US-China Commission Report - Fatal System Error

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112 143. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Brad Setser, February 7, 2008. 144. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Brad Setser, February 7, 2008. 145. ‘‘China’s Trillion-dollar Kitty is Ready,’’ Asian Times, October 2, 2007. 146. ‘‘China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Seeks to be a Stabilizing Presence in Global Markets,’’ Xinhua, November 30, 2007. 147. ‘‘CIC to be Stable Force in Global Financial Market,’’ Xinhua, December 11, 2007. 148. Steven R. Weisman, ‘‘China Tries to Reassure U.S. About Its Investing Plans,’’ New York Times, February 1, 2008. 149. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘China Fund Shuns Guns and Gambling,’’ Financial Times, June 13, 2008. 150. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘China Fund Shuns Guns and Gambling,’’ Financial Times, June 13, 2008. 151. ‘‘China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Seeks to be a Stabilizing Presence in Global Markets,’’ Xinhua, November 30, 2007. 152. Michael Pettis, ‘‘China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund,’’ China Financial Markets blog, September 24, 2007. http://piaohaoreport.sampasite.com/china-financialmarkets/blog/Guest-blog-2.htm. 153. ‘‘Investment Fund Announces Strategic Plans,’’ Xinhua, November 9, 2007. 154. ‘‘China Investment Corporation Unveils Investment Plan,’’ Xinhua, November 7, 2007. 155. Keith Bradsher, ‘‘$200 Billion to Invest, But in China,’’ New York Times, November 29, 2007. 156. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘China Wealth Fund’s Early Coming of Age,’’ Financial Times, December 21, 2007. 157. ‘‘Preliminary Decision on the Structure for the National Foreign Exchange Investment Company,’’ Jingji Guancha Bao, August 18, 2007. www.zgjrw.com/News/ 2007818/News/207109250600.html. 158. Henny Sender and Francesco Guerrara, ‘‘China’s Haier Considers Bid for GE Unit,’’ Financial Times, June 10, 2008. 159. Henny Sender and Francesco Guerrara, ‘‘China’s Haier Considers Bid for GE Unit,’’ Financial Times, June 10, 2008. 160. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Brad Setser, February 7, 2008; Richard McGregor, ‘‘A Complex Rationale for China’s Raid on Rio,’’ Financial Times, February 14, 2008. 161. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Michael F. Martin, February 7, 2008. 162. ‘‘Lou to Head Huijin’s Board of Directors,’’ China Daily, July 19, 2008. 163. China Investment Corporation, ‘‘Board of Directors.’’ www.china-inv.cn/cicen/ governance/governinglbod.html. 164. Congressional Research Service, China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund (Washington, DC: January 22, 2008), p. 6. 165. Charlie Zhu, ‘‘China Investment Corp. Hiring Foreign Fund Managers,’’ Reuters, February 28, 2008. 166. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Michael F. Martin, February 7, 2008. 167. Henny Sender, ‘‘Up Against the Citi Limits,’’ Financial Times, May 4, 2008. 168. Jamil Anderlini, Sundeep Tucker, and James Wilson, ‘‘Beijing’s Caution Scuppered Bank Bid,’’ Financial Times, September 4, 2008. 169. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Brad Setser, February 7, 2008. 170. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Brad Setser, February 7, 2008. 171. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Brad Setser, February 7, 2008. 172. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Beijing’s Shadowy Fund for Buying Assets,’’ Financial Times, September 11, 2008; Henny Sender, ‘‘$2.5bn China Investment in TPG Could Be Private Equity Landmark,’’ Financial Times, June 10, 2008.
