CORDIO Status Report 2008.pdf

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concentrations to July. In MMP and Nyali, the concentration peaks for these two species were not as pronounced and generally occurred in May or June (Fig. 11).
proportion of the total coral are and subsequently also a larger proportion of bleached corals. All sites were dominated by massive and branching Porites corals, discounting the possibility that large variations in coral community compositions determined bleaching responses. Bleaching-susceptible genera such as Pocillopora and Acropora did not necessarily form a larger proportion of the coral population in sites most affected by bleaching. The highest area percentage covered by these genera occurs in Vipingo, which is a shallow site exhibiting low bleaching incidence. However, differences in community composition could partially explain varying bleaching responses between similar-depth sites. Nyali exhibited higher bleaching incidence than MMP and also a higher proportion of area covered by bleaching-susceptible genera. The same applies to Vipingo compared to Kanamai. During the recovery period, colonies in Nyali displayed higher mortality than those in MMP, while a higher proportion of corals in MMP remained bleached but did not die. It thus seems that colonies in Nyali were being overgrown by algae more quickly than those in MMP, which remained in a bleached state longer. This could be due to the protected status of MMP and the possibility that herbivory levels are higher than in Nyali. In fact, populations of important herbivores such as parrotfish and surgeonfish have been shown to be significantly higher in protected areas than in non-protected areas along the East African coast (McClanahan and Arthur, 2001). In conclusion, the data from this study show that during the 2007 bleaching season, corals in the shallow lagoons of Kanamai and Vipingo were more resistant to bleaching stress than corals in the deeper lagoons of MMP and Nyali, probably due to a history of higher light and temperature extremes and variation at the shallower sites. Interesting differences were also found between the deeper lagoons at Nyali and MMP – on the one hand MMP reefs experience slightly larger diel variation in temperature, and on the other they experienced less warming in 2007. Whether this acclimatization is due to short-term phenotypic changes or due to a longer-term process of adaptation through natural selection is a question that could be further researched. Pocillopora was the genus most susceptible to bleaching-related mortality, especially at Nyali, and Porites branching, massive and columnar all displayed high tolerance to bleaching. Among all these patterns of bleaching susceptibility, it is not clear whether the acclimatization is host-based or symbiontbased, and monitoring of the zooxanthellae clades in corals at these sites could help in answering this question. Finally, bleached corals in MMP suffered lower levels of mortality than in Nyali, possibly associated with higher rates of herbivory due to MMP’s protected status. While herbivory is often related to resilience of reefs and the influence of herbivores assisting recovery by coral recruits, this result suggests herbivory may also mediate interactions between algae and bleached corals, and assist in the survival of bleached corals. 3%>%3%:0%8$ Brown, BE, Dunne, RP, Goodson, MS and Douglas, AE. (2000). Bleaching patterns in reef corals. Nature 404, 142-143. Brown, BE, Downs, CA, Dunne, RP and Gibbs, SW. (2002a). Exploring the basis of thermotolerance in the reef coral Goniastrea aspera. Marine Ecology Progress Series 242, 119-129. Brown, BE, Dunne, RP, Goodson, MS and Douglas, AE. (2002b). Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. Coral Reefs 21, 119-126. Carpenter, S, Walker, B, Anderies, JM and Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what Ecosystems 4, 765-781. Coles, SL and Brown, BE. (2003). Coral bleaching – capacity for acclimatisation and adaptation. Advances in Marine Biology 46, 183-223. 210
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! ! ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND D
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COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOP
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' (")*$)*+' Foreword PART 1 - Regio
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The Lallie Didham Coral and Shell C
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! ! "#$%&#!'()(*+!$,-./(!0112! ! 3)
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,$)'-$.#+'/0*$#'12$.345)6'7'8"95)6'
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=">*4'/+5.'7'=>.#@' ' JERKER TAMELA
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emains patchy (Arthur 2008). Althou
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egions facing multiple stresses tha
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eports were identified as a crucial
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Climate Change Fourth Assessment Re
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Tamelander, J. and Hoon, V. (2008).
