CORDIO Status Report 2008.pdf

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aggregations (Aumeeruddy & Robinson, 2006). In many countries, the reliance on species that aggregate to spawn for food security may dominate management objectives, as exemplified by the siganids. In this case, gear restrictions, temporary area or seasonal closures and rights-based management approaches may be more appropriate than the formation of MPAs, and certainly more acceptable from political and socioeconomic perspectives. However, these measures may only work if traditional and local compliance systems are in place. From a fisheries management perspective, the choice of tool to manage spawning aggregations should be part of a suite of measures to manage the overall fishery, which is relevant to both governmental and community-based regimes. A much greater emphasis on, and support for, research will be required in the region if spawning aggregation protection is to be part of regional fisheries management and conservation toolboxes. Plans for a wider regional research and management programme on spawning aggregations are at an advanced stage. Studies will focus on further verification of reported aggregation sites. This will be followed by efforts to define the spatial and temporal dynamics of aggregations at key sites in order to provide information for management. In addition to research, components of the programme will focus on closed area design and application, reserve networking and awareness raising activities within fisheries and conservation management domains. /9;A63FEBGE>EA@)$ Studies contributing the main body of research reviewed in this paper have been funded through grants under the MARG (Msambweni, Kenya) and MASMA programmes (Seychelles) of WIOMSA, and by NOAA and NORAD through IUCN’s Eastern Africa Regional Programme (Eastern Africa). The senior author’s contribution was funded by the Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA). CORDIO East Africa’s participatory catch monitoring programme is acknowledged for data for Figure 3. !E%E!EA9E)$ Adam, M. S., (2006). Country review: Maldives. In: De Young, C., (ed.) Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 488. Rome, FAO. 2006. pp. 383-392. Anderson, J. D., (2004). Analysis of reef fisheries under co-management in Tanga. IUCN- Eastern Africa Regional Programme and Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme, IUCN-EARO, Nairobi, Kenya. 51 pp. Aumeeruddy, R., & Robinson, J., (2006). “Closure of the live reef food fish fishery in Seychelles”. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin 16: 3-9. Beets, J., & Friedlander, A., (1998). “Evaluation of a conservation strategy: a spawning aggregation closure for red hind, Epinephelus guttatus, in the U.S. Virgin Islands”. Env. Biol. Fish. 55: 91-98. Bolden, S. K., (2000). “Long-distance movement of a Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) to a spawning aggregation in the central Bahamas. Fish. Bull. 98: 642-645. Claydon, J., (2004). “Spawning aggregations of coral reef fishes: characteristics, hypotheses, threats and management”. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 2004, 42: 265-302. Colin, P. L., Sadovy, Y. J., & Domeier, M. L., (2003). Manual for the Study and Conservation of Reef fish Spawning Aggregations. Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations, Special Publication No. 1 (Version 1.0). 98 + iii pp. Cornish, A. S., (2005). Development and Summary of Global Spawning Aggregation Database. Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations. www.scrfa.org. 16 pp. Daw, T. (2004). Reef Fish Aggregations in Sabah, East Malaysia: a report on stakeholder interviews conducted for the Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations. Western Pacific Fisher Survey Series: Volume 5, April 2004. 59 pp. 273
De Young, C., (ed.) Review of the State of World Marine Capture Fisheries Management: Indian Ocean. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 488. Rome, FAO. 2006. 458 pp. Domeier, M. L., & Colin, P. L., (1997). “Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed”. Bull. Mar. Sci. 60: 698-726. FAO (2006). Report of the First Session of the Scientific Committee of the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission. Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania, 31 May–3 June 2006. FAO Fisheries Report. No. 806, FAO. 2006. 79 pp. Gell, F. R., & Roberts, C. M., (2003). “Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves”. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18: 448-454. Grandcourt, E. M., (2005). “Demographic characteristics of selected Epinepheline Groupers (Family: Serranidae; Subfamily: Epinephelinae) from Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles”. Atoll Res. Bull. 539: 200-216. Grimsditch, G. D., & Salm, R. V., (2006). Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 52 pp. Halpern, B. S., (2003). “The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter” Ecol. Appl. 13: S117-S137. Hornell, J., (1927). Report on the Fisheries and Fish Resources of the Seychelles Islands. H.M.S.O, London. 76 pp. Jackson, J. B. C., and 18 coauthors, (2001). “Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems”. Science 293: 629-638. Johannes, R. E., (1981). Words of the lagoon: fishing and marine lore in the Palau district of Micronesia. University of California Press, Berkeley. 