FUNGI AND LICHENS IN THE BALTICS AND BEYOND XVIII ...

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from such a site, Fredriksbergs mining area, will be reported and discussed. The rarely found lichen Rhizocarpon furfurosum restricted to copper containing minerals will be also discussed. One concern is that such areas are eventually covered with vegetation and the lichens on the rocks disappear then. It means that such areas are in great need of protection and management. Another interesting aspect is the chemistry. Iron and especially copper are toxic to most organisms at least when present in excess. There is an interesting question why they can manage to live on such substrates. Many of these lichens seems also be depending on relatively high concentrations of these metals. In the literature very little has been discussed about the mechanism behind this tolerance to toxic metals. However it is proposed that the secondary metabolites in the lichen thallus may be the answer to this question. These usually phenolic substances can immobilize metal ions and bring down the free concentrations to tolerable levels. MYCOTOXINS IN THE REINDEER LICHENS G. P. KONONENKO, A. A. BURKIN All-Russian Research Institute for Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology Zvenigorodskoe shosse 5, Moscow 123022, Russia E-mails: kononenkogp@mail.ru, aaburkin@mail.ru Assemblages of diverse filamentous fungi are the integral part of many lichen organisms (Arnold et al., 2009) but their metabolic profile is still largely underexplored. By the usage of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) we revealed mycotoxins – specific metabolites of free-living fungi of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium – in “reindeer moss” extracts and supposed that toxigenic fungi were the actual licheninhabitants (Burkin, Kononenko, 2010, 2011). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxins in the lichens Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouz et Vězda, C. rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg., C.arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot., C. mitis Sandst., Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. and Allocetraria nivalis (L.) Randl. et Saag. A total of 228 thallus samples were collected from the expansive territories of the Russian European North (Murmansk region, Karelia, Laplandskii zapovednik, Pechoro-Ilychskii zapovednik), the south of Tver region, Taimyr district and some of them were divided into low (aged) and high (young) fragments before analysis. All species were shown to be similar in the mycotoxin composition. High percentage of samples contained emodin (89–100%), sterigmatocistin (80–100%), alternariol (61–100%) and mycophenolic acid (46–100%). Less frequency was observed for diacetoxyscirpenol (21– 61%) and citrinin (9–61%). Low appearance of other fungal metabolites – cyclopiazonic acid, ergoalkaloids and PR toxin was predominatingly occurred in a few territories or aged lichen tissues. Deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonosins, ochratoxin A were very sporadically detected. Mycotoxins were present in amounts not exceeding 0.005% of the air-dried thallus weight. Wide ranges of concentrations were established for emodin (33–50120 ng/g), sterigmatocistin (6–1050 ng/g) and alternariol (20–4898 ng/g). All these data can be regarded as evidence of the interaction of uniform multi-component complex of toxigenic fungi with various ecophysiological factors and may be its competition with other lichen-associated microorganism. Mycotoxins were also detected in herbarium samples and consequently could be preserved in the lichens for a very long time (Burkin et al., 2011, in press).
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS BELARUS Ann Telesh, Belarussian State Technological University; oxygene2009@tut.by Andrei Tsurykau, F. Skoryna Gomel State University; tsurikov@front.ru Vicheslav B. Zviagincev, Belarussian State Technological University; mycolog@tut.by BULGARIA Rumiana Pandeva, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics; r.pandeva@abv.bg Rossitza Rodeva, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics; r.rodeva@abv.bg CANADA Martin Osis, Alberta Mycological Society; martin@cris-se.com ESTONIA Edde Leppik, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; ede.leppik@ut.ee Piret Lõhmus, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; piret.lohmus@ut.ee. Liis Marmor, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; marmor@ut.ee Ave Suija, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu; ave.suija@ut.ee Triin Varvas, Estonian University of Life Sciences; triin.varvas@emu.ee FINLAND Filip Högnabba, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History; fillip.hognabba@helsinki.fi Juha Pykälä, Finnish Environmental Institute; juha.pykala@ymparisto.fi GERMANY Peter Scholz, Paetzstraße 37, D-04435 Schkeuditz; flechten.scholz@gmx.de HUNGARY Edit Farkas, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; efarkas@botanika.hu Katalin Molnar, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; kmcz100@gmail.com LATVIA Biruta Bankina, Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Agriculture; biruta.bankina@llu.lv Anna Bazhenova, Latvian Plant Protection Research centre Gunita Bimsteine, Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Agriculture; Gunita.Bimsteine@llu.lv Inita Daniele, Natural History Museum of Latvia; inita.daniele@ldm.gov.lv Darta Klavina, LVMI “Silava”; darta.klavina@silava.lv Diana Meiere, Natural History Museum of Latvia; diana.meiere@ldm.gov.lv Regina Rancane, Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre; regina.rancane@laapc.lv Julija Volkova, Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre; julija.volkova@laapc.lv LITHUANIA Gražina Adamonytė, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre; grazina.adamonyte@botanika.lt
Page 1 and 2: FUNGI AND LICHENS IN THE BALTICS AN
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Programme Field trip sites
Page 5 and 6: LICHENOLOGICAL SECTION E. Farkas, L
Page 7 and 8: Alternative trip: Šakymas Strict N
Page 9 and 10: production of conidia (a single con
Page 11 and 12: Among the collected 81 herbarium sp
Page 13 and 14: different fungal species of the sam
Page 15 and 16: FUNGI IN SOIL BELOW CORMORANT (PHAL
Page 17 and 18: FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SEED AND PLAN
Page 19 and 20: North America. Presence of this fun
Page 21 and 22: pathogen of shoots, and was detecte
Page 23 and 24: The frequency more than 10% showed
Page 25 and 26: 1. Disc surface waxy-looking - Belo
Page 27 and 28: ON THE LICHENS OF SVALBARD ARCHIPEL
Page 29 and 30: important because of the recently d
Page 31 and 32: EPIPHYTIC AND EPIXYLIC LICHENS IN G
Page 33 and 34: LICHEN STUDIES ON KARELIAN ISTHMUS
Page 35: Nordic Lichen Flora vol. 4 - Parmel
Page 39 and 40: Dmitry E. Himelbrant, Faculty of Bi

FUNGI AND LICHENS IN THE BALTICS AND BEYOND XVIII ...

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