CORDIO Status Report 2008.pdf

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Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report - Summary for Policymakers. IPCC (2007) b. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Working Group III Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. IPCC (2007) c. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Summary for Policymakers. IPCC (2007) d. Climate Change 2007: Summary for Policymakers of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. IUCN (2006). Climate Change and Coral Reefs Marine Working Group. IUCN, TNC, CORDIO. http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/coral_reefs/cccr/ cccr_home.html. IUCN (2007) a. Summary record of the South Asia Reef Resilience Workshop, 15-18 January 2007, Bentota, Sri Lanka. IUCN 2007. IUCN (2007) b. Summary record of the Coral Reef Experts Group Meeting, 19-20 January 2007, Bentota, Sri Lanka. IUCN 2007. Kleypas, J.A., McManus, J.& Menez, L. (1999). Using environmental data to define reef habitat: where do we draw the line American Zoologist 39, 146– 159 . Kulkarni. S., Patankar, V., D’souza, E. (2008). Status of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Coral Reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. In: Ten years after bleaching-facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2008. Eds. Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordio.org . Pp 173-184. Kumara T.P.P.B., Kumara, W.A.A.U., Sandaruwan, H.A.A., Iroshanie, R.G.A., Upendra, H.B.L., Cumaranatunga, P.R.T. (2008). Impacts of reef related resource exploitation on coral reefs: Some cases from Southern Sri Lanka.In: Ten years after bleaching-facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2008. Eds. Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordio.org . Pp 23-38. Laffoley, D. d’A., (ed.) 2006. The WCPA - Marine Plan of Action. Working together to secure a global, representative system of lasting networks of Marine Protected Areas (consultation version). IUCN WCPA, Gland, Switzerland. 26 pp. Lindeboom H. 2002: The coastal zome: an ecosystem under pressure. In: Field J.G., Hempel G. and Summerhayes C.P. (eds) 2002: Oceans 2020: Science, Trends and the Challenge of Sustainability. Island Press, pp49-84 Lindén, O., Souter D., Wilhelmsson D. & Obura D., (Eds.) (2002) Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status Report 2002. CORDIO/Sida/ WWF/IUCN/Finland/The Netherlands. 284pp. Linden, O., Sporrong, N. (Eds.) (1999). Coral Reef Degradation in the India Ocean. Status reports and project presentations 1999. CORDIO/SAREC Marine Science Program. 108pp. Patterson Edward, J.K., Mathews, G., Patterson, J., Ramkumar, R., Wilhelmsson, D., Tamelander, J. and Linden, O. (2008). Status of coral reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India. In: Ten years after bleaching-facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report xix
2008. Eds. Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordio.org . Pp 45-60. Patterson Edward, J.K., Sarang Kulkanri, R. Jeyabaskaran, Sri Lazarus, Anita Mary, K. Venkataraman, Swayam Prabha Das, Jerker Tamelander, Arjan Rajasuriya, K. Jayakumar, Ak Kumaraguru, N. Marimuthu, Robert Sluka, and J. Jerald Wilson (2005). 7. The Effects of the 2004 Tsunami on Mainland India and The Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Wilkinson C, Souther D amnd Goldnberg J (eds) 2005. Status of Coral Reefs in Tsunami Affected Countries 2005. GCRMN. Patterson, J., Patterson Edward, J.K., Samuel, V.D., Wilhelmsson, D., Tamelander, J. and Linden, O. (2008). The role of alternate livelihoods and awareness creation in coral reef conservation in the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India. In: Ten years after bleaching-facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2008. Eds. Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordio.org . Pp 387-396. Rajasuriya, A. (2008). Status of coral reefs in northern, western and southern coastal waters of Sri Lanka. In: Ten years after bleaching-facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO Status Report 2008. Eds. Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. CORDIO (Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean)/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordio.org . Pp 11-22. Rajasuriya A, Hussein Zahir, K Venkataraman, Zahirul Islam and Jerker Tamelander (2004). 8. Status Of Coral Reefs In South Asia: Bangladesh, Chagos, India, Maldives And Sri Lanka. In: Wilkinson (ed) 2004. Status of Coral Reefs of the World. GCRMN. Rajasuriya A, Nishan Perera, Chaminda Karunarathna, Malik Fernando and Jerker Tamelander (2005). 8. Status of Coral Reefs in Sri Lanka after the Tsunami. In: Wilkinson C, Souther D amnd Goldnberg J (eds) 2005. Status of Coral Reefs in Tsunami Affected Countries 2005. GCRMN. Reef Resilience (R2) Toolkit (2004). http:// www.reefresilience.org/. Rengasamy, S., John Devavaram, Rajendra Prasad and Erskine Arunodaya (2003). A Case Study from the Gulf of Mannar In: Wittingham E., Campbell J. and Townsley. P. (eds) 2003. Poverty and Reefs: Volume 2 Case Studies”, DFID-IMM-IOC/UNESCO. 260pp. SACEP (2007). Second Regional Coordination Workshop – South Asia MCPA Project, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 25–27th July 2007. Workshop Report. South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme. 36pp. Samoilys, M. (2006). Evaluation of CORDIO South Asia: Relevance to and impact on regional and national coral reef policy formulation and implementation. IUCN Global Marine Programme and Eastern Africa Regional Programme, September 2006. 28pp. Singh, A. and Harry Andrews (2003). A Case Study from South Andaman Island In: Wittingham E., Campbell J. and Townsley. P. (eds) 2003. Poverty and Reefs: Volume 2 Case Studies”, DFID-IMM-IOC/ UNESCO. 260pp. Souter, D. and Lindén, O. (Eds.) (2005). Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status Report 2005. CORDIO/ Sida/IUCN. 205pp. Souter, D., Obura, D. and Lindén, O. (Eds.) (2000). Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status Report 2000. CORDIO/ SAREC. 205pp. xx
Page 2: ! ! ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND D
Page 5 and 6: COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOP
Page 8 and 9: ' (")*$)*+' Foreword PART 1 - Regio
Page 10 and 11: The Lallie Didham Coral and Shell C
Page 12 and 13: ! ! "#$%&#!'()(*+!$,-./(!0112! ! 3)
Page 14 and 15: ,$)'-$.#+'/0*$#'12$.345)6'7'8"95)6'
Page 16 and 17: =">*4'/+5.'7'=>.#@' ' JERKER TAMELA
Page 18 and 19: emains patchy (Arthur 2008). Althou
Page 20 and 21: egions facing multiple stresses tha
Page 22 and 23: eports were identified as a crucial
Page 26 and 27: Tamelander, J. and Hoon, V. (2008).
Page 28 and 29: )&..)'=$.'7'=>.#@' ' HANSA CHANSANG
Page 30 and 31: (Narumon 2008.) has compiled socioe
Page 32 and 33: (C:(HD=BC:'/:
Page 34 and 35: F.+*'/0#53.'.)&'B+2.)&+'7'=>.#@' '
Page 36 and 37: egions. Initially stopped in 1996 t
Page 38 and 39: !"#"$%&'(&)'*#+&,--(%&./&"0-&!$*./&
Page 40 and 41: 8#F+-& HG& C*-/$;!($-$%(!6-$*@2,)*(
Page 42 and 43: coral cover over time (Fig. 3). Two
Page 44: Lee F. and Chou L. M. (1998). The A
Page 47 and 48: !9=&!:9!&70
Page 49 and 50: +1@75356=/1039=A
Page 51 and 52: *1E
Page 53 and 54: than 2m had been killed in Dutch Ba
Page 55 and 56: event and 2004 tsunami. In: Souter,
Page 58 and 59: !"#$%&'()*(+,,*(+,-$&,.(+,')/0%,( 1
Page 60 and 61: defence against waves provided by t
Page 62 and 63: =$L-,( H6!C+$*!($%0+3;&3-.%6!D$.$+*
Page 64 and 65: =$L-,(PI!*+3.$!%;$03$%!3($.&313$(!3
Page 66 and 67: H 2 S concentration in husk pit wat
Page 68 and 69: district alone, 90% of them being w
Page 70 and 71: of reefs remain healthy to support
Page 72: patterns of coral larval settlement
Page 75 and 76:
'!!" !"#$"%&'$()"# &!" %!" $!" 5*61
Page 77 and 78:
*(#+,'-,"+$./%0 #JI!! !.*%/-4+'-23-
Page 79 and 80:
patterns of recruitment. Unraveling
Page 81 and 82:
@5$*-&A!"#$%"&'"()*"+,-'"&'"#$..$/"
Page 83 and 84:
fishing intensity can be observed.