245 pp. Johannes, R. E., Squire, L., Graham, T., Sadovy, Y., & Renguul, H., (1999). Spawning aggregations of groupers (Serranidae) in Palau. Marine Conservation Research Series Publication No. 1, The Nature Conservancy. 144 pp. Kaunda-Arara, B., Rose, G. A., Muchiri, M. S., & Kaka, R., (2003). “Long-term trends in coral reef fish yields and exploitation rates of commercial species from coastal Kenya”. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 2: 105-116. Kimani, P., (in prep). Fishers’ perspectives of fish spawning aggregations phenomenon and the role of local ecological knowledge in identification of spawning sites and seasons. Report to WIOMSA. Kulmiye, A. J., Ntiba, M. J., & Kisia, S. M., (2002). “Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the thumbprint emperor, Lethrinus harak (Forsskal, 1775), in Kenyan coastal waters”. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 1: 135-144. McClanahan, T. R., Muthiga, N. A., Kamukuru, A. T., Machano, H., & R. Kiambo., (1999). “The effects of marine parks and fishing on the coral reefs of northern Tanzania”. Biol. Cons. 89: 161-182. McClanahan, T., Sheppard, C., & Obura, D., (2000). Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. Munro, J. L., Gaut, V. C., Thompson, R., & Reeson, P. H., (1973). “The spawning seasons of Caribbean reef fishes”. J. Fish. Biol. 5: 69-84. Ntiba, M. J., & Jaccarini, V., (1990). “Gonad maturation and spawning times of Siganus sutor off the Kenya coast: evidence for definite spawning seasons in a tropical fish”. J. Fish Biol. 37: 315-325. Nzioka, R. M., (1979). “Observations on the spawning seasons of East African reef fishes”. J. Fish. Biol. 14: 329- 342. Obura, D., (2005). “Resilience and climate change – lessons from coral reefs and bleaching in the Western Indian Ocean”. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 63 (2005) 353–372. Obura, D., (2005). “East Africa – Summary”. In: Souter, D., Lindén, O., (eds.) Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status Report 2005. CORDIO, Kalmar. 285 pp. 274
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! ! ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND D
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COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOP
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' (")*$)*+' Foreword PART 1 - Regio
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The Lallie Didham Coral and Shell C
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! ! "#$%&#!'()(*+!$,-./(!0112! ! 3)
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,$)'-$.#+'/0*$#'12$.345)6'7'8"95)6'
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=">*4'/+5.'7'=>.#@' ' JERKER TAMELA
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emains patchy (Arthur 2008). Althou
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egions facing multiple stresses tha
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eports were identified as a crucial
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Climate Change Fourth Assessment Re
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Tamelander, J. and Hoon, V. (2008).
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)&..)'=$.'7'=>.#@' ' HANSA CHANSANG
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(Narumon 2008.) has compiled socioe
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(C:(HD=BC:'/:
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F.+*'/0#53.'.)&'B+2.)&+'7'=>.#@' '
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egions. Initially stopped in 1996 t
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!"#"$%&'(&)'*#+&,--(%&./&"0-&!$*./&
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8#F+-& HG& C*-/$;!($-$%(!6-$*@2,)*(
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coral cover over time (Fig. 3). Two
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Lee F. and Chou L. M. (1998). The A
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!9=&!:9!&70
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+1@75356=/1039=A
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*1E
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than 2m had been killed in Dutch Ba
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event and 2004 tsunami. In: Souter,
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!"#$%&'()*(+,,*(+,-$&,.(+,')/0%,( 1
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defence against waves provided by t
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=$L-,( H6!C+$*!($%0+3;&3-.%6!D$.$+*
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=$L-,(PI!*+3.$!%;$03$%!3($.&313$(!3
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H 2 S concentration in husk pit wat
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district alone, 90% of them being w
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of reefs remain healthy to support
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patterns of coral larval settlement
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'!!" !"#$"%&'$()"# &!" %!" $!" 5*61
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*(#+,'-,"+$./%0 #JI!! !.*%/-4+'-23-
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patterns of recruitment. Unraveling
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@5$*-&A!"#$%"&'"()*"+,-'"&'"#$..$/"
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fishing intensity can be observed.
