CORDIO Status Report 2008.pdf

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C-A+3#' QE! =)1*R)+'#'*%+! 1#R#-)>! )T')+/*;)! /)1*R)+'!R%;)R)+'/!%..8,,)1!18)!'%!'()!/8,-*+-!%&! 9#'),/! U#.X! #+1! &%,'(! U:! '()! '/8+#R*B! ,)/80'*+-! *+! )T$%/8,)! %&! U8,*)1! ,8UU0)! #,%8+1! R#+:! .%,#0! U%RR*)/B!,))&!/',8.'8,)/!#+1!.(#++)0/!2#B!UV
the Seychelles, containing 7 of the 9 species found in the islands. More than one half of the wall was knocked inwards by the tsunami waves, with the principal damage occurring where a channel leads up close to the wall and from this point east to the Park HQ beach. At the time of this study, no damage had been noted to the mangrove forest, as it is sheltered from the winds of the northwest monsoon. However, a wide channel on the beach and near shore was created by the large volume of draining water. This may further develop into erosion of the leading edge of the mangroves, with consequent loss of habitat area and species. The loss of mangrove forests could have major consequences on local marine biodiversity as these areas provide habitats for many juvenile and adult crustacean and fish species. The mangrove forest is one of the primary attractions for visitors to Curieuse Marine Park, accessed using a boardwalk that was also damaged by the tsunami. Without repair to the wall, further damage to the boardwalk will occur during the southeast monsoon and the combined loss of mangroves and boardwalk may significantly reduce financial income from the Marine Park, which subsidizes other protected areas that cannot support themselves. 6-&#'>,$,A#'6+$$,3-#"' D12%"#2($+&.)(/&E$(12%"F#)&%$#G91&'2#$ Several sites were surveyed around Curieuse Island, in the Marine Park, including Grand Anse, Baie Launay and sites to the north and west. Overall 8.1% of coral colonies showed signs of tsunami damage and extensive rubble movements were noted on shorelines facing east, south and north. On a deeper site at 8 m east of Curieuse (Coral Gardens), many massive corals were overturned and exposed due to their eroded bases and weak framework. Many live coral colonies (Acropora, Pocillopor and Tubipora) were washed up on the beach. Other damage included broken Acropora stands in Resort bay, and damaged turtle nests (see later section). The coral reef at I. Coco was the farthest-east reef surveyed, and faced directly the path of the oncoming tsunami. St. Pierre is more sheltered, but both sites share a morphology of exposed granite rocks on their seaward side, and an extensive development of reef corals and carbonate framework in the shallows and in the lee of the islands. In both areas, corals on granite substrates showed little damage. However the reef frameworks of dead staghorn Acropora exhibited a near-total devastation. Signs of damage included: mobile rubble pieces and broken coral fragments, the accumulation of large amounts of carbonate rubble in drifts up the sides of granite boulders and in depressions, loose dead Acropora tables (their large surface area making them easy to move) and craters/ depressions in the branching framework where back and forth movement of such pieces by the waves caused erosion of circular depressions. There were also erosion gullies through the framework where large sections of rubble framework may have been transported to deeper water. Damage to the reef framework was consistently estimated at > 50%. Corals close to the bottom on granitic surfaces showed evidence of breakage, likely due to rubble movement along the bottom. The bay at La Reserve/Anse Petit Cours is westfacing. It was surveyed for two reasons: first, the shoreline and hotel suffered extensive damage, and second, this reef area suffered some of the lowest mortality of coral during 1998. Reef structure is slightly similar to Baie Ternay, with an extensive area of shallows leading out from the beach, and a sloping reef with high coral cover to a sand base at 6 m leading into deeper water. The island shoreline leading west from the bay is steeply sloping, with a fringe of coral growth at 1-10 m depth. Coral diversity was observed to be higher than other locations. Extensive rubble damage was found in the shallows, and because of the higher abundance and diversity of corals, higher levels of breakage of live coral. In particular, flattened areas of staghorn Acropora were common (e.g. A. austera), and damaged stands of the extensive columnar growth forms of Goniopora. Because of the sloping sand base, many Porites colonies in waters > 6 m were toppled, due most likely to erosion of sand 192
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! ! ! COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND D
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COASTAL OCEANS RESEARCH AND DEVELOP
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' (")*$)*+' Foreword PART 1 - Regio
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The Lallie Didham Coral and Shell C
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! ! "#$%&#!'()(*+!$,-./(!0112! ! 3)
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,$)'-$.#+'/0*$#'12$.345)6'7'8"95)6'
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=">*4'/+5.'7'=>.#@' ' JERKER TAMELA
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emains patchy (Arthur 2008). Althou
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egions facing multiple stresses tha
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eports were identified as a crucial
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Climate Change Fourth Assessment Re
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Tamelander, J. and Hoon, V. (2008).