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0D8E:;!& )'*#+&!"#"$%& Surveys were
Page 87 and 88:
*+,-./*01 2+,3415 ! "# #! $# %!! &
Page 89 and 90:
located very close to the mainland,
Page 91 and 92:
Mahadevan S. and Nayar K.N., (1972)
Page 93 and 94:
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) * Acro
Page 95 and 96:
Porites complanata Porites nodifera
Page 97 and 98:
Oscillation (ENSO) event (Sheppard
Page 99 and 100:
# * + ! !!"#$%&'$()*+,#-)./#0*1*0*%
Page 101 and 102:
92:5.;2-7.5
Page 103 and 104:
)*+.$6"F*'"& There is a general pau
Page 105 and 106:
herbicides in coastal waters of the
Page 107 and 108:
D4#"-&BC&>(0%#@+3%&#$'++A%)9$,0+/$-
Page 109 and 110:
:#+4-&B=$!8+-%#0$"(F%-(-$7'(&&%,%7(
Page 111 and 112:
i. ii. iv. iii. vi. vii. v. viii. x
Page 113 and 114:
genus was Montipora (50% of live co
Page 115 and 116:
seas of the Seychelles Bank in the
Page 118 and 119:
!"#$%&'!()&*+',()-.'/"0")"1'' 2344+
Page 120 and 121:
=(K%+'@A!8%-$'$:)!.#/!#)6.'$:)!.-;)
Page 122 and 123:
their efforts were futile because f
Page 124 and 125:
M=>C34.=IC10.17.I1>H3 X3346H3.7;P06
Page 126:
the situation for the following gen
Page 129 and 130:
estimated to be more than 5000 km (
Page 131 and 132:
'A752#0!@#;H2)!%&!&%H+!)/12)!*%5L M
Page 133 and 134:
8$F%(&I@&O22&!&/)-!M/%5#))!#1!5#+/0
Page 135 and 136:
1,2342, 5,6
Page 137 and 138:
8$F%(&LE!:H55#+N!%&!+22&!&/)-!%M)2+
Page 139 and 140:
Comparison of coral reef criteria m
Page 141 and 142:
McClanahan, T.R. and Shafir, S.H. (
Page 143 and 144:
eing used to establish fish movemen
Page 145 and 146:
eing more resilient as they are nom
Page 147 and 148:
112
Page 149 and 150:
communities on reefs subsequently e
Page 151 and 152:
C$8,&'MN'"#$$%&'!&()#*+)!,-!.(/+012
Page 153 and 154:
C$8,&'
Page 155 and 156:
120
Page 157 and 158:
(Davidson et al., 2006). It is boun
Page 159 and 160:
D4%*(+IE+L2.%+,$;"%$))&*'03+!" asso
Page 161 and 162:
D4%*(+L!"J26*2)$6"5)&2%"&'"*+,"4&.,
Page 163 and 164:
Island, Mozambique, Marine Ecologic
Page 165 and 166:
=23G#(*BC!"#$!%&'()&*+(&,-!,.!/,)01
Page 167 and 168:
4%H-(*FC*&'#!)$/,)%&-3!($2710($!.,)
Page 169 and 170:
larval source reefs, which could be
Page 171 and 172:
4%H-(* JP* "#$!2,%&.&$%!H$$.!*$-(#,
Page 173 and 174:
temporal Variation in Seawater Temp
Page 175 and 176:
-(A.%$*BC!"#$!%&!'()!*)+'),-!.-/0#-
Page 177 and 178:
8&F#$*EC!I%,#=!+$)20)+!/0C),+0'6!&%
Page 179 and 180:
8&F#$*GC*Q#2'%,+!2%-',085'0-4!'%!'(
Page 181 and 182:
intercepts. The island and Kenya si
Page 183 and 184:
148
Page 185 and 186:
150
Page 187 and 188:
4+>'/2%"!!#$%!&'()*+,!&-./01!&*20&!
Page 189 and 190:
)! (! '! &! %! $! #! "! ! *+,-./012
Page 191 and 192:
!""#$#%&'$(%)*+&&$,-./$'+ 01 2 !""#
Page 193 and 194:
&)M02% G"! #0$+! $B-+5$+40! >+("'$
Page 195 and 196:
napoleon wrasse, is required to des
Page 197 and 198:
@(;=' In response to worldwide degr
Page 199 and 200:
transects, and at each 0.5 m interv
Page 201 and 202:
A,,B*B31-*C397)11*.D6*-)E#5 #$!! #!
Page 203 and 204:
dependency on fishing in these area
Page 205 and 206:
Babcock, R.C. Kelly, S. Shears, N.T
Page 207 and 208:
172
Page 209 and 210:
1#:7.&B"!8,5%2!:$%0%!/%'5$,-!)22%22
Page 211 and 212:
@3A$*.& HI& F%'5$,-!-.6%0!)5!254(7!