113 173. ‘‘China’s Stake in BP,’’ Financial Times, April 15, 2008; Richard McGregor et al., ‘‘China Forex Body Takes Ö1.9bn Total Stake,’’ Financial Times, April 3, 2008. 174. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Chinese State Investor Buys Australian Bank Stakes,’’ Financial Times, January 3, 2008. 175. Logan Wright, ‘‘CIC and SAFE: Coordination or Bureaucratic Conflict’’ ChinaStakes.com, June 24, 2008. 176. Logan Wright, ‘‘CIC and SAFE: Coordination or Bureaucratic Conflict’’ ChinaStakes.com, June 24, 2008. 177. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Chinese State Investor Buys Australian Bank Stakes,’’ Financial Times, January 3, 2008. 178. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Beijing’s Shadowy Fund for Buying Assets,’’ Financial Times, September 11, 2008; ‘‘SAFE Turns Aggressive in Overseas Investment and Turf War with CIC,’’ ChinaStakes.com, September 8, 2008. 179. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Beijing’s Shadowy Fund for Buying Assets,’’ Financial Times, September 11, 2008. 180. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Beijing’s Shadowy Fund for Buying Assets,’’ Financial Times, September 11, 2008. 181. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Beijing Uses Forex Reserves to Target Taiwan,’’ Financial Times, September 11, 2008. 182. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘Beijing’s Shadowy Fund for Buying Assets,’’ Financial Times, September 11, 2008. 183. Yu Ning, ‘‘SAFE Searches Out Higher Returns to Compensate for U.S. Dollar Denominated Losses,’’ Caijing, April 28, 2008. 184. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Michael F. Martin, February 7, 2008. 185. Xin Zhiming, ‘‘China’s State Forex Investment Company Debuts,’’ China Daily, September 29, 2007. 186. ‘‘China Investment Corporation Unveils Investment Plan,’’ Xinhua, November 7, 2007. 187. ‘‘China Investment an Open Book’’ 60 Minutes, CBS News, April 6, 2008. 188. ‘‘China Investment an Open Book’’ 60 Minutes, CBS News, April 6, 2008. 189. CIC’s admittedly brief description of its investment goals is available at its Web site, www.china-inv.cn/cicen/index.html. 190. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investments for National Security, written testimony of Peter Navarro, February 7, 2008. 191. ‘‘China Investment Corp Warns Western Governments Against Protectionism,’’ AFX News Limited, December 10, 2007. 192. Edwin M. Truman, ‘‘A Blueprint for Sovereign Wealth Fund Best Practices,’’ Peterson Institute for International Economics Policy Brief 08–3, April 2008. www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb08-3.pdf. 193. CITIC Group, ‘‘Brief Introduction.’’ www.citic.com/wps/portal/citicen. 194. CITIC Group, ‘‘Brief Introduction.’’ www.citic.com/wps/portal/citicen. 195. CITIC Pacific, ‘‘Our Company.’’ www.citicpacific.com/eng/about/ aboutlindex.html; CITIC Capital, ‘‘About CITIC Capital.’’ www.citiccapital.com/ company.html. 196. ‘‘CITIC Securities Reported to Cancel Bear Stearns Deal,’’ Xinhua, March 18, 2008. news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/18/contentl7815503.htm. 197. ‘‘Shanghai $2.9 bn Fund May Get Go-ahead Soon,’’ Reuters, May 30, 2008. 198. ‘‘Shanghai $2.9 bn Fund May Get Go-ahead Soon,’’ Reuters, May 30, 2008. 199. ‘‘Shanghai $2.9 bn Fund May Get Go-ahead Soon,’’ Reuters, May 30, 2008. 200. Helen Nyambura-Mwaura, ‘‘China Equity Fund to Invest $300 mln in Africa,’’ Reuters, June 27, 2008. 201. Helen Nyambura-Mwaura, ‘‘China Equity Fund to Invest $300 mln in Africa,’’ Reuters, June 27, 2008. 202. Helen Nyambura-Mwaura, ‘‘China Equity Fund to Invest $300 mln in Africa,’’ Reuters, June 27, 2008. 203. Cathy Chan and Josephine Lau, ‘‘China’s Blackstone Investment ’All About Returns’,’’ Bloomberg, May 22, 2007. 204. ‘‘China’s Forex Investment Company to Invest $3 bln in Private Equity Giant Blackstone,’’ Xinhua, May 22, 2007. 205. Henny Sender, ‘‘Up Against the Citi Limits,’’ Financial Times, May 4, 2008. 206. Henny Sender, ‘‘CIC to Increase Stake in Blackstone to 12.5%,’’ Financial Times, October 17, 2008. 207. Henny Sender, ‘‘CIC to Increase Stake in Blackstone to 12.5%,’’ Financial Times, October 17, 2008.
