CORDIO Status Report 2008.pdf

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! ! "#$%&$'!()*$+%!,*%*$-).!$+/!! 0*1*'#23*+&!4+!&.*!! 5+/4$+!()*$+! ! "#$#%&!'()*+#!,--.! ! EDITORS: DAVID OBURA, JERKER TAMELANDER & OLOF LINDEN !
COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Status Report 2008 ©2008 CORDIO and the Authors ISBN 91-973959-5-1 Published by: COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN CORDIO East Africa #9 Kibaki Flats P.O.BOX 10135 Mombasa 80101 KENYA Layout/production: Boniface Munywoki, Sander D. den Haring Printed in Dubai 2008 by : M&M Graphics Citation: Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. (Eds) (2008) Ten years after bleaching – facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2008. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordioea.org. 489 pp. Cover photo credits: front – Jerker Tamelander; back – Jerker Tamelander, David Obura
Page 2: ! ! ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND D
Page 8 and 9: ' (")*$)*+' Foreword PART 1 - Regio
Page 10 and 11: The Lallie Didham Coral and Shell C
Page 12 and 13: ! ! "#$%&#!'()(*+!$,-./(!0112! ! 3)
Page 14 and 15: ,$)'-$.#+'/0*$#'12$.345)6'7'8"95)6'
Page 16 and 17: =">*4'/+5.'7'=>.#@' ' JERKER TAMELA
Page 18 and 19: emains patchy (Arthur 2008). Althou
Page 20 and 21: egions facing multiple stresses tha
Page 22 and 23: eports were identified as a crucial
Page 24 and 25: Climate Change Fourth Assessment Re
Page 26 and 27: Tamelander, J. and Hoon, V. (2008).
Page 28 and 29: )&..)'=$.'7'=>.#@' ' HANSA CHANSANG
Page 30 and 31: (Narumon 2008.) has compiled socioe
Page 32 and 33: (C:(HD=BC:'/:
Page 34 and 35: F.+*'/0#53.'.)&'B+2.)&+'7'=>.#@' '
Page 36 and 37: egions. Initially stopped in 1996 t
Page 38 and 39: !"#"$%&'(&)'*#+&,--(%&./&"0-&!$*./&
Page 40 and 41: 8#F+-& HG& C*-/$;!($-$%(!6-$*@2,)*(
Page 42 and 43: coral cover over time (Fig. 3). Two
Page 44: Lee F. and Chou L. M. (1998). The A
Page 47 and 48: !9=&!:9!&70
Page 49 and 50: +1@75356=/1039=A
Page 51 and 52: *1E
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than 2m had been killed in Dutch Ba
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event and 2004 tsunami. In: Souter,
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!"#$%&'()*(+,,*(+,-$&,.(+,')/0%,( 1
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defence against waves provided by t
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=$L-,( H6!C+$*!($%0+3;&3-.%6!D$.$+*
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=$L-,(PI!*+3.$!%;$03$%!3($.&313$(!3
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H 2 S concentration in husk pit wat
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district alone, 90% of them being w
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of reefs remain healthy to support
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patterns of coral larval settlement
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'!!" !"#$"%&'$()"# &!" %!" $!" 5*61
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*(#+,'-,"+$./%0 #JI!! !.*%/-4+'-23-
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patterns of recruitment. Unraveling
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@5$*-&A!"#$%"&'"()*"+,-'"&'"#$..$/"
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fishing intensity can be observed.
