The PathFinders.pdf

The Pathfinders
Opening Western Canada to Europe
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Contents
Articles
Hudson 1
Henry Hudson 1
Radisson 8
Pierre-Esprit Radisson 8
Des Groseilliers 11
Médard des Groseilliers 11
La Verendrye 14
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye 14
Henday 18
Anthony Henday 18
Hearne 19
Samuel Hearne 19
Mackenzie 24
Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) 24
Thompson 28
David Thompson (explorer) 28
Harmon 36
Daniel Williams Harmon 36
Fraser 38
Simon Fraser (explorer) 38
Simpson 43
George Simpson (administrator) 43
Vancouver 47
George Vancouver 47

References
Article Sources and Contributors 56
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 58
Article Licenses
License 59

1
Hudson
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson
This speculative portrait from Cyclopedia of Universal History is one of several used to represent Henry Hudson. [1]
Born c. 1560/70s
England
Occupation
English Sea Commander, Author
Henry Hudson (born c. 1560s/70s) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. []
Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay
(today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle. Hudson explored the region around modern New York
metropolitan area while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. [2]
He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of
the region.
Hudson discovered a strait and immense bay on his final expedition while searching for the Northwest Passage. In
1611, after wintering on the shore of James Bay, Hudson wanted to press on to the west, but most of his crew
mutinied. The mutineers cast Hudson, his son and 7 others adrift; [3] the Hudsons, and those cast off at their side,
were never seen again.
Birth and early life
Details of Hudson's birth and early life are mostly unknown. [] Some sources have identified Hudson as having been
born in about 1565, [4] but others date his birth to around 1570. [5][6] Other historians assert even less certainty;
Mancall, for instance, states that '[Hudson] was probably born in the 1560s," [7] while Pennington gives no date at
all. [] Hudson is thoughtWikipedia:Avoid weasel words to have spent many years at sea, beginning as a cabin boy and
gradually working his way up to ship's captain.

Henry Hudson 2
1607 and 1608 voyages
In 1607, the Muscovy Company of England hired Hudson to find a northerly route to the Pacific coast of Asia. The
English were battling the Dutch for northwest routes. It was thought at the time that, because the sun shone for three
months in the northern latitudes in the summer, the ice would melt and a ship could make it across the top of the
world.
Hudson sailed on May 1st with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80-ton Hopewell. [8] They reached the east coast
of Greenland on June 14, coasting it northward until the 22nd. Here they named a headland "Young's Cape", a "very
high mount, like a round castle" near it "Mount of God's Mercy" and land at 73° N "Hold-with-Hope". After turning
east, they sighted "Newland" (i.e Spitsbergen) on the 27th, near the mouth of the great bay Hudson later simply
named the "Great Indraught" (Isfjorden). On July 13 Hudson and his crew thought they had sailed as far north as 80°
23' N, [9] but more likely only reached 79° 23' N. The following day they entered what Hudson later in the voyage
named "Whales Bay" (Krossfjorden and Kongsfjorden), naming its northwestern point "Collins Cape" (Kapp Mitra)
after his boatswain, William Collins. They sailed north the following two days. On the 16th they reached as far north
as Hakluyt's Headland (which Thomas Edge claims Hudson named on this voyage) at 79° 49' N, thinking they saw
the land continue to 82° N (Svalbard's northernmost point is 80° 49' N) when really it trended to the east.
Encountering ice packed along the north coast, they were forced to turn back south. Hudson wanted to make his
return "by the north of Greenland to Davis his Streights (Davis Strait), and so for Kingdom of England," but ice
conditions would have made this impossible. The expedition returned to Tilbury Hope on the Thames on September
15.
Many authors [10] have wrongly stated that it was the discovery of large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters by
Hudson during this voyage that led to several nations sending whaling expeditions to the islands. While he did
indeed report seeing many whales, it was not his reports that led to the trade, but that by Jonas Poole in 1610 which
led to the establishment of English whaling and the voyages of Nicholas Woodcock and Willem Cornelisz. van
Muyden in 1612 that led to the establishment of Dutch, French and Spanish whaling. [11]
In 1608, English merchants of the East India and Muscovy Companies again sent Hudson in the Hopewell on another
attempt at a passage to the Indies, this time to the east around northern Russia. Leaving London on 22 April, the ship
traveled almost 2,500 miles, making it to Novaya Zemlya well above the Arctic Circle in July, but even in the
summer the ice was impenetrable and they turned back, arriving at Gravesend on 26 August. [12]
Hudson's alleged discovery of Jan Mayen
According to Thomas Edge, "William [sic] Hudson" in 1608 discovered an island he named "Hudson's Tutches"
(Touches) at 71°, [13] the latitude of Jan Mayen. However, he only could have come across Jan Mayen in 1607 (if he
had made an illogical detour) and made no mention of it in his journal. [14] There is also no cartographical proof of
this supposed discovery. [15] Jonas Poole in 1611 and Robert Fotherby in 1615 both had possession of Hudson's
journal while searching for his elusive Hold-with-Hope (on the east coast of Greenland), but neither had any
knowledge of his (later) alleged discovery of Jan Mayen. The latter actually found Jan Mayen, thinking it a new
discovery and naming it "Sir Thomas Smith's Island". [16][17]

