US-China Commission Report - Fatal System Error

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196 terms of historic total CO 2 emissions (cumulative emissions production), and its per capita emissions rank lower than those of the United States. 95 China emits 4.3 tons of CO 2 per $1,000 of production, compared to the U.S.’ emissions of 2.6 tons of CO 2 per $1,000 of production. 96 China’s comparatively poor energy efficiency is to blame for its greater emissions per unit of economic output. China’s CO 2 emissions have been increasing steadily since 2002. 97 The surprise for many forecasters was how fast they grew. While they were expected to increase between 2.5 and 5.0 percent each year between 2004 and 2010, in actuality it appears they will have increased by at least 11 percent a year over that period. 98 China’s role as the ‘‘world’s factory’’ has exacerbated the country’s environmental problems and carbon emissions, as energy-intensive, high-polluting industries have been established or have relocated there from elsewhere. China’s infrastructure boom and urbanization likewise have caused significant growth in energy-intensive, high-polluting industries such as steel, aluminum, and cement, 99 the production of which primarily has supplied the needs of the domestic market, according to a study by Trevor Houser and others, published by the Peterson Institute for International Economics. 100 With economic development continuing along its current trajectory, China is projected to produce more than 40 percent of new, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions globally between now and 2030. 101 These projections signify that China’s contribution to global climate change is increasing concomitantly with its rising economic power. Conclusions • China’s total energy consumption is growing and is projected to surpass that of the United States in 2010. By 2030, China will consume 25 percent more energy than the United States. The effects of such consumption growth already are influencing world energy markets, the global availability of energy resources, and the price of these resources. • Coal remains China’s primary fuel source, and China’s coal consumption is expected to increase. This will increase China’s already troubling emission of pollutants, notably including carbon dioxide, and will exacerbate the challenge of reducing China’s pollution. • China’s energy consumption results in environmental consequences that have real economic and human costs. The cost of pollution has been reported to equal 781 billion RMB ($112 billion) per year, and pollution-related illnesses cause an estimated 750,000 deaths per year in China. Continued declines in environmental quality potentially could hinder the nation’s economic growth and possibly lead to a challenge of the Communist Party’s authority. • The pollution produced by China’s energy consumption increasingly is reaching and harming other portions of the world, including the United States. If current projections for China’s emis-
197 sions are realized and production of these emissions is not substantially mitigated, major international tensions may appear. • China’s carbon dioxide emissions are the largest of any nation and are projected to grow significantly. Global efforts to address climate change must consider the impact of China’s current and future emissions.
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USCC 2008 ANNUAL REPORT
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1 2008 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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CONTENTS Page TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO
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INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES 2008 RE
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2 economic, security, diplomatic, a
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4 China’s Capital Investment Vehi
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6 • Antidumping penalties imposed
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8 rities of other nations and cause
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10 Conclusions China’s Current En
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12 other countries that rely on Chi
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14 vein, there appears to be a stro
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16 lator of all financial services
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18 • Identifying substandard ship
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20 During the year, China continued
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22 U.S. inspections of prisons to e
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24 to the uncertainty during the su
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26 U.S. exports to China were 20 pe
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28 currency for RMB to obtain forei
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30 of supply and demand in the fore
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32 troversial is whether the treaty
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34 erty (IP) rights holders from en
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36 New Currency Rules China’s und
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38 brought in 2006 by the United St
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40 sectoral talks on farm trade. In
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42 tinue buying foreign exchange, t
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44 difference between temporary, th
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46 The Administrative Structure and
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48 U.S. dollar and has appreciated
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50 Development Committee and other
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52 drawn some fairly conventional l
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54 demonstrates the great length to
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56 cent revelations of the activiti
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58 of China by way of the investmen
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60 Ltd. attempted to acquire the U.
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62 not be applied necessarily in th
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64 economy—from ports and telecom
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66 asset allocations, benchmarks, a
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68 the investments, viewing them as
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70 and printed circuits in order to
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72 2006, R&D spending in China from
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74 tios—two of Asia’s technolog
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76 The last time the United States
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78 pendent players. However, this m
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80 aviation industry and has a role
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SECTION 4: A CASE STUDY OF THE LOCA
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85 The rise of industrial fish farm
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87 According to the Southern Shrimp
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89 the increasing import base. The
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91 nated fish are discovered after
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93 At the time this Report was comp
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95 port with the hope it will be ad
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97 Restaurants also are exempted by
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99 entire dusted product is from Ch
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101 written and approved, which is
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RECOMMENDATIONS The U.S.-China Trad
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105 gress could enable consumers to
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107 26. ‘‘China Central Bank to
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109 82. USTR, ‘‘2008 National T
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111 121. U.S.-China Economic and Se
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113 173. ‘‘China’s Stake in B
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117 282. International Working Grou
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121 361. Food & Water Watch, ‘‘
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123 Louisiana and the U.S. Gulf Coa
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126 While witnesses concluded that
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128 China’s Nonproliferation Comm
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130 State during the interdiction o
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132 Northwest National Laboratory
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134 UN Security Council resolutions
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136 ployment, this change would inf
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138 ing Iran’s missile program on
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SECTION 2: CHINA’S VIEWS OF SOVER
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142 ficing the principle behind it.