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)&..)'=$.'7'=>.#@' ' HANSA CHANSANG
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(Narumon 2008.) has compiled socioe
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(C:(HD=BC:'/:
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F.+*'/0#53.'.)&'B+2.)&+'7'=>.#@' '
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egions. Initially stopped in 1996 t
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!"#"$%&'(&)'*#+&,--(%&./&"0-&!$*./&
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8#F+-& HG& C*-/$;!($-$%(!6-$*@2,)*(
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coral cover over time (Fig. 3). Two
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Lee F. and Chou L. M. (1998). The A
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!9=&!:9!&70
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+1@75356=/1039=A
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*1E
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than 2m had been killed in Dutch Ba
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event and 2004 tsunami. In: Souter,
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!"#$%&'()*(+,,*(+,-$&,.(+,')/0%,( 1
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defence against waves provided by t
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=$L-,( H6!C+$*!($%0+3;&3-.%6!D$.$+*
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=$L-,(PI!*+3.$!%;$03$%!3($.&313$(!3
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H 2 S concentration in husk pit wat
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district alone, 90% of them being w
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of reefs remain healthy to support
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patterns of coral larval settlement
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'!!" !"#$"%&'$()"# &!" %!" $!" 5*61
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*(#+,'-,"+$./%0 #JI!! !.*%/-4+'-23-
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patterns of recruitment. Unraveling
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@5$*-&A!"#$%"&'"()*"+,-'"&'"#$..$/"
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fishing intensity can be observed.
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0D8E:;!& )'*#+&!"#"$%& Surveys were
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*+,-./*01 2+,3415 ! "# #! $# %!! &
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located very close to the mainland,
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Mahadevan S. and Nayar K.N., (1972)
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Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) * Acro
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Porites complanata Porites nodifera
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Oscillation (ENSO) event (Sheppard
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# * + ! !!"#$%&'$()*+,#-)./#0*1*0*%
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92:5.;2-7.5
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)*+.$6"F*'"& There is a general pau
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herbicides in coastal waters of the
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D4#"-&BC&>(0%#@+3%&#$'++A%)9$,0+/$-
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:#+4-&B=$!8+-%#0$"(F%-(-$7'(&&%,%7(
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i. ii. iv. iii. vi. vii. v. viii. x
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genus was Montipora (50% of live co
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seas of the Seychelles Bank in the
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!"#$%&'!()&*+',()-.'/"0")"1'' 2344+
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=(K%+'@A!8%-$'$:)!.#/!#)6.'$:)!.-;)
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their efforts were futile because f
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M=>C34.=IC10.17.I1>H3 X3346H3.7;P06
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the situation for the following gen
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estimated to be more than 5000 km (
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'A752#0!@#;H2)!%&!&%H+!)/12)!*%5L M
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8$F%(&I@&O22&!&/)-!M/%5#))!#1!5#+/0
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1,2342, 5,6
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8$F%(&LE!:H55#+N!%&!+22&!&/)-!%M)2+
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Comparison of coral reef criteria m
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McClanahan, T.R. and Shafir, S.H. (
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eing used to establish fish movemen
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eing more resilient as they are nom
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112
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communities on reefs subsequently e
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C$8,&'MN'"#$$%&'!&()#*+)!,-!.(/+012
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C$8,&'
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120
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(Davidson et al., 2006). It is boun
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D4%*(+IE+L2.%+,$;"%$))&*'03+!" asso
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D4%*(+L!"J26*2)$6"5)&2%"&'"*+,"4&.,
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Island, Mozambique, Marine Ecologic
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=23G#(*BC!"#$!%&'()&*+(&,-!,.!/,)01
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4%H-(*FC*&'#!)$/,)%&-3!($2710($!.,)
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larval source reefs, which could be
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4%H-(* JP* "#$!2,%&.&$%!H$$.!*$-(#,
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temporal Variation in Seawater Temp
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Page 181 and 182: intercepts. The island and Kenya si
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Page 203 and 204: dependency on fishing in these area
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Page 215 and 216: 1) showed an average coral cover 32
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Page 221 and 222: 4 and 11 o S (Fig. 1). Forty-one is
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Page 231 and 232: ut minor elsewhere. These damages,
