A POSTCAPITALIST PARADIGM: THE COMMON GOOD OF ...

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had a lot of construction faults, but it was one particular implementation of planning, and the same goes for China. Other models are desirable and possible, and above all will be necessary. It will be necessary to cope with the huge and urgent ecological challenges. It will also be necessary to meet the basic human needs for all the people on the planet and to reduce the inequalities mentioned above. It will be desirable to raise the cultural level and living standards for everyone. That the market is unable to meet the basic needs can easily be illustrated in two key sectors: food and health. The Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) calculated that $24 billion a year in public investment, associated with additional private investment would lead to a boost in annual GDP of $120 billion as a result of longer and healthier lives. Conversely, because of hunger poor countries lose $450 billion every year. 59 The investment is a modest 8% of the subsidy of farmers in the North (which disrupts markets in the South and therefore causes hunger in the South). This is a return of 500 per cent! Not to mention the millions of lives that could be saved. And the amount to invest is very modest: $24 bn is about 0.004% of the turnover of the derivatives market. But still, the market function is not capable to implement the necessary investment. The same story for health care. According to the World Health Organisation an annual investment of $35 billion, or about 1% of the health care spending of the US and Europe, would be enough to save eight million lives a year and would give a yearly return of at least $360 billion. 60 On thing is for sure, the hundreds of millions of sick people on this planet will not be cured by the invisible hand. One could define economic planning as the capacity to impose democratically decided objectives on the course of sustainable economic development. 61 There are different degrees and levels of planning. We totally agree with Mészáros that planning must be put into practice in a 59 FAO, State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004, Rome 2004, p. 5. 60 UNDP, Human Development Report 2003, p. 98 & 101. 61 I borrow the definition from Cockshott and Cotrell, adding the word ‘sustainable’. Cockshott P. & Cottrell A., Towards a New Socialism, Nottingham 1993, p. 65. My ideas on planning are inspired by chapter 4-7 of that book. 122
qualitative way, i.e. in its vital correlation to human needs, and that a bureaucratic implementation of planning must be avoid. That can only be avoided when labour will be emancipated (see above). 62 3. Growth or development? I totally agree with the distinction between growth and development the text makes in paragraph 63. I want to give this issue body with some fact and figures and by asking the question if a ‘another growth’, i.e. a growth which harmonise with nature, is feasible, and also which are possible pitfalls. Growth as such is desirable and even necessary when there are not enough resources to give all people on earth a decent life. What’s the actual situation? An average family worldwide consists of two adults and three children. If wealth were distributed equally such a average family would have a disposable income of 2.884 dollars. 63 This is more than enough to give all inhabitants on this planet sanitation, electricity, drinkable water and a comfortable house, even if all this would be produced according to sustainable standards. Still, 40 percent of world population lack basic sanitation, one in four has no electricity, and one in six has no drinkable water or a decent house. 64 To put it in another way, with the wealth produced today, a single person could possible have on average a disposable income of $ 19 a day, but in reality one out of five persons has less than $1.25 per day. 65 What is more, to meet the basic needs and eradicate extreme misery worldwide, no further growth of the world economy is necessary. On 62 Mészáros I., op. cit., p. 152. 63 Figures of 2008, in $ PPP, based on UNDP, Human Development Report 2010, New York 2010. 64 UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, New York 2006, p. v, 35; Shah A., Poverty Facts and Stats, September 20, 2010, http://www.globalissues.org/article/ 26/poverty-facts-and-stats. 65 Amounts in $ PPP. World Bank, Measuring Global Poverty (2009), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRES/Resources/469232-1127252519956/ measuring_ glo bal.html. 123
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A POSTCAPITALIST PARADIGM: THE COMM
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Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Brussels
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The Commons, the Public and the Lef
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INTRODUCTION There are various sour
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The economic and cultural aspects a
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South and in the North. The struggl
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intend, in this document, to develo
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However, the financial bubble creat
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The second aspect is structural. Ov
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The precise years when the oil, gas
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in Asia, Africa and Latin America -
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exhaust the natural wealth of the e
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minor and temporary nature. In cont
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ary ones. Let us recapitulate them:
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uate each new initiative to create
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eality, sometimes in a very brutal
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Even if it affirms that nature is t
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with the cultures that have an anal
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ture, which is in fact more efficie
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international parliaments, represen
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positive connotation. In Bhutan, un
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Reorganizing collective life throug
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eality we do have a bottom-up civil
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gional institutions, like the Banco
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culturalistic view of spirituality,
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struggling for better relations wit
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medium-term economic policy based o
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can also do so through their repres
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As Marx put it, the process of labo
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and dramatically to endanger the ex
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Considering the above it is logical
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as the social, environmental and cu
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damaged by environmental degradatio
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system of the biosphere which makes
Page 70 and 71: cause in principle there is not eno
Page 72 and 73: specific solutions that should be a
Page 74 and 75: Dispossession and transfer of the p
Page 76 and 77: or the Interamerican Development Ba
Page 78 and 79: lion dollars to Africa and 1,680 mi
Page 80 and 81: Hence the FDI and the debt are mech
Page 82 and 83: The struggle for the Common Good of
Page 84 and 85: First part: The reference to Marx A
Page 86 and 87: icism of the neoclassical economist
Page 88 and 89: Fictitious capital is above all for
Page 90 and 91: and interest rates in markets that
Page 92 and 93: the owners of capital can only dela
Page 94 and 95: half the world’s military expendi
Page 96 and 97: ency. This enables the United State
Page 98 and 99: too). Besides, three-quarters of th
Page 100 and 101: securities; and - a crucial measure
Page 102 and 103: B. Keynes 1. Let’s be clear: the
Page 104 and 105: marginal effectiveness of capital i
Page 106 and 107: so deep and so difficult to resolve
Page 108 and 109: Inequality and the balance of power
Page 110 and 111: formed the capitalist market entire
Page 112 and 113: media have become real experts in
Page 114 and 115: Hierarchy of society 44 Capitalism
Page 116 and 117: The Chinese Revolution also subordi
Page 118 and 119: Substantive equality and the end of
Page 122 and 123: the contrary. At the one hand the a
Page 124 and 125: Life Expectancy worst best best wor
Page 126 and 127: So ‘another growth’ or even a
Page 128 and 129: International Level A new, just eco
Page 130: MAKING THE COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY
Page 134 and 135: law stated, he said, “that men, b
Page 136 and 137: population which was then forced by
Page 138 and 139: death and then beheaded under the r
Page 140 and 141: employment, against lack of access
Page 142 and 143: Therefore be it resolved that Artic
Page 144 and 145: on this mind, and built reality in
Page 146 and 147: (Harvey, 2003; Zeller, 2004). The e
Page 148 and 149: threatening the existence of a larg
Page 150 and 151: But in the public search for answer
Page 152 and 153: Fig. 3: Solidarity-based associatio