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0D8E:;!& )'*#+&!"#"$%& Surveys were
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*+,-./*01 2+,3415 ! "# #! $# %!! &
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located very close to the mainland,
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Mahadevan S. and Nayar K.N., (1972)
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Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) * Acro
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Porites complanata Porites nodifera
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Oscillation (ENSO) event (Sheppard
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# * + ! !!"#$%&'$()*+,#-)./#0*1*0*%
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92:5.;2-7.5
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)*+.$6"F*'"& There is a general pau
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herbicides in coastal waters of the
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D4#"-&BC&>(0%#@+3%&#$'++A%)9$,0+/$-
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:#+4-&B=$!8+-%#0$"(F%-(-$7'(&&%,%7(
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i. ii. iv. iii. vi. vii. v. viii. x
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genus was Montipora (50% of live co
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seas of the Seychelles Bank in the
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!"#$%&'!()&*+',()-.'/"0")"1'' 2344+
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=(K%+'@A!8%-$'$:)!.#/!#)6.'$:)!.-;)
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their efforts were futile because f
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M=>C34.=IC10.17.I1>H3 X3346H3.7;P06
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the situation for the following gen
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estimated to be more than 5000 km (
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'A752#0!@#;H2)!%&!&%H+!)/12)!*%5L M
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8$F%(&I@&O22&!&/)-!M/%5#))!#1!5#+/0
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1,2342, 5,6
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8$F%(&LE!:H55#+N!%&!+22&!&/)-!%M)2+
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Comparison of coral reef criteria m
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McClanahan, T.R. and Shafir, S.H. (
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eing used to establish fish movemen
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eing more resilient as they are nom
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112
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communities on reefs subsequently e
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C$8,&'MN'"#$$%&'!&()#*+)!,-!.(/+012
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C$8,&'
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120
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(Davidson et al., 2006). It is boun
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D4%*(+IE+L2.%+,$;"%$))&*'03+!" asso
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D4%*(+L!"J26*2)$6"5)&2%"&'"*+,"4&.,
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Island, Mozambique, Marine Ecologic
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=23G#(*BC!"#$!%&'()&*+(&,-!,.!/,)01
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4%H-(*FC*&'#!)$/,)%&-3!($2710($!.,)
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larval source reefs, which could be
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4%H-(* JP* "#$!2,%&.&$%!H$$.!*$-(#,
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temporal Variation in Seawater Temp
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-(A.%$*BC!"#$!%&!'()!*)+'),-!.-/0#-
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8&F#$*EC!I%,#=!+$)20)+!/0C),+0'6!&%
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8&F#$*GC*Q#2'%,+!2%-',085'0-4!'%!'(
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intercepts. The island and Kenya si
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148
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150
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4+>'/2%"!!#$%!&'()*+,!&-./01!&*20&!
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)! (! '! &! %! $! #! "! ! *+,-./012
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!""#$#%&'$(%)*+&&$,-./$'+ 01 2 !""#
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&)M02% G"! #0$+! $B-+5$+40! >+("'$
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napoleon wrasse, is required to des
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@(;=' In response to worldwide degr
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transects, and at each 0.5 m interv
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A,,B*B31-*C397)11*.D6*-)E#5 #$!! #!
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dependency on fishing in these area
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Babcock, R.C. Kelly, S. Shears, N.T
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172
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1#:7.&B"!8,5%2!:$%0%!/%'5$,-!)22%22
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@3A$*.& HI& F%'5$,-!-.6%0!)5!254(7!
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1#:7.&M>!25,*)5%(!0%%@!()*)=%!,'!H,
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1) showed an average coral cover 32
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around 40%. Reefs in this area are
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184
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4 and 11 o S (Fig. 1). Forty-one is
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coral reefs in the Indian Ocean in
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C-A+3#' NE' ").(#+*.#0!1#R#-)>!#V!.
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the Seychelles, containing 7 of the
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,-.% '(-( 7*.3-38* H9(3:8 1/9/00* )
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ut minor elsewhere. These damages,
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198
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200
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.61#$@!"#$%"&'"()*+,"(-).(!" Howeve
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$ 3%8=B!8$ >.61#$ EF""/0.1$2."34()$
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.61#$OF""Q.1H.5)$2."&'"H&1$>"$1.$"H
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5678947.:5( ,"#&!' +"#&!' *"#&!' )"
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proportion of the total coral are a
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212
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appeared to be males, releasing a c
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D&'E,+(M"!0Q(%%*-+2!$-.!4)$B-*-+!95
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:#4I+(LA!!>;(!%*,*-+!9( The 17 Acro
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8O5B@P2B>:!( ( This study was suppo
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222
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critical for the survival of a cora
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%@3.+' HB' !62+3$+0."(1"7.072*-&"%.
