A POSTCAPITALIST PARADIGM: THE COMMON GOOD OF ...

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USING DEMOCRACY AND GIVING IT ANO<strong>THE</strong>R SENSE So as not to restrict the understanding of Good Living to its philosophical dimension, it is important to take into account how indigenous peoples managed to achieve political citizenship for their values and practices. After trying to find other ways for more than five hundred years of colonialism and of invariably incomplete post-colonialism, including the revolutionary insurrections in Bolivia and Mexico, they decided to make use of the formalities of democracy as an alternative to redefine the foundations of that which was established in their own countries. In the case of Bolivia, after realizing that a candidate politically committed to the life projects of indigenous peoples would never be elected a second term, given the fact that this would always be defined in the National Congress, always controlled by the elites, they decided to struggle so as to obtain the victory in the first term by guaranteeing more than 50 % of the votes and trying to elect more than half of the members of Congress as well. That was absolutely necessary to introduce the practice of direct democracy, by means of referendums and plebiscites, as the path to consolidate Bolivia on other foundations. After months of debating and of a search for a dialogue, the innovative moment to achieve this consisted in the decision of the exclusive Constituent Assembly that it was its sovereign mission to create the Bolivian State again with other foundations; in fact, to institute democracy as real popular practice. In the experience of Ecuador, the process is similar, but it was mediated by an economist, Rafael Correa, and not by a native. The natives reaffirmed themselves on electing him, even more so when they had the opportunity to choose, by means of a plebiscite, and they were able to determine their representatives to the exclusive Constituent Assembly. Once more their way of living, their values and their ways of political organization were recognized and incorporated, although partially, in the new Constitution. In other words: for what reason are all of us, and so many other persons and organizations, debating on the meaning of Good Living? This is due to a historical fact: indigenous peoples present themselves as citizens, 270
making use of the mediation allowed by capitalist democracy, which is, equal legal power to all adult individuals of society —to each citizen, one vote –, in order to propose other ways of being and of constituting a State. In fact, in the Constituent, the natives, still elected as individuals, act as peoples and struggle so that the unity of the State be no longer defined from private property and from the competition among those who can practice free capitalist initiative – which are the real petrified clauses of modern Western democracies 131 – but from the territories in which each people live and from the cooperation which should exist between them and Mother Earth. To further clarify the process of contagion of the constitutions of formally democratic societies by indigenous cultures, expressed in Good Living, while the recognition of the rights of each of the peoples that make up the multinational State made progress in Bolivia, in Ecuador this pro - gress consisted in the recognition of the rights of Nature, of Pacha Mama. That is the reason why the political tensions and conflicts during the period of establishment of the new constitutions developed in a different way. Right now, recent news have reported the first Ecuadorean judicial decision condemning those responsible for the construction of a highway which caused the pollution and obstruction of a river, for a crime against the rights of Nature. And in Bolivia the natives mobilized to oppose the opening of a highway without the previous obligatory review foreseen in the Constitution, since the highway would tear in half their territory, called TIPNIS, and would put Amazonian biodiversity at risk. Repressed in their march towards La Paz, they won over national support from other brotherly peoples and from popular and labor union organizations. Upon resuming the march, when they arrived at the capital city, they were established as sovereign of democratic society by a multitude of thousands of people. And Evo Morales, the indigenous 131 Cf. “A democracia está desaparecendo da Europa”, interview with Michael Schlecht, published in Page 12, on 13/11/2011 http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/index.php?option=com_noticias&Itemid=18&task=detalhe&id=49403 271
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A POSTCAPITALIST PARADIGM: THE COMM
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Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Brussels
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The Commons, the Public and the Lef
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INTRODUCTION There are various sour
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The economic and cultural aspects a
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South and in the North. The struggl
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intend, in this document, to develo
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However, the financial bubble creat
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The second aspect is structural. Ov
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The precise years when the oil, gas
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in Asia, Africa and Latin America -
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exhaust the natural wealth of the e
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minor and temporary nature. In cont
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ary ones. Let us recapitulate them:
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uate each new initiative to create
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eality, sometimes in a very brutal
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Even if it affirms that nature is t
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with the cultures that have an anal
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ture, which is in fact more efficie
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international parliaments, represen
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positive connotation. In Bhutan, un
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Reorganizing collective life throug
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eality we do have a bottom-up civil
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gional institutions, like the Banco
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culturalistic view of spirituality,
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struggling for better relations wit
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medium-term economic policy based o
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can also do so through their repres
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As Marx put it, the process of labo
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and dramatically to endanger the ex
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Considering the above it is logical
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as the social, environmental and cu
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damaged by environmental degradatio
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system of the biosphere which makes
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cause in principle there is not eno
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specific solutions that should be a
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Dispossession and transfer of the p
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or the Interamerican Development Ba
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lion dollars to Africa and 1,680 mi
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Hence the FDI and the debt are mech
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The struggle for the Common Good of
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First part: The reference to Marx A
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icism of the neoclassical economist
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Fictitious capital is above all for
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and interest rates in markets that
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the owners of capital can only dela
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half the world’s military expendi
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ency. This enables the United State
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too). Besides, three-quarters of th
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securities; and - a crucial measure
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B. Keynes 1. Let’s be clear: the
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marginal effectiveness of capital i
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so deep and so difficult to resolve
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Inequality and the balance of power