Henry Hudson 3
1609 voyage
In 1609 Hudson was chosen by merchants of the Dutch East India
Company in the Netherlands to find an easterly passage to Asia. He
was told to sail through the Arctic Ocean north of Russia, into the
Pacific and so to the Far East. Hudson departed Amsterdam on April 4
in command of the Dutch ship Halve Maen. [18] He could not complete
the specified route because ice blocked the passage, as with all
previous such voyages, and he turned the ship around in mid-May
while somewhere east of Norway's North Cape. At that point, acting
entirely outside his instructions, Hudson pointed the ship west to try to
find a passage in that direction. [19]
Having heard rumors of a passage to the Pacific, by way of John Smith
of Jamestown and Samuel de Champlain, Hudson and his crew decided
to try to seek a westerly passage through North America. The Native
Americans who gave the information to Smith and Champlain were
likely referring to what are known today as the Great Lakes.
Map of Hudson's voyages to North America.
They reached the Grand Banks, south of Newfoundland, on July 2, and
in mid-July made landfall near what is now LaHave, Nova Scotia. [20]
Here they encountered Native Americans who were accustomed to
trading with the French; they were willing to trade beaver pelts, but
apparently no trades occurred. [21] The ship stayed in the area about ten
days, the crew replacing a broken mast and fishing for food. On the
25th a dozen men from the Halve Maen, using muskets and small
cannon, went ashore and assaulted the village near their anchorage.
They drove the people from the settlement and took their boat and
other property (probably pelts and trade goods). [22]
On August 4 the ship was at Cape Cod, from which Hudson sailed
south to the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay. Rather than entering the
Chesapeake he explored the coast to the north, finding Delaware Bay
but continuing on north. On September 3 he reached the estuary of the
Replica of Henry Hudson's ship Halve Maen,
donated in 1909 by the Dutch to the United States
on the occasion of the 300 year anniversary of the
discovery of what is now New York.
river that initially was called the "North River" or "Mauritius" and now carries his name. He was not the first to
discover the estuary, though, as it had been known since the voyage of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. On
September 6, 1609 John Colman of his crew was killed by Indians with an arrow to his neck. [23] Hudson sailed into
the upper bay on September 11, [24] and the following day began a journey up what is now known as the Hudson
River. [25] Over the next ten days his ship ascended the river, reaching a point about where the present-day capital of
Albany is located. [26]
On September 23, Hudson decided to return to Europe. [27] He put in at Dartmouth on November 7, and was detained
by authorities who wanted access to his log. He managed to pass the log to the Dutch ambassador to England, who
sent it, along with his report, to Amsterdam. [28]
While exploring the river, Hudson had traded with several native groups, mainly obtaining furs. His voyage was
used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there when a trading post was
established at Albany in 1614. New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island became the capital of New Netherland in 1625.