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Page 245 and 246: proportion of the total coral are a
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Page 249 and 250: appeared to be males, releasing a c
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Page 267 and 268: In conclusion, protection level and
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Page 275 and 276: Although different zooxanthellae de
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244
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!&='#$(@.#$
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248
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esilience of coral reef sites to cl
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RESILIENCE FACTORS & INDICATORS a)
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c) Cooling and flushing factors Cur
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e) Shading and screening factors Co
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g) Coral associates Obligate feeder
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i) Anthropogenic factors Nutrient i
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262
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Payet, 2005), problems in the regio
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where these species are important c
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hundreds to tens of thousands (Smit
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@+I
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(+&& ()&& BE21A$M9!N42$58N7 (&&& /&
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De Young, C., (ed.) Review of the S
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Samoilys, M. A., Wells, S., Anderso
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the entire coral reef ecosystem is
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Thailand provided some evidence of
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282
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284
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informal discussion with key inform
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10 days, while higher operating eff
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more reef-associated fishes than us
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292
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M"L M"K M"J M"> M "L "K "J "> M >
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of only 13 species groups. It is no
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total collapse. Thus CPUE trends ov
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Arthur R, (2008). Patterns of benth
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8()K$%*L!"#$!%&!'()!*+#,+-.(#/)!0))
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the higher diversity reported here.
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Obura, D. (2001a). Participatory mo
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*&E,2)F!"#$%&$'("()*+",%)-"$'".&)"%
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-$(502)O!"I)12+.$'("@".2">A!" them
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showed declines in numbers of fishe
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*&E,2)P!"O%.$9*.)"23".2.*7"',9
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the lagoons are more exposed to oce
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e 5,890 fishers and 4,164 tonnes/yr
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1. The Map Layers Window lists all
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detail for expert users. The issues
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352
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gradually transformed from marine h
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do not have qualifications to apply
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is around 5,000 baht (U$ 125), or 2
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training and workshops for small gr
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370
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Box 1: Principles for Identifying O
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-Needs a systematic approach that r
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Box 3: Key Stages in Supporting Liv
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contributed to their successes and
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386
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growing populations that utilize th
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particularly valuable resources sup
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successful because the products hav
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396
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et al., 2007). Many conservation pr
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Aquatic protected areas as fisherie
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408
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much fewer households compared to f
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Malleret-King D, King A, Manghubhai
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evening respectively) during dry se
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that nitrogen was well utilized in
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Boyd, C. E. (1990). Water quality i
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432
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434
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80% of the participants rating all
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obtained during our surveys of the
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In Kenya, the primary school curric
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A pre-seminar questionnaire is used
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446
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Sarah Ater CORDIO East Africa 9 Kib
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Andriamalala Gildas Blue Ventures M
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Alke Kruger Oceanographic Research
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William Nyaga CORDIO East Africa 9
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Nitiya Sangkhanan Environmental Sci
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