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formed the capitalist market entire
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media have become real experts in
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Hierarchy of society 44 Capitalism
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The Chinese Revolution also subordi
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Substantive equality and the end of
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had a lot of construction faults, b
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the contrary. At the one hand the a
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Life Expectancy worst best best wor
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So ‘another growth’ or even a
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International Level A new, just eco
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MAKING THE COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY
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law stated, he said, “that men, b
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population which was then forced by
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death and then beheaded under the r
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employment, against lack of access
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Therefore be it resolved that Artic
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on this mind, and built reality in
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(Harvey, 2003; Zeller, 2004). The e
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threatening the existence of a larg
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But in the public search for answer
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Fig. 3: Solidarity-based associatio
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and cultural life is lived on the b
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THE COMMONS, THE PUBLIC AND THE LEF
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then seeing in this merely the sust
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ON COMMON GOOD, MONEY AND CREDIT 11
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This discussion, however, falls sho
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during the current crisis. Authors
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This gradual alienation of sociabil
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COMMUNITARY SOVEREIGNTY VERSUS MONE
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growingly insufficient and uncertai
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cumulation feasible, which is the c
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the involved massive transformation
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larly, globalization and financiali
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mulation from a viable mode of regu
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In the following, I would like to a
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etween strict rejection and the att
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strongly fluctuating, and the expre
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society work together, changes in s
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classical redistribution policies.
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COMMONS: SOCIAL JUSTICE BY SHARING
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2 Multiplicity The one same basket
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is nowadays making certain resource
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and managed as collective property.
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everything - not our bodies, for ex
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“sell” them as if they were the
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nous and Peasant Coordinator) of Gu
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presupposes a harmonious relationsh
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nature and human beings.It is the h
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2. The functions of the concept in
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We have observed, in the positions
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Page 216 and 217: As can be seen, we have two concept
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Page 226 and 227: WHAT MODERNITY? WHAT INTERCULTURALI
Page 228 and 229: an entirely different basis of inte
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Page 232 and 233: Given these supposed problems, the
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Page 238 and 239: the different cultures. And when th
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Page 242 and 243: clearly) and there are subtitles in
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Page 252 and 253: The European experience of the Welf
Page 254 and 255: All these themes respond to the imm
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Page 260 and 261: vived five hundred years of extermi
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Page 266 and 267: processes, on the submission of agr
Page 268 and 269: practices of Good Living, and throu
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Page 272 and 273: trary it activates reciprocity: the
Page 274 and 275: So it is fundamental that this prop
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Page 278 and 279: The food crisis, traditional medici
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Page 282 and 283: and poverty - which applies to many
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Page 286 and 287: where I would also like to locate m
Page 288 and 289: In the 1970s, in the early days of
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Page 298 and 299: In the immediate world political co
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Page 302 and 303: ham’s pioneering work on science
Page 304 and 305: Science however was not just produc
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Page 308 and 309: Such an alternative vision was firs
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The term ‘people’s science’ s
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Well Being and Happiness The New Ec
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moditized”. That was because of t
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As for the second subject, monocult
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About the alternatives “Reviewing
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egard, commoditization of the basic
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7 Asia - Europe Peoples’ Forum RE
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Asian activists reject the ceaseles
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Network beginnings The Network for
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to have a broad strategy to achieve
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the current neoliberal policies on
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ations as commodities that can just
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8 Today´s World and the Winding SE
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tory (with a capital letter because
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would not be necessary to break the
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It is now a challenge for Cuba to g
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come irreversible. Europe, which wa
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say, but its materialization covers
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scientific superseding of the deifi
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seems to me to be of the utmost imm
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Chapter IV CONCLUSIONS AND TRANSITI
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aggravated the economic disaster. T
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have the time for a gradual evoluti
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sovereignty over natural resources,
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over time, but unsustainable in the
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It is in function of these realitie
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Bhabha, Homi (2002): El lugar de la
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De Souza Santos, Boaventura (2010b)
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Global Footprint Network (2004): Hu
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Kovel, Joel and Löwy, Michael (200
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Paoli, Antonio (2003): Educación,
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Saxe-Fernández, John and Delgado R
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The Authors HASSAN ABOU-BAKR (Egypt
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VINOD RAINA (India) is a theoretica
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