reason, further studies are needed to assess the efficacity of seed priming during the later stages of the culture. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the High Institute of Agriculture, Chatt Mariem and Department of Horticultural sciences of the university; we wish to thanks all staff for their technical assistance.
EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 6: 76-84 (2012) REFERENCES Elouaer and Hannachi Abdul-Baki AA, Anderson JD (1970) Viability and leaching of sugars from germinating barley. Crop Science 10: 31-34. Achakzai AK, Kayani SA, Hanif Z (2010) Effect of salinity on uptake of micronutrients in sunflower at early growth stage. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42: 129-139. Akram M, Ashraf MY, Ahmad R, Waraich EA, Iqbal J, Mohsan M (2010) Screening for salt tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids at an early stage. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42: 141-151. Almansouri M, Kinet JM, Lutts S (2001) Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum). Plant and Soil 231: 243-254. doi:10.1023/A:1010378409663 Argerich CA, Bradford KJ (1989) The effects of priming and ageing on seed vigour in tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany 40: 599-607. doi:10.1093/jxb/40.5.599 Ashraf M, Rauf H (2001) Inducing salt tolerance in maize (Zea mays) thorugh seed priming with chloride salts: Growth and ion transport at early growth stages. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 23: 407-414. doi:10.1007/s11738-001-0050- 9 Ashraf M, Qureshi AS, Ghafoor A, Khan NA (2001) Genotype-environment interaction in wheat. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 1: 356-367. Basra SMA, Afzal I, Rashid RA, Hameed A (2005) Inducing salt tolerance in wheat by seed vigor enhancement techniques. International Journal of Biotechnology and Biology 1: 173-179. Bewley JD, Black M (1982) Physiology and Biochemistry of Seeds in Relation to Germination. Vol. 2, Viability, Dormancy and Environmental Control, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Bouaziz A, Hicks DR (1990) Consumption of wheat seed reserves during germination and early growth as affected by soil water potential. Plant and Soil 128: 161-165. doi:10.1007/BF00011105 Cayuela E, Perez-Alfocea F, Caro M, Bolarin MC (1996) Priming of seeds with NaCl induces physiological changes in tomato plants grown under salt stress. Physiologia Plantarum 96:231-236. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00207.x Cicek N, Cakirlar H (2002) The effect of salinity on some physiological parameters in two maize cultivars. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 28: 66-74. Dioniso-Sese ML, Tobita S (2000) Effects of salinity on sodium content and photosynthetic responses of rice seedlings differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology 157: 54-58. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80135-2 Dodd GL, Donovan LA (1999) Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs. American Journal of Botany 86: 1146-1153. Ellis RA, Roberts EH (1981) The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science Technology 9: 373-409. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Saleem BA, Nafees M, Chishti SA (2005) Enhancement of tomato seed germination and seedling vigour by osmopriming. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 42(3-4): 36-41. François LE, Bernstein, L (1964) Salt tolerance of safflower. Agronomy Journal 54:38-40. Grieve C, Fujiyama MH (1987) The response of two rice cultivars to external Na + /Ca + ratio. Plant Soil 103: 345-250. Hopper NW, Overholt JR, Martin JR (1979) Effect of cultivar, temperature and seed size on the germination and emergence of soybeans (Glycine max). Annals of Botany 44: 301-308. Jumsoon K, Jeuonlai C, Ywonok J (1996) Effect of seed priming on the germinability of tomato (Lycopercicon esculentum Mill.) seeds under water and saline stress. Journal of Korean Society of Horticultural Sciences 37: 516-521. Kader MA, Jutzi SC (2004) Effects of thermal and salt treatments during imbibition on germination and seedling growth of Sorghum at 42/19°C. