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72ºE<br />
Makunudu<br />
North Malosmadulu<br />
South Malosmadulu<br />
MALDIVES<br />
Ari<br />
Ihavandiffulu<br />
Tiladummati<br />
North Miladummadulu<br />
South Miladummadulu<br />
Fadiffolu<br />
North Male<br />
South Male<br />
5ºN<br />
Isolated, small patches of living coral colonies are found<br />
on hard substrates (UNEP/IUCN, 1988). Live corals<br />
have been recorded at several locations along the coast,<br />
to a depth of 20 m (Kazmi & Kazmi, 1997). Land based<br />
pollution, sewage, industrial effluents, sedimentation<br />
and dredging appear to be the main problems for reefs<br />
in Pakistan’s coastal waters, but corals are also collected<br />
by local fishermen, to be used in traditional Islamic<br />
medicine. Near Churna Island, destructive fishing<br />
methods contribute to the degradation of the marine<br />
environment (Kazmi & Kazmi, 1997). There is no<br />
information available on bleaching in Pakistan.<br />
100 km<br />
Indian<br />
Ocean<br />
North Nilandu<br />
South Nilandu<br />
Felidu<br />
Mulaku<br />
Kolumadulu<br />
Addu<br />
Haddummati<br />
Suvadiva<br />
Extensive coral reefs are found throughout the Maldives (areas marked<br />
with red). Large areas of shallow-water reefs were destroyed in 1998.<br />
from post-bleaching surveys in September last year.<br />
These sites, on the shallow reef flats of Felidhoo Atoll,<br />
still have a live coral cover of between 1 and 3 percent.<br />
Algae cover the coral reef area, and observation studies<br />
indicate high numbers of herbivorous fish (Zahir, 1999).<br />
Pakistan<br />
In Pakistan, the environmental conditions are unfavourable<br />
for coral growth, and corals are not well developed.<br />
0º<br />
Sri Lanka<br />
Sri Lankan reefs are mostly fringing or offshore patch<br />
reefs. The offshore reefs are in better condition. Live<br />
coral cover on some patch reefs, as well as on undamaged<br />
near-shore reefs, exceeds 50% (Rajasuriya & White,<br />
1995). Many other near-shore reefs have a low coral<br />
cover due to damaging human activities and sedimentation<br />
(Rajasuriya et al., 1995; Rajasuriya & White, 1995).<br />
Many coral reefs in Sri Lanka have been severely<br />
degraded by human-induced damage. Coral mining,<br />
increasing sedimentation caused by poor land-use<br />
practices, destructive fishing methods, boat anchoring,<br />
tourism-related activities, uncontrolled harvesting and<br />
pollution continue to cause damage to reefs (Rajasuriya<br />
et al., 1995; Rajasuriya & Wood, 1997). In addition, reefs<br />
along the north-west and east coasts are threatened by<br />
periodic infestations of the Crown-of-thorns starfish<br />
(De Bruin, 1972; Rajasuriya & Rathnapriya, 1994).<br />
The recent event of coral bleaching destroyed large<br />
areas of the shallow-water corals along much of the Sri<br />
Lankan coastline. However, coral species such as<br />
Montipora aequituberculata and Montipora digitata were<br />
hardly affected, and a number of species of columnar<br />
(e.g. Psammacora digitata) and massive corals (e.g.<br />
Diploastrea heliopora) were only partially bleached. The<br />
shallow coral reefs of both the Hikkaduwa and the Bar<br />
Reef Marine sanctuaries in Sri Lanka were adversely<br />
affected. Nearly 90% of the living corals were bleached<br />
– 19 –