Page 154 and 155: and cultural life is lived on the b
Page 156 and 157: THE COMMONS, THE PUBLIC AND THE LEF
Page 158 and 159: then seeing in this merely the sust
Page 160 and 161: ON COMMON GOOD, MONEY AND CREDIT 11
Page 162 and 163: This discussion, however, falls sho
Page 164 and 165: during the current crisis. Authors
Page 166 and 167: This gradual alienation of sociabil
Page 168 and 169: COMMUNITARY SOVEREIGNTY VERSUS MONE
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growingly insufficient and uncertai
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cumulation feasible, which is the c
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the involved massive transformation
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larly, globalization and financiali
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mulation from a viable mode of regu
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In the following, I would like to a
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etween strict rejection and the att
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strongly fluctuating, and the expre
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society work together, changes in s
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classical redistribution policies.
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COMMONS: SOCIAL JUSTICE BY SHARING
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2 Multiplicity The one same basket
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is nowadays making certain resource
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and managed as collective property.
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everything - not our bodies, for ex
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“sell” them as if they were the
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nous and Peasant Coordinator) of Gu
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presupposes a harmonious relationsh
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nature and human beings.It is the h
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2. The functions of the concept in
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We have observed, in the positions
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nature and affirmed the symbiosis b
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eignty, participatory planning, etc
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As can be seen, we have two concept
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nous society” (Floresmilo Simbañ
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cultural apparatus of their traditi
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uct, fair redistribution of wealth
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parallel discourse for very differe
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WHAT MODERNITY? WHAT INTERCULTURALI
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an entirely different basis of inte
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consumption will convert us into
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Given these supposed problems, the
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possible future of indigenous cultu
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logical, esoteric and simply ethnic
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the different cultures. And when th
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is the spearhead that capitalism us
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clearly) and there are subtitles in
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Interculturality or interculturaliz
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wealth without limits, has come to
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ical companies, etc.) and to the
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then the same governments are takin
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The European experience of the Welf
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All these themes respond to the imm
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the right of participation in decis
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Good of Humanity is an extremely va
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vived five hundred years of extermi
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USING DEMOCRACY AND GIVING IT ANOTH
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President, reopened the dialogue, r
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processes, on the submission of agr
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practices of Good Living, and throu
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inclusion is being proposed in this
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trary it activates reciprocity: the
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So it is fundamental that this prop
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ways and not necessarily passed on
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The food crisis, traditional medici
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the mangrove resources, thousands o
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and poverty - which applies to many
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4 Indigenous Peoples of the America
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where I would also like to locate m
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In the 1970s, in the early days of
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and acquire meaning. 149 While the
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ops some programmatic lines for wha
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Minga is a mutual practice which si
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to the lack of social relationships
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In the immediate world political co
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the very basis of our increased abi
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ham’s pioneering work on science
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Science however was not just produc
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that again lie the possibilities of
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Such an alternative vision was firs
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Hind Swaraj, he clearly expressed h
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The term ‘people’s science’ s
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Well Being and Happiness The New Ec
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moditized”. That was because of t
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As for the second subject, monocult
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About the alternatives “Reviewing
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egard, commoditization of the basic
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7 Asia - Europe Peoples’ Forum RE
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Asian activists reject the ceaseles
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Network beginnings The Network for
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to have a broad strategy to achieve
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the current neoliberal policies on
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ations as commodities that can just
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8 Today´s World and the Winding SE
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tory (with a capital letter because
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would not be necessary to break the
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It is now a challenge for Cuba to g
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come irreversible. Europe, which wa
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say, but its materialization covers
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scientific superseding of the deifi
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seems to me to be of the utmost imm
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Chapter IV CONCLUSIONS AND TRANSITI
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aggravated the economic disaster. T
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have the time for a gradual evoluti
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sovereignty over natural resources,
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over time, but unsustainable in the
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It is in function of these realitie
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Bhabha, Homi (2002): El lugar de la
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De Souza Santos, Boaventura (2010b)
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Global Footprint Network (2004): Hu
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Kovel, Joel and Löwy, Michael (200
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Paoli, Antonio (2003): Educación,
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Saxe-Fernández, John and Delgado R
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The Authors HASSAN ABOU-BAKR (Egypt
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VINOD RAINA (India) is a theoretica
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