US-China Commission Report - Fatal System Error

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312 25. He Qinglian, The Fog of Censorship: Media Control in China (Human Rights in China, New York: 2008), p. 185. 26. Mure Dickie and Richard MacGregor, ‘‘Beijing Concerned About Color Revolution,’’ Financial Times, November 17, 2008. 27. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony of Lucie Morillon, June 18, 2008. 28. The Chinese term is zhengzhi jin, jingji song. See Anne-Marie Brady, ‘‘Guiding Hand: The Role of the CCP Central Propaganda Department in the Current Era,’’ Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, Vol. 3(1), University of Westminster, 2006, 58–77. 29. Ashley Esarey, ‘‘Speak No Evil: Mass Media Control in Contemporary China,’’ Freedom House Special Report, February 2006. 30. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, testimony of Xiao Qiang, June 18, 2008. 31. Mure Dickie, ‘‘Media Edicts Recall China’s Maoist Past,’’ Financial Times, May 15, 2008; Chris O’Brien, ‘‘Quake Shakes Beijing’s Grip on Media,’’ Washington Times, May 23, 2008. 32. Tom Mitchell, ‘‘Beijing Orders Media to Rein in Quake Coverage,’’ Financial Times, June 2, 2008. 33. ‘‘Journalists to Write Whatever They Like if Beijing Holds 2008 Games,’’ China Daily online, July 12, 2008. 34. The list of these edicts was translated and published in ‘‘The 21 Edicts from the Chinese Government’s Propaganda Unit,’’ Sydney Morning Herald, August 14, 2008. http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/the-21-edicts-from-the-chinese-governmentspropaganda-unit/2008/08/14/1218307016317.html. The article is cited as a reference in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ‘‘Propaganda Officials Issue 21 Restrictions on Domestic Coverage of Olympics,’’ August 22, 2008. http://www.cecc. gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpdPHPSESSID=040e295ee0807ebdfbd160e1a20b467 a#id110635. 35. The Chinese government designated three parks in Beijing as officially sanctioned zones for public protests during the course of the Olympics. However, the government required would-be protestors to apply for permission beforehand. No such permission permits were issued, and some of the petitioners were harassed or arrested by the authorities. See ‘‘Protests Still Unwelcome in Beijing,’’ BBC News, August 14, 2008; Michael Bristow, ‘‘China Yet to Approve Protests,’’ BBC News, August 18, 2008. 36. Reporters Without Borders, ‘‘Repression Continues in China, Three Months Before Olympic Games.’’ http://www.rsf.org/article.php3idlarticle=22672. Updated recently. 37. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony of Randolph Kluver, June 18, 2008. 38. Stephen Wade, ‘‘AP Exclusive: Networks, Olympics Organizers Clash,’’ Associated Press, June 9, 2008. 39. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony of Randolph Kluver, June 18, 2008; Edward Cody, ‘‘A Victory for China,’’ Washington Post, August 25, 2008. 40. Ariana Eunjung Cha, ‘‘Olympic Media Rules Preserved in China,’’ Washington Post, October 18, 2008. 41. Open Net Initiative, Country Profile: China, May 9, 2007. http://opennet.net/ research/profiles/china. 42. James Fallows, ‘‘The Connection Has Been Reset,’’ Atlantic Monthly, March 2008. 43. This number is an estimate extrapolated from the estimated size of Internet surveillance branches in particular cities and then multiplied by the number of China’s larger cities. Jonathan Watts, ‘‘China’s Secret Internet Police Target Critics with Web of Propaganda,’’ Guardian, June 14, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/jun/14/newmedia.china. 44. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on China’s State Control Mechanisms and Methods, testimony of Xiao Qiang, April 14, 2005. 45. The Chinese term is Wu Mao Dang. 46. David Bandurski, ‘‘China’s Guerrilla War for the Web,’’ Far Eastern Economic Review, July 2008. 47. ‘‘Image of Internet Police: Jingjing and Chacha On-Line,’’ China Digital Times, January 22, 2006, posted by Xiao Qiang. http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2006/01/