Page 1 and 2:
USCC 2008 ANNUAL REPORT
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1 2008 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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CONTENTS Page TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO
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INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES 2008 RE
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2 economic, security, diplomatic, a
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4 China’s Capital Investment Vehi
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6 • Antidumping penalties imposed
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8 rities of other nations and cause
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10 Conclusions China’s Current En
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12 other countries that rely on Chi
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14 vein, there appears to be a stro
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16 lator of all financial services
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18 • Identifying substandard ship
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20 During the year, China continued
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22 U.S. inspections of prisons to e
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24 to the uncertainty during the su
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26 U.S. exports to China were 20 pe
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28 currency for RMB to obtain forei
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30 of supply and demand in the fore
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32 troversial is whether the treaty
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34 erty (IP) rights holders from en
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36 New Currency Rules China’s und
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38 brought in 2006 by the United St
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40 sectoral talks on farm trade. In
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42 tinue buying foreign exchange, t
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44 difference between temporary, th
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46 The Administrative Structure and
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48 U.S. dollar and has appreciated
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50 Development Committee and other
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52 drawn some fairly conventional l
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54 demonstrates the great length to
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56 cent revelations of the activiti
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58 of China by way of the investmen
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60 Ltd. attempted to acquire the U.
Page 72 and 73: 62 not be applied necessarily in th
Page 74 and 75: 64 economy—from ports and telecom
Page 76 and 77: 66 asset allocations, benchmarks, a
Page 78 and 79: 68 the investments, viewing them as
Page 80 and 81: 70 and printed circuits in order to
Page 82 and 83: 72 2006, R&D spending in China from
Page 84 and 85: 74 tios—two of Asia’s technolog
Page 86 and 87: 76 The last time the United States
Page 88 and 89: 78 pendent players. However, this m
Page 90: 80 aviation industry and has a role
Page 93 and 94: SECTION 4: A CASE STUDY OF THE LOCA
Page 95 and 96: 85 The rise of industrial fish farm
Page 97 and 98: 87 According to the Southern Shrimp
Page 99 and 100: 89 the increasing import base. The
Page 101 and 102: 91 nated fish are discovered after
Page 103 and 104: 93 At the time this Report was comp
Page 105 and 106: 95 port with the hope it will be ad
Page 107 and 108: 97 Restaurants also are exempted by
Page 109 and 110: 99 entire dusted product is from Ch
Page 111 and 112: 101 written and approved, which is
Page 113 and 114: RECOMMENDATIONS The U.S.-China Trad
Page 115 and 116: 105 gress could enable consumers to
Page 117 and 118: 107 26. ‘‘China Central Bank to
Page 119 and 120: 109 82. USTR, ‘‘2008 National T
Page 121: 111 121. U.S.-China Economic and Se
Page 125 and 126: 115 236. U.S.-China Economic and Se
Page 127 and 128: 117 282. International Working Grou
Page 129 and 130: 119 323. U.S.-China Economic and Se
Page 131 and 132: 121 361. Food & Water Watch, ‘‘
Page 133: 123 Louisiana and the U.S. Gulf Coa
Page 136 and 137: 126 While witnesses concluded that
Page 138 and 139: 128 China’s Nonproliferation Comm
Page 140 and 141: 130 State during the interdiction o
Page 142 and 143: 132 Northwest National Laboratory
Page 144 and 145: 134 UN Security Council resolutions
Page 146 and 147: 136 ployment, this change would inf
Page 148 and 149: 138 ing Iran’s missile program on
Page 150 and 151: SECTION 2: CHINA’S VIEWS OF SOVER
Page 152 and 153: 142 ficing the principle behind it.