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0D8E:;!& )'*#+&!"#"$%& Surveys were
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*+,-./*01 2+,3415 ! "# #! $# %!! &
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located very close to the mainland,
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Mahadevan S. and Nayar K.N., (1972)
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Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) * Acro
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Porites complanata Porites nodifera
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Oscillation (ENSO) event (Sheppard
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# * + ! !!"#$%&'$()*+,#-)./#0*1*0*%
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92:5.;2-7.5
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)*+.$6"F*'"& There is a general pau
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herbicides in coastal waters of the
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D4#"-&BC&>(0%#@+3%&#$'++A%)9$,0+/$-
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:#+4-&B=$!8+-%#0$"(F%-(-$7'(&&%,%7(
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i. ii. iv. iii. vi. vii. v. viii. x
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genus was Montipora (50% of live co
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seas of the Seychelles Bank in the
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!"#$%&'!()&*+',()-.'/"0")"1'' 2344+
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=(K%+'@A!8%-$'$:)!.#/!#)6.'$:)!.-;)
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their efforts were futile because f
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M=>C34.=IC10.17.I1>H3 X3346H3.7;P06
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the situation for the following gen
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estimated to be more than 5000 km (
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'A752#0!@#;H2)!%&!&%H+!)/12)!*%5L M
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8$F%(&I@&O22&!&/)-!M/%5#))!#1!5#+/0
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1,2342, 5,6
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8$F%(&LE!:H55#+N!%&!+22&!&/)-!%M)2+
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Comparison of coral reef criteria m
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McClanahan, T.R. and Shafir, S.H. (
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eing used to establish fish movemen
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eing more resilient as they are nom
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112
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communities on reefs subsequently e
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C$8,&'MN'"#$$%&'!&()#*+)!,-!.(/+012
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C$8,&'
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120
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(Davidson et al., 2006). It is boun
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D4%*(+IE+L2.%+,$;"%$))&*'03+!" asso
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D4%*(+L!"J26*2)$6"5)&2%"&'"*+,"4&.,
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Island, Mozambique, Marine Ecologic
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=23G#(*BC!"#$!%&'()&*+(&,-!,.!/,)01
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4%H-(*FC*&'#!)$/,)%&-3!($2710($!.,)
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larval source reefs, which could be
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4%H-(* JP* "#$!2,%&.&$%!H$$.!*$-(#,
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temporal Variation in Seawater Temp
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-(A.%$*BC!"#$!%&!'()!*)+'),-!.-/0#-
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8&F#$*EC!I%,#=!+$)20)+!/0C),+0'6!&%
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8&F#$*GC*Q#2'%,+!2%-',085'0-4!'%!'(
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intercepts. The island and Kenya si
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148
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150
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4+>'/2%"!!#$%!&'()*+,!&-./01!&*20&!
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)! (! '! &! %! $! #! "! ! *+,-./012
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!""#$#%&'$(%)*+&&$,-./$'+ 01 2 !""#
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&)M02% G"! #0$+! $B-+5$+40! >+("'$
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napoleon wrasse, is required to des
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@(;=' In response to worldwide degr
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transects, and at each 0.5 m interv
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A,,B*B31-*C397)11*.D6*-)E#5 #$!! #!
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dependency on fishing in these area
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Babcock, R.C. Kelly, S. Shears, N.T
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172
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1#:7.&B"!8,5%2!:$%0%!/%'5$,-!)22%22
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@3A$*.& HI& F%'5$,-!-.6%0!)5!254(7!
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1#:7.&M>!25,*)5%(!0%%@!()*)=%!,'!H,
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1) showed an average coral cover 32
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around 40%. Reefs in this area are
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184
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4 and 11 o S (Fig. 1). Forty-one is
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coral reefs in the Indian Ocean in
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C-A+3#' NE' ").(#+*.#0!1#R#-)>!#V!.
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the Seychelles, containing 7 of the
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,-.% '(-( 7*.3-38* H9(3:8 1/9/00* )
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ut minor elsewhere. These damages,
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198
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200
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.61#$@!"#$%"&'"()*+,"(-).(!" Howeve
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$ 3%8=B!8$ >.61#$ EF""/0.1$2."34()$
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.61#$OF""Q.1H.5)$2."&'"H&1$>"$1.$"H
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5678947.:5( ,"#&!' +"#&!' *"#&!' )"
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proportion of the total coral are a
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212
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appeared to be males, releasing a c
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D&'E,+(M"!0Q(%%*-+2!$-.!4)$B-*-+!95
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:#4I+(LA!!>;(!%*,*-+!9( The 17 Acro
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8O5B@P2B>:!( ( This study was suppo
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Page 259 and 260: critical for the survival of a cora
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Page 263 and 264: %@3.+'K5""P(#%(&*-*(+"(1"7.072*-&"%
Page 265 and 266: '()*+,-)(. /-)(..012+(.3(2++ 4(,)-(
Page 267 and 268: In conclusion, protection level and
Page 269 and 270: 234
Page 271 and 272: "#23,% AB!"#$%$&'#(!"%))*(#+&%$!,$#
Page 273 and 274: :-02.(* ;
Page 275 and 276: Although different zooxanthellae de
Page 277 and 278: H(6I'$"/!""!"#$%$#&"#$%&%""'()*"+,-
Page 279 and 280: 244
Page 281 and 282: !&='#$(@.#$
Page 283 and 284: 248
Page 285 and 286: esilience of coral reef sites to cl
Page 287 and 288: RESILIENCE FACTORS & INDICATORS a)
Page 289 and 290: c) Cooling and flushing factors Cur
Page 291 and 292: e) Shading and screening factors Co
Page 293 and 294: g) Coral associates Obligate feeder
Page 295 and 296: i) Anthropogenic factors Nutrient i
Page 297 and 298: 262
Page 299 and 300: Payet, 2005), problems in the regio
Page 301 and 302: where these species are important c
Page 303 and 304: hundreds to tens of thousands (Smit
Page 305 and 306: @+I
Page 307: (+&& ()&& BE21A$M9!N42$58N7 (&&& /&
Page 311 and 312: Samoilys, M. A., Wells, S., Anderso
Page 313 and 314: the entire coral reef ecosystem is
Page 315 and 316: Thailand provided some evidence of
Page 317 and 318: 282
Page 319 and 320: 284
Page 321 and 322: informal discussion with key inform
Page 323 and 324: 10 days, while higher operating eff
Page 325 and 326: more reef-associated fishes than us
Page 327 and 328: 292
Page 329 and 330: (2A&#$ B"!#$%!&'!()$**+!+,-$./!$./!