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 190: 35-38. doi: 10.1046/j.0931-2250.2003.00071.x Katembe WJ, Ungar IA, Mitchell JP (1998) Effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of two Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae). Annals of Botany 82: 167-175. Kaya MD, Okgu G, Atak GY, Kolsarici O (2006) Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy 24: 291-295. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2005.08.001 Khajeh-Hosseini M, Powell AA, Bimgham IJ (2003) The interaction between salinity stress and seed vigor during germination of soybean seeds. Seed Science Technology 31: 715-725. Maas EV (1986) Salt tolerance of plants. Applied Agriculture Research 1: 12-26. Mansour MMF, Salama KHA, Ali FZM, Abou Hadid AF ( 2005) Cell and Plant Repsonses to NaCl in Zea mays L. Cultivars Differing in Salt Tolerance. General and Applied Plant Physiology 31(1-2): 29-41. 82
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EurAsian Journal <strong>of</strong> BioSciences 6: 76-84 (2012)<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Elouaer <strong>and</strong> Hannachi<br />
Abdul-Baki AA, Anderson JD (1970) Viability <strong>and</strong> leaching <strong>of</strong> sugars from germinating barley. Crop Science 10: 31-34.<br />
Achakzai AK, Kayani SA, Hanif Z (2010) Effect <strong>of</strong> salinity on uptake <strong>of</strong> micronutrients in sunflower at early <strong>growth</strong> stage.<br />
Pakistan Journal <strong>of</strong> Botany 42: 129-139.<br />
Akram M, Ashraf MY, Ahmad R, Waraich EA, Iqbal J, Mohsan M (2010) Screening for salt <strong>to</strong>lerance in maize (Zea mays<br />
L.) hybrids at an early stage. Pakistan Journal <strong>of</strong> Botany 42: 141-151.<br />
Almansouri M, Kinet JM, Lutts S (2001) Effect <strong>of</strong> salt <strong>and</strong> osmotic stresses on <strong>germination</strong> in durum wheat (Triticum<br />
durum). Plant <strong>and</strong> Soil 231: 243-254. doi:10.1023/A:1010378409663<br />
Argerich CA, Bradford KJ (1989) The effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>priming</strong> <strong>and</strong> ageing on seed vigour in <strong>to</strong>ma<strong>to</strong>. Journal <strong>of</strong> Experimental<br />
Botany 40: 599-607. doi:10.1093/jxb/40.5.599<br />
Ashraf M, Rauf H (2001) Inducing salt <strong>to</strong>lerance in maize (Zea mays) thorugh seed <strong>priming</strong> with chloride salts: Growth<br />
<strong>and</strong> ion transport at early <strong>growth</strong> stages. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 23: 407-414. doi:10.1007/s11738-001-0050-<br />
9<br />
Ashraf M, Qureshi AS, Ghafoor A, Khan NA (2001) Genotype-environment interaction in wheat. Asian Journal <strong>of</strong><br />
Biological Sciences 1: 356-367.<br />
Basra SMA, Afzal I, Rashid RA, Hameed A (2005) Inducing salt <strong>to</strong>lerance in wheat by seed vigor enhancement<br />
techniques. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology <strong>and</strong> Biology 1: 173-179.<br />
Bewley JD, Black M (1982) Physiology <strong>and</strong> Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Seed</strong>s in Relation <strong>to</strong> Germination. Vol. 2, Viability, Dormancy<br />
<strong>and</strong> Environmental Control, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
Bouaziz A, Hicks DR (1990) Consumption <strong>of</strong> wheat seed reserves during <strong>germination</strong> <strong>and</strong> early <strong>growth</strong> as affected by<br />
soil water potential. Plant <strong>and</strong> Soil 128: 161-165. doi:10.1007/BF00011105<br />
Cayuela E, Perez-Alfocea F, Caro M, Bolarin MC (1996) Priming <strong>of</strong> seeds with NaCl induces physiological changes in<br />
<strong>to</strong>ma<strong>to</strong> plants grown under salt stress. Physiologia Plantarum 96:231-236. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00207.x<br />
Cicek N, Cakirlar H (2002) The effect <strong>of</strong> salinity on some physiological parameters in two maize cultivars. Bulgarian<br />
Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Physiology 28: 66-74.<br />
Dioniso-Sese ML, Tobita S (2000) Effects <strong>of</strong> salinity on sodium content <strong>and</strong> pho<strong>to</strong>synthetic responses <strong>of</strong> rice <strong>seedling</strong>s<br />
differing in salt <strong>to</strong>lerance. Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Physiology 157: 54-58. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80135-2<br />
Dodd GL, Donovan LA (1999) Water potential <strong>and</strong> ionic effects on <strong>germination</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>seedling</strong> <strong>growth</strong> <strong>of</strong> two cold desert<br />
shrubs. American Journal <strong>of</strong> Botany 86: 1146-1153.<br />
Ellis RA, Roberts EH (1981) The quantification <strong>of</strong> ageing <strong>and</strong> survival in orthodox seeds. <strong>Seed</strong> Science Technology 9:<br />
373-409.<br />
Farooq M, Basra SMA, Saleem BA, Nafees M, Chishti SA (2005) Enhancement <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>ma<strong>to</strong> seed <strong>germination</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>seedling</strong><br />
vigour by osmo<strong>priming</strong>. Pakistan Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences 42(3-4): 36-41.<br />
François LE, Bernstein, L (1964) Salt <strong>to</strong>lerance <strong>of</strong> safflower. Agronomy Journal 54:38-40.<br />
Grieve C, Fujiyama MH (1987) The response <strong>of</strong> two rice cultivars <strong>to</strong> external Na + /Ca + ratio. Plant Soil 103: 345-250.<br />
Hopper NW, Overholt JR, Martin JR (1979) Effect <strong>of</strong> cultivar, temperature <strong>and</strong> seed size on the <strong>germination</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
emergence <strong>of</strong> soybeans (Glycine max). Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany 44: 301-308.<br />
Jumsoon K, Jeuonlai C, Ywonok J (1996) Effect <strong>of</strong> seed <strong>priming</strong> on the germinability <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>ma<strong>to</strong> (Lycopercicon esculentum<br />
Mill.) seeds under water <strong>and</strong> saline stress. Journal <strong>of</strong> Korean Society <strong>of</strong> Horticultural Sciences 37: 516-521.<br />
Kader MA, Jutzi SC (2004) Effects <strong>of</strong> thermal <strong>and</strong> salt treatments during imbibition on <strong>germination</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>seedling</strong> <strong>growth</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Sorghum at 42/19°C. Journal <strong>of</strong> Agronomy <strong>and</strong> Crop Science 190: 35-38. doi: 10.1046/j.0931-2250.2003.00071.x<br />
Katembe WJ, Ungar IA, Mitchell JP (1998) Effect <strong>of</strong> salinity on <strong>germination</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>seedling</strong> <strong>growth</strong> <strong>of</strong> two Atriplex species<br />
(Chenopodiaceae). Annals <strong>of</strong> Botany 82: 167-175.<br />
Kaya MD, Okgu G, Atak GY, Kolsarici O (2006) <strong>Seed</strong> treatments <strong>to</strong> overcome salt <strong>and</strong> drought stress during <strong>germination</strong><br />
in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal <strong>of</strong> Agronomy 24: 291-295. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2005.08.001<br />
Khajeh-Hosseini M, Powell AA, Bimgham IJ (2003) The interaction between salinity stress <strong>and</strong> seed vigor during<br />
<strong>germination</strong> <strong>of</strong> soybean seeds. <strong>Seed</strong> Science Technology 31: 715-725.<br />
Maas EV (1986) Salt <strong>to</strong>lerance <strong>of</strong> plants. Applied Agriculture Research 1: 12-26.<br />
Mansour MMF, Salama KHA, Ali FZM, Abou Hadid AF ( 2005) Cell <strong>and</strong> Plant Repsonses <strong>to</strong> NaCl in Zea mays L. Cultivars<br />
Differing in Salt Tolerance. General <strong>and</strong> Applied Plant Physiology 31(1-2): 29-41.<br />
82
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