CORDIO Status Report 1999.pdf

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solar cells is estimated to decrease by 20% each time the production doubles. The cost of producing solar cells are twenty times lower today than in the 1970s. Around two billion people in the world have no electricity at all. In many cases, it is already cheaper to install locally electrified systems based on solar cells than to build large power stations or grid systems. The development of more efficient and cheaper cells is very rapid. In Arizona, USA, a solar plant is producing electricity for 5,5 cents/kWh. In the US, the average price for electricity is 6–7 cents/kWh. Several international companies are now marketing solar shingles that can replace existing roofing materials and produce electricity. This will decrease the cost even more. Solar panels carry on through rain, dust and snow and work for at least 30–40 years. The systems are designed to be consumer friendly, although the battery needs periodical maintenance. This maintenance can be carried out by a local villager who is specially trained for the job. BIOGAS Biogas is an environmentally friendly and economically viable source of energy in rural areas. Biogas has been used in China, India and Pakistan for more than a thousand years. In China, for instance, there are more than seven million biogas plants. Denmark is seen as a technical leader in biogas production. The technique is sophisticated and the Danish government has decided to double the biogas production by the year 2000 and is aiming for a ten times increase by year 2020. The potential is calculated to 8,33 TWh/y (30 PJ). The possibilities of biogas are enormous. The gas can be used for production of heat, electricity or as fuel for cars. The most modern biogas plants prove that the technique is safe and tested, and the development of standardised plants shows that safe and stabile plants can be established to a decent price. The economic attractiveness of an installation is based on the significant fuel cost savings that it generates. The fuel cost savings can pay back the capital costs of the system within a couple of years. Animal dung is the most commonly used input, mainly because of its availability, but any biodegradable organic material can be used for processing. Plant materials like wood chips, palm nut shells, stalks of cotton, rice hulls, maize cobs, soy husks or coconut shells can all be used. In India, Pakistan and China, biogas has been used for more than a thousand years. In this village, Islamnagar, outside Bhopal in India, 36 biogas plants have been installed. Animal dung is collected and mixed with water (left). The mix is poured into a concrete tank with a steel drum (right), often directly connected to a gas stove in the kitchen. Afterwards, the dung is used as fertiliser in the fields. Photos: Niki Sporrong. – 87 –
WASTEWATER Wastewater problems are becoming acute in many parts of the world and, for the future of cities, wastewater treatment is one of the most critical areas of development. The discharge of sewage into coastal waters can have a destructive impact on coral reefs and coastal ecosystems. The population in coastal areas grows rapidly, and the use of freshwater and discharge of sewage will increase. As this has destructive effects on coastal environments, in particular coral reefs, it is essential that especially cities and tourist resorts aim to reduce the amount of freshwater used and discharged as sewage. This can be achieved by implementing alternative ways of use, and treatment of the sewage. Biological treatment of organic wastes has been used for centuries. Composting, for example, is a natural way to enhance nutrient cycling. Nature sees sewage as a resource, while modern society sees sewage as a problem, and often thinks the solution is to transport it to rivers or directly to the sea. We need to seriously change our way of thinking. Instead of discharging treated or untreated sewage into the sea, it should be kept inland for some productive uses. Several demonstration projects shows that complete use of wastewater for aquaculture and agriculture is possible. The Chinese developed aquaculture systems several thousand years ago. These systems use the sewage/nutrients and produce fish. Today China is the world’s leading producer of farmed fish (Figure 1). Another way of doing it is to separate the sewage at source. Today, most sanitation systems mix faeces and urine. In the human body, urine is separated from faeces. If we keep it that way, we will get two valuable resources. The faeces can be composted to produce biogas, which in turn can be used for cooking or to generate electricity. The urine can be used as fertiliser on farmland or in greenhouses. Table 1. Toilet water content Urine Faeces Nitrogen (N) 5,6 kg 0,09 kg Phosphorus (P) 0,4 kg 0,19 kg Potassium (K) 1,0 kg 0,17 kg Million tons 16 12 8 4 China Developing countries (without China) Industrial countries 0 1984 1988 1996 2000 Figure 1. Aquaculture production by region 1984–1995. Source: FAO By implementing modern technology, a community can be self-sufficient on energy and by using existing resources, pollution of coastal waters can be avoided and instead sewage can be used to supply the community with food products. This will strengthen the economy of the community, as well as increase the quality of life. A better environment will also strengthen the tourism. By re-using the nutrients for food production and fertilising plants, communities can support the tourist resorts and thereby create a source of income. – 88 –
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CORAL REEF DEGRADATION IN THE INDIA
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Foreword Corals as organisms and co
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Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Rationale Coral reefs throughout th
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STATUS REPORTS FROM DIFFERENT REGIO
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The South Asia region of the Indian
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man and Nicobar islands. Mainland I
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Table 1. (Cont.) Country Locations/
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International Year of the Coral Ree
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72ºE Makunudu North Malosmadulu So
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has been a consequent lack of train
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Stoddart, D.R (1971). Environment a
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Table 1. Diversity of scleractinian
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5ºS 71ºE 72ºE 73ºE Indian Ocean
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much higher in lagoons than on seaw
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Various corals in Chagos, 1999. A:
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THE BLEACHING EVENT The 1997-98 El-
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MONITORING AND RESEARCH RELEVANT TO
Page 38 and 39: (17°20’S) and Bazaruto Island (2
Page 40 and 41: Locality Reef Description Results B
Page 42 and 43: Institute and from 24-30 March by D
Page 44 and 45: Tanga TANZANIA 39ºE 40ºE Bawe and
Page 46 and 47: Zanzibar noticed the rise in water
Page 48 and 49: Influence of coral bleaching on the
Page 50 and 51: Dead table-forming Acropora spp. af
Page 52 and 53: Horrill, J.C. & Ngoile, M.A.K. 1991
Page 54 and 55: The fringing reefs of Reunion are a
Page 56 and 57: platforms (21 km 2 ). As human acti
Page 58 and 59: Bleached and partly bleached Acropo
Page 60 and 61: Status report Mauritius DR JOHN R T
Page 62 and 63: OTHER RELEVANT WORK IN THE REGION T
Page 64 and 65: BLEACHING EVENT SST anomaly data in
Page 66 and 67: Remote sensing as a tool for assess
Page 68 and 69: parameters and apply correction and
Page 70 and 71: Coral bleaching effects on reef fis
Page 72 and 73: Chabanet et al., 1997; Öhman & Raj
Page 74 and 75: the status of the reef fish communi
Page 76 and 77: Letourneur, Y., Harmelin-Vivien, M.
Page 78 and 79: grow, but damage and loss of transp
Page 80 and 81: corals: a manual for coral reef use
Page 82 and 83: dependence on fisheries for income
Page 84 and 85: REFERENCES Berg, H., Öhman, M.C.,
Page 86 and 87: is an enigma. Everyone is in favour
Page 90 and 91: LIST OF CORDIO PROJECTS 1999 - 89 -
Page 92 and 93: lagoons will be studied to determin
Page 94 and 95: South Asia Region Regional co-ordin
Page 96 and 97: Central Indian Ocean islands Region
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX - 97 -
Page 100 and 101: 08.30 a.m.-09.00 a.m. Coral transpl
Page 102 and 103: MAIZAN HASSAN MANIKU Director Gener
Page 104: DR MOHIDEEN WAFAR Scientist Nationa
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