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%@3.+'K5""P(#%(&*-*(+"(1"7.072*-&"%
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'()*+,-)(. /-)(..012+(.3(2++ 4(,)-(
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In conclusion, protection level and
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234
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"#23,% AB!"#$%$&'#(!"%))*(#+&%$!,$#
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:-02.(* ;
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Although different zooxanthellae de
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H(6I'$"/!""!"#$%$#&"#$%&%""'()*"+,-
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244
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!&='#$(@.#$
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248
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esilience of coral reef sites to cl
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RESILIENCE FACTORS & INDICATORS a)
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c) Cooling and flushing factors Cur
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e) Shading and screening factors Co
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g) Coral associates Obligate feeder
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i) Anthropogenic factors Nutrient i
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262
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Payet, 2005), problems in the regio
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where these species are important c
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hundreds to tens of thousands (Smit
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@+I
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(+&& ()&& BE21A$M9!N42$58N7 (&&& /&
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De Young, C., (ed.) Review of the S
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Samoilys, M. A., Wells, S., Anderso
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the entire coral reef ecosystem is
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Thailand provided some evidence of
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282
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284
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informal discussion with key inform
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10 days, while higher operating eff
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more reef-associated fishes than us
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292
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M U L S K @ J T > M 8$-$!$/+E$-!
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M"L M"K M"J M"> M "L "K "J "> M >
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!*H,#$MI$R1$3!,1-19*+F+*E"!X%19+1,!
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of only 13 species groups. It is no
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total collapse. Thus CPUE trends ov
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Arthur R, (2008). Patterns of benth
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8()K$%*L!"#$!%&!'()!*+#,+-.(#/)!0))
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8()K$%*BL!7,,8#/!#,5!2)#2%,#/!'0),5
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8()K$%*DL!!9)0I),'#4)!I%$%2+'+%,!%&
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the higher diversity reported here.
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Obura, D. (2001a). Participatory mo
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*&E,2)F!"#$%&$'("()*+",%)-"$'".&)"%
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-$(502)O!"I)12+.$'("@".2">A!" them
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showed declines in numbers of fishe
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*&E,2)P!"O%.$9*.)"23".2.*7"',9
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the lagoons are more exposed to oce
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e 5,890 fishers and 4,164 tonnes/yr
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!""#""$#%&'()'*+",#-)(./'0-12%+32&+
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1. The Map Layers Window lists all
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detail for expert users. The issues
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352
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356
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gradually transformed from marine h
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8=4BC)!D!)!9B)ED=F-B8)) G#H/+*)IJ)!
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do not have qualifications to apply
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is around 5,000 baht (U$ 125), or 2
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='L(*)IJ)N"7,'4%$'%,427,)*+$,&-$%27
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training and workshops for small gr
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370
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Box 1: Principles for Identifying O
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-Needs a systematic approach that r
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!(E)#$HI$!"#$%&'(')*+,'-.%/%01')&/2
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Box 3: Key Stages in Supporting Liv
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contributed to their successes and
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$ $ 9&J$QK$B-.#',3(-.0-;$+(>3&',$3"
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6$S&'P0-;$C/@$6=='&(>"$ The SLED ap
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386
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growing populations that utilize th
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particularly valuable resources sup
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@/A6+#$IC!!.&'*#/01*21$3!2#3!#4!3%&
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successful because the products hav
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396
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et al., 2007). Many conservation pr
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8$GB)&HI&7$/1/"+/$+1,%"(/%)/1",1/"0
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C(/"1)&KI&V*.-")1,
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Aquatic protected areas as fisherie
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82.*%(BC!"!#$%!&'()*+,'-!&'-$*.&$/!
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408
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78.*%(
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I+J)4,' KL' !"#$ %&$ '()$ *+,%,-%./
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#5&,'ML'I+4)0+(%%-$"7'+4+'+)5$1)7%1
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much fewer households compared to f
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Malleret-King D, King A, Manghubhai
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evening respectively) during dry se
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'71.&# QP!)'#!$1!90%:'!6$',(!,-$.+%
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#;= #;< #;$ !;> !;= !;< !;$ # ! ##$
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2($&.#L(37$/# Conversion of wetland
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that nitrogen was well utilized in
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Boyd, C. E. (1990). Water quality i
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432
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434
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(*/&"'!"#$%"&%'%()*+%,-")."-%/0$1,2
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80% of the participants rating all
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obtained during our surveys of the
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In Kenya, the primary school curric
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A pre-seminar questionnaire is used
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446
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Sarah Ater CORDIO East Africa 9 Kib
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Andriamalala Gildas Blue Ventures M
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Alke Kruger Oceanographic Research
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William Nyaga CORDIO East Africa 9
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Nitiya Sangkhanan Environmental Sci
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