Henry Hudson 4
1610–1611 voyage
In 1610, Hudson managed to get backing for another voyage, this time under the English flag. The funding came
from the Virginia Company and the British East India Company. At the helm of his new ship, the Discovery, he
stayed to the north (some claim he deliberately stayed too far south on his Dutch-funded voyage), reaching Iceland
on May 11, the south of Greenland on June 4, and then rounding the southern tip of Greenland.
A map of Hudson's fourth voyage
Excitement was very high due to the expectation that the ship had finally found the Northwest Passage through the
continent. On June 25, the explorers reached what is now the Hudson Strait at the northern tip of Labrador.
Following the southern coast of the strait on August 2, the ship entered Hudson Bay. Hudson spent the following
months mapping and exploring its eastern shores, but he and his crew did not find a passage to Asia. In November,
however, the ship became trapped in the ice in the James Bay, and the crew moved ashore for the winter.
Mutiny
When the ice cleared in the spring of 1611, Hudson planned to use his Discovery
to further explore Hudson Bay with the continuing goal of discovering the
Passage; however, most of the members of his crew ardently desired to return
home. Matters came to a head and much of the crew mutinied in June.
Descriptions of the successful mutiny are one-sided, because the only survivors
who could tell their story were the mutineers and those who went along with the
mutiny. Allegedly in the latter class was ship's navigator Abacuk Pricket, a
survivor who kept a journal that was to become a key source for the narrative of
the mutiny. According to Pricket, the leaders of the mutiny were Henry Greene John Collier's painting of Henry
and Robert Juet. Pricket's narrative tells how the mutineers set Hudson, his Hudson with his son and some crew
members after a mutiny on his
teenage son John, and seven crewmen—men who were either sick and infirm or
icebound ship. The boat was set
loyal to Hudson—adrift from the Discovery in a small shallop, an open boat, adrift and never heard from again.
effectively marooning them in Hudson Bay. The Pricket journal reports that the
mutineers provided the castaways with clothing, powder and shot, some pikes, an iron pot, some meal, and other
miscellaneous items.

Henry Hudson 5
After the mutiny, Captain Hudson's shallop broke out oars and tried to keep pace with the Discovery for some time.
Pricket recalled that the mutineers finally tired of the David-Goliath pursuit and unfurled additional sails aboard the
Discovery, enabling the larger vessel to leave the tiny open boat behind. Hudson and the other seven aboard the
shallop were never seen again, and their fate is unknown. [3]
Pricket's journal and testimony have been severely criticized for bias, on two grounds. Firstly, prior to the mutiny the
alleged leaders of the uprising, Greene and Juet, had been friends and loyal seamen of Captain Hudson. Secondly,
Greene and Juet did not survive the return voyage to England. Pricket knew he and the other survivors of the mutiny
would be tried in England for piracy, and it would have been in his interest, and the interest of the other survivors, to
put together a narrative that would place the blame for the mutiny upon men who were no longer alive to defend
themselves.
In any case, the Pricket narrative became the controlling story of the expedition's disastrous end. Only 8 of the 13
mutinous crewmen survived the return voyage to Europe. They were arrested in England, and some were indeed put
on trial, but no punishment was ever imposed for the mutiny. One theory holds that the survivors were considered
too valuable as sources of information for it to be wise to execute them, as they had traveled to the New World and
could describe sailing routes and conditions. [29] Perhaps for this reason, they were charged with murder—of which
they were acquitted—rather than mutiny, of which they most certainly would have been convicted and executed.
Legacy
The gulf or bay discovered by Hudson is twice the size of the Baltic Sea, and its many large estuaries afford access
to otherwise landlocked parts of Western Canada and the Arctic. This allowed the Hudson's Bay Company to exploit
a lucrative fur trade along its shores for more than two centuries, growing powerful enough to influence the history
and present international boundaries of Western North America. Hudson Strait became the entrance to the Arctic for
all ships engaged in the search for the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic side.
The Hudson River in New York and New Jersey, explored earlier by Hudson, is named after him, as are Hudson
County, New Jersey, the Henry Hudson Bridge, and the town of Hudson, New York.
He, along with his marooned crewmates, appear as mythic characters in the famous story "Rip Van Winkle" by
Washington Irving. He also appears in the time-travel novel Torn by Margaret Peterson Haddix.
Notes
[1] All the portraits used to represent Henry Hudson were drawn after his death. See Butts, Edward (2009). Henry Hudson:New World Voyager.
Toronto:Dundurn Press. p. 17. See also Hunter, Douglas (2007). God's Mercies:Rivalry, Betrayal and the Dream of Discovery. Doubleday
Canada. p. 12.
[2] Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien (Leiden,
Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625) (http:/ / www. s4ulanguages. com/ delaet. html) p.83: "/in den jare 1609 sonden de bewindt-hebbers
van de gheoctroyeerde Oost-Indischische compagnie het jacht de halve mane/ daer voor schipper ende koopman op roer Hendrick Hudson, om
in 't noordt-oosten een door-gaat naer China te soecken[...]"("in the year 1609 the administrators of the East Indies Compagny sent the half
moon under Hudson to seek a northeast passage to China[...]")
[3] Did Henry Hudson's crew murder him (http:/ / in. news. yahoo. com/ 139/ 20090613/ 888/ twl-did-henry-hudson-s-crew-murder-him-i. html)
Yahoo news Possible alternative link: Did Henry Hudson's crew murder him in the Arctic (http:/ / www. dailyindia. com/ show/ 317495.
php), which draws on Mancall, Peter C. (2009), Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson, Basic Books
[4] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 274681/ Henry-Hudson Henry Hudson's entry from china Britannica
[8] The following paragraph relies on Asher (1860), pp. 1–22; and Conway (1906), pp. 23–30.
[9] Observations made during this voyage were often wrong, sometimes greatly so. See Conway (1906).
[10] Among them are Sandler (2008), p. 407; Umbreit (2005), p. 1; Shorto (2004), p. 21; Mulvaney (2001), p. 38; Davis et al. (1997), p. 31;
Francis (1990), p. 30; Rudmose-Brown (1920), p. 312; Chisholm (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911), p. 942; among many others.
[11] See Poole's commission from the Muscovy Company in Purchas (1625), p. 24. For Woodcock see Conway (1906), p. 53, among others.
[12] Hunter (2009), pp. 19–20.
[13] Purchas (1625), p. 11.
[14] "The above relation by Thomas Edge is obviously incorrect. Hudson's Christian name is wrongly given, and the year in which he visited the
north coast of Spitsbergen was 1607, not 1608. Moreover, Hudson himself has given an account of the voyage and makes absolutely no