313 image-of-internet-police-jingjing-and-chacha-online-hong-yan-o%c2%baae%c2%a5%e2 %84%a2aaio%c2%baa/. 48. The ‘‘personal’’ Web pages of Jing-Jing and Cha-Cha may be found at http:// 66110.qzone.qq.com and http://777110.qzone.qq.com, respectively. The links to their pages do not work very well directly but can be accessed indirectly through the following Wikipedia page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JingjinglandlChacha. 49. Lokman Tsui, Internet in China: Big Mama is Watching You, MA thesis from the University of Leiden, 2001. http://www.lokman.nu/thesis/010717-thesis.pdf. 50. In very simple definition, a ‘‘switch’’ is a computer networking device that connects different segments of a network; a ‘‘router’’ is a computer whose software and hardware are oriented toward the tasks of routing and forwarding information packets. 51. U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law, ‘‘Global Internet Freedom: Corporate Responsibility and the Rule of Law,’’ Notes of Commission staff, May 20, 2008. 52. Glenn Kessler, ‘‘Cisco File Raises Censorship Concerns,’’ Washington Post, May 20, 2008. 53. Glenn Kessler, ‘‘Cisco File Raises Censorship Concerns,’’ Washington Post, May 20, 2008. 54. The Dui Hua Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to human rights issues, has done extensive work to research these cases. Joshua Rosenzweig, ‘‘China and the Internet: A Virtual Road to Prison,’’ Remarks before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, November 7, 2007. An extensive set of documents related to the role of Yahoo! Chinese affiliates in the arrests of Internet dissidents are available online at http://www.duihua.org/media/press/presslyahoo.htm. 55. U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Human Rights and Law, ‘‘Global Internet Freedom: Corporate Responsibility and the Rule of Law,’’ Notes of Commission staff, May 20, 2008. 56. The bill in question is the Global Online Freedom Act (H.R. 275). http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/T&report=hr481p1&dbname=110&. A summary description of the bill may be found in Jacqui Cheng, ‘‘Bill Would Penalize Companies for Aiding Internet Censorship,’’ ArsTechnica, May 1, 2008. http://arstechnica.com/ news.ars/post/20080501-bill-would-penalize-companies-for-aiding-internet-censorship. html. 57. Freedom House event, ‘‘Fighting Internet Censorship,’’ Comments of MP Jules Maaten, held in the U.S. Capitol Building, July 15, 2008. 58. Tham Choy Lin, ‘‘China Says Again No Internet Censorship During Olympics,’’ Bernama (Malaysian National News Agency), April 27, 2008. www.bernama. com.my/bernama/v3/news.phpid=329288. 59. James Fallows, ‘‘The Connection Has Been Reset,’’ Atlantic Monthly, March 2008. 60. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony of Randolph Kluver, June 18, 2008. 61. ‘‘China Allows Access to English Wikipedia,’’ Reuters India, April 5, 2008. http://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405. 62. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ‘‘Statement on China’s Olympic Commitments by Chairman Sander Levin and Co-Chairman Byron Dorgan,’’ August 1, 2008. 63. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ‘‘Officials Order Hotels to Step Up Monitoring and Censorship of Internet,’’ August 4, 2008. http://www.cecc. gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpd. 64. Directive from the Shanghai bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, ‘‘Notice to Non-Profitable Public Internet Access Providers’’ (date unknown). Calculations of exchange value of RMB to U.S. dollars performed October 20, 2008, at the exchange rate of 6.8299 RMB to the dollar, based on values posted on the exchange rate Web site www.x-rates.com. 65. Victoria Tin-Bor Hui, ‘‘How China Was Ruled,’’ The American Interest, March/ April 2008. 66. The Chinese name of the document is the Aiguo Zhuyi Jiaoyu Shishi Gangyao. The document is provided in ‘‘Action Plan for Patriotic Education,’’ Chinese Education and Society, Vol. 29, No. 2, March/April 2006. 67. Jill Drew, ‘‘In Tiananmen of Games, No Trace of ’89 Massacre,’’ Washington Post, August 12, 2008. 68. ‘‘China Newspaper Editors Sacked Over Tiananmen Ad,’’ Reuters, June 7, 2007.