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144 baseline. Other states enjoy ov
Page 156 and 157: 146 India, Vietnam, Taiwan, and oth
Page 158 and 159: 148 as, ‘‘What constitutes a sp
Page 160 and 161: 150 The proposed PAROS treaty itsel
Page 162 and 163: 152 enhance China’s assertions of
Page 164 and 165: 154 Media and Public Opinion Warfar
Page 166 and 167: SECTION 3: THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF
Page 168 and 169: 158 Today, China’s space program
Page 170 and 171: 160 The Management Structure for Ch
Page 172 and 173: 162 • Launching geostationary orb
Page 174 and 175: 164 bility to conduct cyber operati
Page 176 and 177: 166 tions between the NIPRNet and t
Page 178 and 179: RECOMMENDATIONS China’s Prolifera
Page 180 and 181: 170 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 2 1. U.S.-
Page 182 and 183: 172 41. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
Page 184 and 185: 174 80. Janice E. Thomson, ‘‘St
Page 186 and 187: 176 112. Reinhard Drifte, ‘‘Jap
Page 188 and 189: 178 149. U.S.-China Economic and Se
Page 193 and 194: CHAPTER 3 CHINA’S ENERGY AND ENVI
Page 195 and 196: 185 A growing share of energy deman
Page 197 and 198: 187 pleted. Without the discovery a
Page 199 and 200: 189 A Survey of China’s Interests
Page 201 and 202: 191 projects that imports of natura
Page 203 and 204: 193 and design of the units. 71 Chi
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Page 209 and 210: 199 ferent interests that motivate
Page 211 and 212: 201 the oil, gas, coal, and power i
Page 213 and 214: 203 fluential figures in business a
Page 215 and 216: 205 The Terminology Used to Describ
Page 217 and 218: 207 velop international and domesti
Page 219 and 220: 209 that growth must occur in an en
Page 221 and 222: 211 servation. Officials highlighte
Page 223 and 224: 213 grated Gasification Combined Cy
Page 225 and 226: 215 Obtaining sufficient movement f
Page 227 and 228: 217 nology and finding ways to make
Page 229 and 230: 219 • As the negotiations for a p
Page 231 and 232: 221 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 3 1. U.S.-
Page 233 and 234: 223 tent.aspxdata=EmergingMktlconte
Page 235 and 236: 225 13, 2008. These tools include s
Page 239 and 240: 229 ergy Group, Environmental Energ
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 4 CHINA’S FOREIGN ACTIVIT
Page 243 and 244: 233 China will seek to displace the
Page 245 and 246: 235 China to help resolve them. 22
Page 247 and 248: 237 presenting itself as an accepta
Page 249 and 250: 239 China’s infrastructure invest
Page 251 and 252: 241 IMF. The Angolan government exp
Page 253 and 254: 243 China’s Conventional Arms Sal
Page 255 and 256: 245 Kurlantzick testified that Chin
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247 pendent of their legislatures a
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249 diplomacy and in the internatio
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SECTION 2: CHINA’S RELATIONSHIPS
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PART 1: TAIWAN The Significance of
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255 PRC pressure directed against T
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257 this end. 150 (Additional infor
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259 Discussions Regarding Arms Sale
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261 ernment is committed to set ann
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263 • Arms purchases from the Uni
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265 China, appreciation of the RMB,
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267 Days later, although they did n
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Introduction PART 3: THE REPUBLIC O
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271 South Korean officials emphasiz
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273 mount among the ROK’s diploma
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275 Even after approving these grad
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277 exercising undue influence—be
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RECOMMENDATIONS China’s Expanding
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281 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 4 1. U.S.-
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283 42. UN Conference on Trade and
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285 87. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
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287 134. Calculation performed by C
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289 184. ‘‘Factbox: Key facts o
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CHAPTER 5 CHINA’S MEDIA AND INFOR
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293 The central role of the Propaga
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295 thoritarian post-Soviet governm
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297 Some of the measures taken by C
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299 Images of ‘‘Jing-Jing’’
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301 Legislation was introduced duri
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303 In addition to promoting a powe
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305 Chinese Government Restrictions
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307 search engine and the servers s
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309 media, the Internet, popular en
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311 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 5 1. David
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313 image-of-internet-police-jingji
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315 90. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
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318 China’s prison labor system,
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320 most literal sense, the term la
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322 treatment of Falun Gong practit
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324 lowing its signing. According t
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326 granted just three of 18 prison
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328 Mr. Marck, who is the partial o
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330 complaints involving internatio
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RECOMMENDATIONS • The Commission
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334 28. U.S. Department of Homeland
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COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF THE COMMISSIO
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339 gram. By expanding this volunta
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341 27. The Commission recommends t
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343 43. The Commission recommends t
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345 ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF COMMISSIONE
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347 ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF COMMISSIONE
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APPENDIX I UNITED STATES-CHINA ECON
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351 (iii) make all subsequent appoi
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353 (2) Information. The Commission
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355 In each Section and Subsection
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357 ecutive Schedule under section
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360 member of the Academic Advisory
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362 nomic, defense, and foreign pol
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364 formulated by the Committee suc
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366 Commissioner Shea is an attorne
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368 than twenty years, leaving his
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APPENDIX III PUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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373 May 20, 2008: Public Hearing on
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APPENDIX IIIA LIST OF WITNESSES TES
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377 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
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379 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
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382 REPUBLIC OF KOREA, JAPAN AND TA
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APPENDIX V LIST OF U.S. SANCTIONS I
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387 Date Imposed Entity/Person Cont
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APPENDIX VII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRO
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393 UNGA UN PKO USD USDA USITC USTR
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