Page 213 and 214:
1#:7.&M>!25,*)5%(!0%%@!()*)=%!,'!H,
Page 215 and 216:
1) showed an average coral cover 32
Page 217 and 218:
around 40%. Reefs in this area are
Page 219 and 220:
184
Page 221 and 222:
4 and 11 o S (Fig. 1). Forty-one is
Page 223 and 224:
coral reefs in the Indian Ocean in
Page 225 and 226:
C-A+3#' NE' ").(#+*.#0!1#R#-)>!#V!.
Page 227 and 228:
the Seychelles, containing 7 of the
Page 229 and 230:
,-.% '(-( 7*.3-38* H9(3:8 1/9/00* )
Page 231 and 232:
ut minor elsewhere. These damages,
Page 233 and 234:
198
Page 235 and 236:
200
Page 237 and 238:
.61#$@!"#$%"&'"()*+,"(-).(!" Howeve
Page 239 and 240:
$ 3%8=B!8$ >.61#$ EF""/0.1$2."34()$
Page 241 and 242:
.61#$OF""Q.1H.5)$2."&'"H&1$>"$1.$"H
Page 243 and 244:
5678947.:5( ,"#&!' +"#&!' *"#&!' )"
Page 245 and 246:
proportion of the total coral are a
Page 247 and 248:
212
Page 249 and 250:
appeared to be males, releasing a c
Page 251 and 252:
D&'E,+(M"!0Q(%%*-+2!$-.!4)$B-*-+!95
Page 253 and 254:
:#4I+(LA!!>;(!%*,*-+!9( The 17 Acro
Page 255 and 256:
8O5B@P2B>:!( ( This study was suppo
Page 257 and 258:
222
Page 259 and 260:
critical for the survival of a cora
Page 261 and 262:
%@3.+' HB' !62+3$+0."(1"7.072*-&"%.
Page 263 and 264:
%@3.+'K5""P(#%(&*-*(+"(1"7.072*-&"%
Page 265 and 266:
'()*+,-)(. /-)(..012+(.3(2++ 4(,)-(
Page 267 and 268:
In conclusion, protection level and
Page 269 and 270:
234
Page 271 and 272:
"#23,% AB!"#$%$&'#(!"%))*(#+&%$!,$#
Page 273 and 274:
:-02.(* ;
Page 275 and 276:
Although different zooxanthellae de
Page 277 and 278:
H(6I'$"/!""!"#$%$#&"#$%&%""'()*"+,-
Page 279 and 280:
244
Page 281 and 282:
!&='#$(@.#$
Page 283 and 284:
248
Page 285 and 286:
esilience of coral reef sites to cl
Page 287 and 288:
RESILIENCE FACTORS & INDICATORS a)
Page 289 and 290:
c) Cooling and flushing factors Cur
Page 291 and 292:
e) Shading and screening factors Co
Page 293 and 294:
g) Coral associates Obligate feeder
Page 295 and 296:
i) Anthropogenic factors Nutrient i
Page 297 and 298:
262
Page 299 and 300:
Payet, 2005), problems in the regio
Page 301 and 302:
where these species are important c
Page 303 and 304:
hundreds to tens of thousands (Smit
Page 305 and 306:
@+I
Page 307 and 308:
(+&& ()&& BE21A$M9!N42$58N7 (&&& /&
Page 309 and 310:
De Young, C., (ed.) Review of the S
Page 311 and 312:
Samoilys, M. A., Wells, S., Anderso
Page 313 and 314:
the entire coral reef ecosystem is
Page 315 and 316:
Thailand provided some evidence of
Page 317 and 318:
282
Page 319 and 320:
284
Page 321 and 322:
informal discussion with key inform
Page 323 and 324:
10 days, while higher operating eff
Page 325 and 326:
more reef-associated fishes than us
Page 327 and 328:
292
Page 329 and 330:
(2A&#$ B"!#$%!&'!()$**+!+,-$./!$./!
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!*H,#$BI$B11'!'+,0"!:&9$-!.$61,!$./
Page 333 and 334:
M U L S K @ J T > M 8$-$!$/+E$-!
Page 335 and 336:
M"L M"K M"J M"> M "L "K "J "> M >
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!*H,#$MI$R1$3!,1-19*+F+*E"!X%19+1,!
Page 339 and 340:
of only 13 species groups. It is no
Page 341 and 342:
total collapse. Thus CPUE trends ov
Page 343 and 344:
Arthur R, (2008). Patterns of benth
Page 345 and 346:
8()K$%*L!"#$!%&!'()!*+#,+-.(#/)!0))
Page 347 and 348:
8()K$%*BL!7,,8#/!#,5!2)#2%,#/!'0),5
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H&V3%* B6! .#'I(! $)0&%0#,I)! %&! &
Page 351 and 352:
8()K$%*DL!!9)0I),'#4)!I%$%2+'+%,!%&
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the higher diversity reported here.