Page 331 and 332: !*H,#$BI$B11'!'+,0"!:&9$-!.$61,!$./
Page 333 and 334: M U L S K @ J T > M 8$-$!$/+E$-!
Page 335 and 336: M"L M"K M"J M"> M "L "K "J "> M >
Page 337 and 338: !*H,#$MI$R1$3!,1-19*+F+*E"!X%19+1,!
Page 339 and 340: of only 13 species groups. It is no
Page 341 and 342: total collapse. Thus CPUE trends ov
Page 343 and 344: Arthur R, (2008). Patterns of benth
Page 345 and 346: 8()K$%*L!"#$!%&!'()!*+#,+-.(#/)!0))
Page 347 and 348: 8()K$%*BL!7,,8#/!#,5!2)#2%,#/!'0),5
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Page 351 and 352: 8()K$%*DL!!9)0I),'#4)!I%$%2+'+%,!%&
Page 353 and 354: the higher diversity reported here.
Page 355 and 356: Obura, D. (2001a). Participatory mo
Page 357 and 358: *&E,2)F!"#$%&$'("()*+",%)-"$'".&)"%
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-$(502)O!"I)12+.$'("@".2">A!" them
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showed declines in numbers of fishe
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*&E,2)P!"O%.$9*.)"23".2.*7"',9
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the lagoons are more exposed to oce
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e 5,890 fishers and 4,164 tonnes/yr
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!""#""$#%&'()'*+",#-)(./'0-12%+32&+
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1. The Map Layers Window lists all
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detail for expert users. The issues
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352
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356
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gradually transformed from marine h
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8=4BC)!D!)!9B)ED=F-B8)) G#H/+*)IJ)!
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do not have qualifications to apply
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is around 5,000 baht (U$ 125), or 2
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='L(*)IJ)N"7,'4%$'%,427,)*+$,&-$%27
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training and workshops for small gr
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370
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Box 1: Principles for Identifying O
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-Needs a systematic approach that r
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!(E)#$HI$!"#$%&'(')*+,'-.%/%01')&/2
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Box 3: Key Stages in Supporting Liv
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contributed to their successes and
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$ $ 9&J$QK$B-.#',3(-.0-;$+(>3&',$3"
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6$S&'P0-;$C/@$6=='&(>"$ The SLED ap
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386
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growing populations that utilize th
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particularly valuable resources sup
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@/A6+#$IC!!.&'*#/01*21$3!2#3!#4!3%&
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successful because the products hav
Page 431 and 432:
396
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et al., 2007). Many conservation pr
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8$GB)&HI&7$/1/"+/$+1,%"(/%)/1",1/"0
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C(/"1)&KI&V*.-")1,
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Aquatic protected areas as fisherie
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82.*%(BC!"!#$%!&'()*+,'-!&'-$*.&$/!
Page 443 and 444:
408
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78.*%(
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I+J)4,' KL' !"#$ %&$ '()$ *+,%,-%./
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#5&,'ML'I+4)0+(%%-$"7'+4+'+)5$1)7%1
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much fewer households compared to f
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Malleret-King D, King A, Manghubhai
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evening respectively) during dry se
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'71.&# QP!)'#!$1!90%:'!6$',(!,-$.+%
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#;= #;< #;$ !;> !;= !;< !;$ # ! ##$
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2($&.#L(37$/# Conversion of wetland
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that nitrogen was well utilized in
Page 465 and 466:
Boyd, C. E. (1990). Water quality i
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432
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434
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(*/&"'!"#$%"&%'%()*+%,-")."-%/0$1,2
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80% of the participants rating all
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obtained during our surveys of the
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In Kenya, the primary school curric
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A pre-seminar questionnaire is used
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446
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Sarah Ater CORDIO East Africa 9 Kib
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Andriamalala Gildas Blue Ventures M
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Alke Kruger Oceanographic Research
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William Nyaga CORDIO East Africa 9
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Nitiya Sangkhanan Environmental Sci
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