US-China Commission Report - Fatal System Error

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25. He Qinglian, The Fog of Censorship: Media Control in China (Human Rights
in China, New York: 2008), p. 185.
26. Mure Dickie and Richard MacGregor, ‘‘Beijing Concerned About Color Revolution,’’
Financial Times, November 17, 2008.
27. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to
Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony
of Lucie Morillon, June 18, 2008.
28. The Chinese term is zhengzhi jin, jingji song. See Anne-Marie Brady, ‘‘Guiding
Hand: The Role of the CCP Central Propaganda Department in the Current
Era,’’ Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, Vol. 3(1), University of
Westminster, 2006, 58–77.
29. Ashley Esarey, ‘‘Speak No Evil: Mass Media Control in Contemporary China,’’
Freedom House Special Report, February 2006.
30. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to
Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, testimony of Xiao
Qiang, June 18, 2008.
31. Mure Dickie, ‘‘Media Edicts Recall China’s Maoist Past,’’ Financial Times,
May 15, 2008; Chris O’Brien, ‘‘Quake Shakes Beijing’s Grip on Media,’’ Washington
Times, May 23, 2008.
32. Tom Mitchell, ‘‘Beijing Orders Media to Rein in Quake Coverage,’’ Financial
Times, June 2, 2008.
33. ‘‘Journalists to Write Whatever They Like if Beijing Holds 2008 Games,’’
China Daily online, July 12, 2008.
34. The list of these edicts was translated and published in ‘‘The 21 Edicts from
the Chinese Government’s Propaganda Unit,’’ Sydney Morning Herald, August 14,
2008. http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/the-21-edicts-from-the-chinese-governmentspropaganda-unit/2008/08/14/1218307016317.html.
The article is cited as a reference
in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, ‘‘Propaganda Officials Issue 21
Restrictions on Domestic Coverage of Olympics,’’ August 22, 2008. http://www.cecc.
gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpdPHPSESSID=040e295ee0807ebdfbd160e1a20b467
a#id110635.
35. The Chinese government designated three parks in Beijing as officially sanctioned
zones for public protests during the course of the Olympics. However, the
government required would-be protestors to apply for permission beforehand. No
such permission permits were issued, and some of the petitioners were harassed or
arrested by the authorities. See ‘‘Protests Still Unwelcome in Beijing,’’ BBC News,
August 14, 2008; Michael Bristow, ‘‘China Yet to Approve Protests,’’ BBC News, August
18, 2008.
36. Reporters Without Borders, ‘‘Repression Continues in China, Three Months
Before Olympic Games.’’ http://www.rsf.org/article.php3idlarticle=22672. Updated
recently.
37. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to
Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony
of Randolph Kluver, June 18, 2008.
38. Stephen Wade, ‘‘AP Exclusive: Networks, Olympics Organizers Clash,’’ Associated
Press, June 9, 2008.
39. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Access to
Information and Media Control in the People’s Republic of China, written testimony
of Randolph Kluver, June 18, 2008; Edward Cody, ‘‘A Victory for China,’’ Washington
Post, August 25, 2008.
40. Ariana Eunjung Cha, ‘‘Olympic Media Rules Preserved in China,’’ Washington
Post, October 18, 2008.
41. Open Net Initiative, Country Profile: China, May 9, 2007. http://opennet.net/
research/profiles/china.
42. James Fallows, ‘‘The Connection Has Been Reset,’’ Atlantic Monthly, March
2008.
43. This number is an estimate extrapolated from the estimated size of Internet
surveillance branches in particular cities and then multiplied by the number of China’s
larger cities. Jonathan Watts, ‘‘China’s Secret Internet Police Target Critics
with Web of Propaganda,’’ Guardian, June 14, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/jun/14/newmedia.china.
44. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on China’s
State Control Mechanisms and Methods, testimony of Xiao Qiang, April 14, 2005.
45. The Chinese term is Wu Mao Dang.
46. David Bandurski, ‘‘China’s Guerrilla War for the Web,’’ Far Eastern Economic
Review, July 2008.
47. ‘‘Image of Internet Police: Jingjing and Chacha On-Line,’’ China Digital
Times, January 22, 2006, posted by Xiao Qiang. http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2006/01/