Page 355 and 356:
Obura, D. (2001a). Participatory mo
Page 357 and 358:
*&E,2)F!"#$%&$'("()*+",%)-"$'".&)"%
Page 360 and 361:
-$(502)O!"I)12+.$'("@".2">A!" them
Page 362 and 363:
showed declines in numbers of fishe
Page 364 and 365:
*&E,2)P!"O%.$9*.)"23".2.*7"',9
Page 366 and 367:
the lagoons are more exposed to oce
Page 368 and 369:
e 5,890 fishers and 4,164 tonnes/yr
Page 370 and 371:
!""#""$#%&'()'*+",#-)(./'0-12%+32&+
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D2G.#' KL' 32&+" 34=" 3'.-4>2+" -,"
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D2G.#'N5"G.-01"2&2$&.+:)1",&&"+(.0'
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!"#$"%$&'()"*+'*,( ") "' "% "# "! )
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344
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=63
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1. The Map Layers Window lists all
Page 385 and 386:
detail for expert users. The issues
Page 387 and 388:
352
Page 389 and 390:
!"#$%&%!"'$(%)*+,+"#-.% /'0%1'+#2"%
Page 391 and 392:
356
Page 393 and 394:
gradually transformed from marine h
Page 395 and 396:
8=4BC)!D!)!9B)ED=F-B8)) G#H/+*)IJ)!
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do not have qualifications to apply
Page 399 and 400:
is around 5,000 baht (U$ 125), or 2
Page 401 and 402:
='L(*)IJ)N"7,'4%$'%,427,)*+$,&-$%27
Page 403 and 404:
training and workshops for small gr
Page 405 and 406:
370
Page 407 and 408:
Box 1: Principles for Identifying O
Page 409 and 410:
-Needs a systematic approach that r
Page 411 and 412:
!(E)#$HI$!"#$%&'(')*+,'-.%/%01')&/2
Page 413 and 414:
Box 3: Key Stages in Supporting Liv
Page 415 and 416:
contributed to their successes and
Page 417 and 418:
$ $ 9&J$QK$B-.#',3(-.0-;$+(>3&',$3"
Page 419 and 420:
6$S&'P0-;$C/@$6=='&(>"$ The SLED ap
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386
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growing populations that utilize th
Page 425 and 426:
particularly valuable resources sup
Page 427 and 428:
@/A6+#$IC!!.&'*#/01*21$3!2#3!#4!3%&
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successful because the products hav
Page 431 and 432:
396
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et al., 2007). Many conservation pr
Page 435 and 436:
8$GB)&HI&7$/1/"+/$+1,%"(/%)/1",1/"0
Page 437 and 438:
C(/"1)&KI&V*.-")1,
Page 439 and 440:
Aquatic protected areas as fisherie
Page 441 and 442:
82.*%(BC!"!#$%!&'()*+,'-!&'-$*.&$/!
Page 443 and 444:
408
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78.*%(
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I+J)4,' KL' !"#$ %&$ '()$ *+,%,-%./
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#5&,'ML'I+4)0+(%%-$"7'+4+'+)5$1)7%1
Page 451 and 452:
much fewer households compared to f
Page 453 and 454:
Malleret-King D, King A, Manghubhai
Page 455 and 456:
evening respectively) during dry se
Page 457 and 458:
'71.&# QP!)'#!$1!90%:'!6$',(!,-$.+%
Page 459 and 460:
#;= #;< #;$ !;> !;= !;< !;$ # ! ##$
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2($&.#L(37$/# Conversion of wetland
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that nitrogen was well utilized in
Page 465 and 466:
Boyd, C. E. (1990). Water quality i
Page 467 and 468:
432
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434
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(*/&"'!"#$%"&%'%()*+%,-")."-%/0$1,2
Page 473 and 474:
80% of the participants rating all
Page 475 and 476:
obtained during our surveys of the
Page 477 and 478:
In Kenya, the primary school curric
Page 479 and 480:
A pre-seminar questionnaire is used
Page 481 and 482:
446
Page 483 and 484:
Sarah Ater CORDIO East Africa 9 Kib
Page 485 and 486:
Andriamalala Gildas Blue Ventures M
Page 487 and 488:
Alke Kruger Oceanographic Research
Page 489 and 490:
William Nyaga CORDIO East Africa 9
Page 491 and 492:
Nitiya Sangkhanan Environmental Sci
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