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)&..)'=$.'7'=>.#@' ' HANSA CHANSANG
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(Narumon 2008.) has compiled socioe
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(C:(HD=BC:'/:
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F.+*'/0#53.'.)&'B+2.)&+'7'=>.#@' '
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egions. Initially stopped in 1996 t
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!"#"$%&'(&)'*#+&,--(%&./&"0-&!$*./&
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8#F+-& HG& C*-/$;!($-$%(!6-$*@2,)*(
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coral cover over time (Fig. 3). Two
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Lee F. and Chou L. M. (1998). The A
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!9=&!:9!&70
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+1@75356=/1039=A
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*1E
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than 2m had been killed in Dutch Ba
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event and 2004 tsunami. In: Souter,
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!"#$%&'()*(+,,*(+,-$&,.(+,')/0%,( 1
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defence against waves provided by t
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=$L-,( H6!C+$*!($%0+3;&3-.%6!D$.$+*
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=$L-,(PI!*+3.$!%;$03$%!3($.&313$(!3
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H 2 S concentration in husk pit wat
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district alone, 90% of them being w
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of reefs remain healthy to support
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patterns of coral larval settlement
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'!!" !"#$"%&'$()"# &!" %!" $!" 5*61
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*(#+,'-,"+$./%0 #JI!! !.*%/-4+'-23-
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patterns of recruitment. Unraveling
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@5$*-&A!"#$%"&'"()*"+,-'"&'"#$..$/"
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fishing intensity can be observed.
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0D8E:;!& )'*#+&!"#"$%& Surveys were
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located very close to the mainland,
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Mahadevan S. and Nayar K.N., (1972)
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Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) * Acro
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Porites complanata Porites nodifera
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Oscillation (ENSO) event (Sheppard
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# * + ! !!"#$%&'$()*+,#-)./#0*1*0*%
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92:5.;2-7.5
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)*+.$6"F*'"& There is a general pau
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herbicides in coastal waters of the
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i. ii. iv. iii. vi. vii. v. viii. x
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genus was Montipora (50% of live co
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seas of the Seychelles Bank in the
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their efforts were futile because f
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M=>C34.=IC10.17.I1>H3 X3346H3.7;P06
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the situation for the following gen
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estimated to be more than 5000 km (
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1,2342, 5,6
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Comparison of coral reef criteria m
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McClanahan, T.R. and Shafir, S.H. (
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eing used to establish fish movemen
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eing more resilient as they are nom
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112
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communities on reefs subsequently e
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120
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(Davidson et al., 2006). It is boun
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Island, Mozambique, Marine Ecologic
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larval source reefs, which could be
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temporal Variation in Seawater Temp
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intercepts. The island and Kenya si
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148
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150
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Page 215 and 216: 1) showed an average coral cover 32
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Page 221 and 222: 4 and 11 o S (Fig. 1). Forty-one is
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Page 227 and 228: the Seychelles, containing 7 of the
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Page 231 and 232: ut minor elsewhere. These damages,
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Page 267 and 268: In conclusion, protection level and
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Page 285 and 286: esilience of coral reef sites to cl
Page 287 and 288: RESILIENCE FACTORS & INDICATORS a)
Page 289 and 290: c) Cooling and flushing factors Cur
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i) Anthropogenic factors Nutrient i
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262
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Payet, 2005), problems in the regio
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where these species are important c
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hundreds to tens of thousands (Smit
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@+I
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De Young, C., (ed.) Review of the S
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Samoilys, M. A., Wells, S., Anderso
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the entire coral reef ecosystem is
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Thailand provided some evidence of
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282
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284
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informal discussion with key inform
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10 days, while higher operating eff
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more reef-associated fishes than us
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292
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of only 13 species groups. It is no
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total collapse. Thus CPUE trends ov
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Arthur R, (2008). Patterns of benth
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the higher diversity reported here.
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Obura, D. (2001a). Participatory mo
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-$(502)O!"I)12+.$'("@".2">A!" them
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showed declines in numbers of fishe
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the lagoons are more exposed to oce
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e 5,890 fishers and 4,164 tonnes/yr
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1. The Map Layers Window lists all
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detail for expert users. The issues
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352
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gradually transformed from marine h
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do not have qualifications to apply
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training and workshops for small gr
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370
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Box 1: Principles for Identifying O
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-Needs a systematic approach that r
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Box 3: Key Stages in Supporting Liv
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contributed to their successes and
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386
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growing populations that utilize th
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particularly valuable resources sup
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successful because the products hav
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396
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et al., 2007). Many conservation pr
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Aquatic protected areas as fisherie
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408
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much fewer households compared to f
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Malleret-King D, King A, Manghubhai
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evening respectively) during dry se
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that nitrogen was well utilized in
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432
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434
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80% of the participants rating all
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obtained during our surveys of the
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In Kenya, the primary school curric
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A pre-seminar questionnaire is used
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446
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Sarah Ater CORDIO East Africa 9 Kib
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Andriamalala Gildas Blue Ventures M
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Alke Kruger Oceanographic Research
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William Nyaga CORDIO East Africa 9
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Nitiya Sangkhanan Environmental Sci
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