Page 154 and 155: 144 baseline. Other states enjoy ov
Page 156 and 157: 146 India, Vietnam, Taiwan, and oth
Page 158 and 159: 148 as, ‘‘What constitutes a sp
Page 160 and 161: 150 The proposed PAROS treaty itsel
Page 162 and 163: 152 enhance China’s assertions of
Page 164 and 165: 154 Media and Public Opinion Warfar
Page 166 and 167: SECTION 3: THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF
Page 168 and 169: 158 Today, China’s space program
Page 170 and 171: 160 The Management Structure for Ch
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162 • Launching geostationary orb
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164 bility to conduct cyber operati
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166 tions between the NIPRNet and t
Page 178 and 179:
RECOMMENDATIONS China’s Prolifera
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170 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 2 1. U.S.-
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172 41. U.S.-China Economic and Sec
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174 80. Janice E. Thomson, ‘‘St
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176 112. Reinhard Drifte, ‘‘Jap
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178 149. U.S.-China Economic and Se
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Page 193 and 194:
CHAPTER 3 CHINA’S ENERGY AND ENVI
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185 A growing share of energy deman
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187 pleted. Without the discovery a
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189 A Survey of China’s Interests
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191 projects that imports of natura
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193 and design of the units. 71 Chi
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195 dioxide, nitrous oxide, mercury
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197 sions are realized and producti
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199 ferent interests that motivate
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201 the oil, gas, coal, and power i
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203 fluential figures in business a
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205 The Terminology Used to Describ
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207 velop international and domesti
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209 that growth must occur in an en
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211 servation. Officials highlighte
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213 grated Gasification Combined Cy
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215 Obtaining sufficient movement f
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217 nology and finding ways to make
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219 • As the negotiations for a p
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223 tent.aspxdata=EmergingMktlconte
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225 13, 2008. These tools include s
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Page 239 and 240:
229 ergy Group, Environmental Energ
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CHAPTER 4 CHINA’S FOREIGN ACTIVIT
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233 China will seek to displace the
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235 China to help resolve them. 22
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237 presenting itself as an accepta
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239 China’s infrastructure invest
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241 IMF. The Angolan government exp
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243 China’s Conventional Arms Sal
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245 Kurlantzick testified that Chin
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247 pendent of their legislatures a
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249 diplomacy and in the internatio
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SECTION 2: CHINA’S RELATIONSHIPS
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PART 1: TAIWAN The Significance of
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255 PRC pressure directed against T
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257 this end. 150 (Additional infor
Page 269 and 270:
259 Discussions Regarding Arms Sale
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261 ernment is committed to set ann
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263 • Arms purchases from the Uni
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265 China, appreciation of the RMB,
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267 Days later, although they did n
Page 279 and 280:
Introduction PART 3: THE REPUBLIC O
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271 South Korean officials emphasiz
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273 mount among the ROK’s diploma
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275 Even after approving these grad
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277 exercising undue influence—be
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RECOMMENDATIONS China’s Expanding
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Page 293 and 294:
283 42. UN Conference on Trade and
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Page 297 and 298:
287 134. Calculation performed by C
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289 184. ‘‘Factbox: Key facts o
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CHAPTER 5 CHINA’S MEDIA AND INFOR
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293 The central role of the Propaga
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295 thoritarian post-Soviet governm
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297 Some of the measures taken by C
Page 309 and 310:
299 Images of ‘‘Jing-Jing’’
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301 Legislation was introduced duri
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303 In addition to promoting a powe
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305 Chinese Government Restrictions
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307 search engine and the servers s
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309 media, the Internet, popular en
Page 321 and 322:
311 ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 5 1. David
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313 image-of-internet-police-jingji
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Page 328 and 329:
318 China’s prison labor system,
Page 330 and 331:
320 most literal sense, the term la
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322 treatment of Falun Gong practit
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324 lowing its signing. According t
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326 granted just three of 18 prison
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328 Mr. Marck, who is the partial o
Page 340 and 341:
330 complaints involving internatio
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RECOMMENDATIONS • The Commission
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334 28. U.S. Department of Homeland
Page 347 and 348:
COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF THE COMMISSIO
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339 gram. By expanding this volunta
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341 27. The Commission recommends t
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343 43. The Commission recommends t
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345 ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF COMMISSIONE
Page 357 and 358:
347 ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF COMMISSIONE
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APPENDIX I UNITED STATES-CHINA ECON
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351 (iii) make all subsequent appoi
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353 (2) Information. The Commission
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355 In each Section and Subsection
Page 367:
357 ecutive Schedule under section
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360 member of the Academic Advisory
Page 372 and 373:
362 nomic, defense, and foreign pol
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364 formulated by the Committee suc
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366 Commissioner Shea is an attorne
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368 than twenty years, leaving his
Page 381 and 382:
APPENDIX III PUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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373 May 20, 2008: Public Hearing on
Page 385 and 386:
APPENDIX IIIA LIST OF WITNESSES TES
Page 387 and 388:
377 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
Page 389:
379 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
Page 392 and 393:
382 REPUBLIC OF KOREA, JAPAN AND TA
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APPENDIX V LIST OF U.S. SANCTIONS I
Page 397:
387 Date Imposed Entity/Person Cont
Page 401 and 402:
APPENDIX VII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRO
Page 403:
393 UNGA UN PKO USD USDA USITC USTR
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