Page 1 and 2:
USCC 2008 ANNUAL REPORT
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1 2008 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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CONTENTS Page TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO
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INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES 2008 RE
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2 economic, security, diplomatic, a
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4 China’s Capital Investment Vehi
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6 • Antidumping penalties imposed
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8 rities of other nations and cause
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10 Conclusions China’s Current En
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12 other countries that rely on Chi
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14 vein, there appears to be a stro
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16 lator of all financial services
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18 • Identifying substandard ship
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20 During the year, China continued
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22 U.S. inspections of prisons to e
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24 to the uncertainty during the su
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26 U.S. exports to China were 20 pe
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28 currency for RMB to obtain forei
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30 of supply and demand in the fore
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32 troversial is whether the treaty
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34 erty (IP) rights holders from en
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36 New Currency Rules China’s und
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38 brought in 2006 by the United St
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40 sectoral talks on farm trade. In
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42 tinue buying foreign exchange, t
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44 difference between temporary, th
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46 The Administrative Structure and
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48 U.S. dollar and has appreciated
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50 Development Committee and other
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52 drawn some fairly conventional l
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54 demonstrates the great length to
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56 cent revelations of the activiti
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58 of China by way of the investmen
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60 Ltd. attempted to acquire the U.
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62 not be applied necessarily in th
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64 economy—from ports and telecom
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66 asset allocations, benchmarks, a
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68 the investments, viewing them as
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70 and printed circuits in order to
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72 2006, R&D spending in China from
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74 tios—two of Asia’s technolog
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76 The last time the United States
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78 pendent players. However, this m
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80 aviation industry and has a role
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SECTION 4: A CASE STUDY OF THE LOCA
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85 The rise of industrial fish farm
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87 According to the Southern Shrimp
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89 the increasing import base. The
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91 nated fish are discovered after
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93 At the time this Report was comp
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95 port with the hope it will be ad
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97 Restaurants also are exempted by
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99 entire dusted product is from Ch
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101 written and approved, which is
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RECOMMENDATIONS The U.S.-China Trad
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105 gress could enable consumers to
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107 26. ‘‘China Central Bank to
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109 82. USTR, ‘‘2008 National T
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111 121. U.S.-China Economic and Se
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113 173. ‘‘China’s Stake in B
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117 282. International Working Grou
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121 361. Food & Water Watch, ‘‘
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123 Louisiana and the U.S. Gulf Coa
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126 While witnesses concluded that
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128 China’s Nonproliferation Comm
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130 State during the interdiction o
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132 Northwest National Laboratory
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134 UN Security Council resolutions
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136 ployment, this change would inf
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138 ing Iran’s missile program on
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SECTION 2: CHINA’S VIEWS OF SOVER
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142 ficing the principle behind it.
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144 baseline. Other states enjoy ov
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146 India, Vietnam, Taiwan, and oth
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148 as, ‘‘What constitutes a sp
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150 The proposed PAROS treaty itsel
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152 enhance China’s assertions of
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154 Media and Public Opinion Warfar
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SECTION 3: THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF
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158 Today, China’s space program
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160 The Management Structure for Ch
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162 • Launching geostationary orb
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164 bility to conduct cyber operati
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166 tions between the NIPRNet and t
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RECOMMENDATIONS China’s Prolifera
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170 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 2 1. U.S.-
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172 41. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