Henry Hudson 6
mention of Hudson's Tutches. It would have been hardly possible indeed for him to visit Jan Mayen on his way home from Bear Island to the
Thames." Wordie (1922), p. 182.
[15] Hacquebord (2004), p. 229.
[16] "Having perused Hudsons Jounrall written by his owne hand... ", p. 88. For Fotherby's 1615 voyage see Purchas (1625), pp. 82–89.
[17] Louwrens Hacquebord, "The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry" in Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus, pp. 230–31, Stig Skreslet, editor,
Springer Verlag 2004
[18] Hunter (2009), p. 11.
[19] Hunter (2009), pp. 56–7.
[20] Hunter (2009), pp. 92–4.
[21] Hunter (2009), p. 98, and Juet (1609), July 19th entry.
[22] Hunter (2009), pp. 102–105, and Juet (1609), July 25th entry.
[24] Nevius, Michelle and James, "New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference" (http:/ / blog. insidetheapple. net/
2008/ 09/ new-yorks-many-911-anniversaries-staten. html), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, 2008-09-08. Retrieved
2009-05-31.
[25] Juet (1609).
[26] Hunter (2009), pp. 230–5.
[27] Hunter (2009), p. 235.
[28] Shorto 2004, p. 31
References
• Asher, Georg Michael (1860). Henry Hudson the Navigator. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 27.
ISBN 1-4021-9558-3.
• Conway, William Martin (1906). No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the
Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge, At the University Press.
• Hacquebord, Lawrens. (2004). The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry. Its Exploitation of the Greenland Right Whale
and its Impact on the Marine Ecosystem. In: S. Skreslet (ed.), Jan Mayen in Scientific Focus. Amsterdam, Kluwer
Academic Publishers. 229-238.
• Juet, Robert (1609), Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage from the 1625 edition of Purchas His Pilgrimes and
transcribed 2006 by Brea Barthel, "Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage" (http:// www. halfmoon. mus. ny.
us/ Juets-modified. pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-22. Wikipedia:Link rot.
• Purchas, S. 1625. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea
Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others. Volumes XIII and XIV (Reprint 1906 J. Maclehose and
sons).
• Hunter, Douglas (2009). Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World.
Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 1-59691-680-X
• Shorto, Russell (2004). The Island at the Center of the World. Vintage Books. ISBN 1-4000-7867-9
• Wordie, J.M. (1922) "Jan Mayen Island", The Geographical Journal Vol 59 (3).
• Mancall, Peter C. (2009), Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson, Basic Books, ISBN
0-465-00511-X & ISBN 978-0-465-00511-6
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (http:// www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e.
php& id_nbr=343)
• Henry Hudson - A Brief Statement Of His Aims And His Achievements (http:// www. gutenberg. net/ etext/
13442) by Thomas Allibone Janvier, at Project Gutenberg
• Hudson and the river named for him (http:// www. hudsonriver. com/ halfmoonpress/ stories/ hudson. htm)
• Henry Hudson biography page (http:// www. elizabethan-era. org. uk/ henry-hudson. htm)
• Henry Hudson at US-History.com (http:// www. u-s-history. com/ pages/ h1146. html)
• Henry Hudson (http:// www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgipage=gr& GRid=6621707) at Find a Grave