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174 80. Janice E. Thomson, ‘‘St
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176 112. Reinhard Drifte, ‘‘Jap
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Page 193 and 194:
CHAPTER 3 CHINA’S ENERGY AND ENVI
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185 A growing share of energy deman
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187 pleted. Without the discovery a
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189 A Survey of China’s Interests
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191 projects that imports of natura
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193 and design of the units. 71 Chi
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195 dioxide, nitrous oxide, mercury
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197 sions are realized and producti
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199 ferent interests that motivate
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201 the oil, gas, coal, and power i
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203 fluential figures in business a
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205 The Terminology Used to Describ
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207 velop international and domesti
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209 that growth must occur in an en
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211 servation. Officials highlighte
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213 grated Gasification Combined Cy
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215 Obtaining sufficient movement f
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217 nology and finding ways to make
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219 • As the negotiations for a p
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221 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 3 1. U.S.-
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223 tent.aspxdata=EmergingMktlconte
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225 13, 2008. These tools include s
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229 ergy Group, Environmental Energ
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CHAPTER 4 CHINA’S FOREIGN ACTIVIT
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233 China will seek to displace the
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235 China to help resolve them. 22
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237 presenting itself as an accepta
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239 China’s infrastructure invest
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241 IMF. The Angolan government exp
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243 China’s Conventional Arms Sal
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245 Kurlantzick testified that Chin
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247 pendent of their legislatures a
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249 diplomacy and in the internatio
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SECTION 2: CHINA’S RELATIONSHIPS
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PART 1: TAIWAN The Significance of
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255 PRC pressure directed against T
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257 this end. 150 (Additional infor
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259 Discussions Regarding Arms Sale
Page 271 and 272: 261 ernment is committed to set ann
Page 273 and 274: 263 • Arms purchases from the Uni
Page 275 and 276: 265 China, appreciation of the RMB,
Page 277 and 278: 267 Days later, although they did n
Page 279 and 280: Introduction PART 3: THE REPUBLIC O
Page 281 and 282: 271 South Korean officials emphasiz
Page 283 and 284: 273 mount among the ROK’s diploma
Page 285 and 286: 275 Even after approving these grad
Page 287 and 288: 277 exercising undue influence—be
Page 289 and 290: RECOMMENDATIONS China’s Expanding
Page 291 and 292: 281 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 4 1. U.S.-
Page 293 and 294: 283 42. UN Conference on Trade and
Page 295 and 296: 285 87. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
Page 297 and 298: 287 134. Calculation performed by C
Page 299 and 300: 289 184. ‘‘Factbox: Key facts o
Page 301 and 302: CHAPTER 5 CHINA’S MEDIA AND INFOR
Page 303 and 304: 293 The central role of the Propaga
Page 305 and 306: 295 thoritarian post-Soviet governm
Page 307 and 308: 297 Some of the measures taken by C
Page 309 and 310: 299 Images of ‘‘Jing-Jing’’
Page 311 and 312: 301 Legislation was introduced duri
Page 313 and 314: 303 In addition to promoting a powe
Page 315 and 316: 305 Chinese Government Restrictions
Page 317 and 318: 307 search engine and the servers s
Page 319 and 320: 309 media, the Internet, popular en
Page 321: 311 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 5 1. David
Page 325: 315 90. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
Page 328 and 329: 318 China’s prison labor system,
Page 330 and 331: 320 most literal sense, the term la
Page 332 and 333: 322 treatment of Falun Gong practit
Page 334 and 335: 324 lowing its signing. According t
Page 336 and 337: 326 granted just three of 18 prison
Page 338 and 339: 328 Mr. Marck, who is the partial o
Page 340 and 341: 330 complaints involving internatio
Page 342 and 343: RECOMMENDATIONS • The Commission
Page 344 and 345: 334 28. U.S. Department of Homeland
Page 347 and 348: COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF THE COMMISSIO
Page 349 and 350: 339 gram. By expanding this volunta
Page 351 and 352: 341 27. The Commission recommends t
Page 353 and 354: 343 43. The Commission recommends t
Page 355 and 356: 345 ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF COMMISSIONE
Page 357 and 358: 347 ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF COMMISSIONE
Page 359 and 360: APPENDIX I UNITED STATES-CHINA ECON
Page 361 and 362: 351 (iii) make all subsequent appoi
Page 363 and 364: 353 (2) Information. The Commission
Page 365 and 366: 355 In each Section and Subsection
Page 367: 357 ecutive Schedule under section
Page 370 and 371: 360 member of the Academic Advisory
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362 nomic, defense, and foreign pol
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364 formulated by the Committee suc
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366 Commissioner Shea is an attorne
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368 than twenty years, leaving his
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APPENDIX III PUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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373 May 20, 2008: Public Hearing on
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APPENDIX IIIA LIST OF WITNESSES TES
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377 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
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379 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
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382 REPUBLIC OF KOREA, JAPAN AND TA
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APPENDIX V LIST OF U.S. SANCTIONS I
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387 Date Imposed Entity/Person Cont
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APPENDIX VII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRO
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393 UNGA UN PKO USD USDA USITC USTR
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