Henry Hudson 7
• A Map and Timeline (http:// www. concharto. org/ search/ eventsearch. htm_tag=hudson's+ 1609+ voyage&
_maptype=3) of Hudson's 1609 voyage of discovery.Wikipedia:Link rot
• Website (http:// www. henryhudson. info) of a Henry Hudson historical impersonator.
• Amsterdam/New Amsterdam: The Worlds of Henry Hudson (http:// www. mcny. org/ exhibitions/ past/
Henry-Hudson. html), Museum of the City of New York's celebration of the 400th anniversary of Hudson's
sailing into New York harbor
• Watch The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson at the National Film Board of Canada website (http:// www. nfb. ca/
film/ last_voyage_of_henry_hudson)
• A Journal of Mr. Hudson's last Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage; Abacuck Pricket; Navigantium
atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca ; OCLC 17312467 (http:// www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 17312467)
• Excerpt from A Larger Discourse of the Same Voyage, by Abacuk Pricket, 1625 (http:// www. chass. utoronto.
ca/ ~cpercy/ hell/ anthology/ travel/ Travel1625Pricket. htm)

8
Pierre-Esprit Radisson
Radisson
Pierre-Esprit Radisson
Born 1636
Avignon, France
Died 1710 (aged 73–74)
London, England
Resting place
Occupation
London, England
explorer, fur trader
Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636–1710) was a French-Canadian fur
trader and explorer. He is often linked to his brother-in-law Médard
des Groseilliers who was about 20 years older. The decision of
Radisson and Groseilliers to enter the English service led to the
formation of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Born near Avignon in 1636 or possibly 1640, he came to New France
at an early age in the year 1651. While out duck-hunting (probably in
1651) he was captured by the Mohawks but was adopted by his
captors. He learned their language and way of life and joined them in
Arrival of Radisson in an Indian camp in 1660.
their wars. While out hunting with an Algonquin and three Mohawks
the captives killed their captors and escaped but were quickly hunted
down. The Algonquin was killed and Radisson was tortured until he was rescued by his Indian 'family'. He later
escaped to Fort Orange (Albany) where he served as an interpreter. For some reason he was sent to Europe along
with a Jesuit priest. He returned to Trois-Rivières, Quebec in 1657 [1] or 1654( [2] where he found his half-sister
married to Groseilliers. In 1657/58 he was at the Jesuit Iroquois mission near Syracuse, New York and returned to
Quebec when this failed. He was now about 21 years of age.

Pierre-Esprit Radisson 9
The most important part of his life, from 1658 to 1683, was spent with Groseilliers. For this see Médard des
Groseilliers. In 1669, while in the English service, he sailed along the coast from the Rupert River to the Nelson
River. In 1672 or before he married a daughter of Sir John Kirke who had been involved in the 1628 capture of
Quebec. When he returned to the French service his wife remained in England.
In the winter of 1683 he and Groseilliers went to France to deal with their legal problems. (They had seized two
English parties in time of peace and paid Quebec tax on furs from Hudson Bay which may not have been part of
Quebec.) Here they found themselves pawns in the events that led up to the Glorious Revolution. The English
ambassador, Lord Preston, asked that they be punished. Compromise plans were made to send Radisson back to the
bay to pick up the remaining furs and divide the profits fairly. Lord Preston seduced Radisson back into the English
service and Groseilliers returned to Quebec.
In 1684 he sailed for the Hayes River in the Happy Return, where he found Groseilliers' son Jean-Baptiste doing a
brisk trade with the Indians. He talked Jean-Baptiste into the Hudson's Bay Company service and left for England in
September, leaving John Abraham in charge of the fort. [Eight days later two ships belonging to Chesnaye arrived
from Quebec. Although there was conflict, no blood was shed. The French wintered near the English and returned to
Quebec with a moderate load of furs.]
In 1685 he was made 'Superintendent and Chief Director of the Trade at Port Nelson', where he seems to have
accomplished little. In 1687 he made serious charges against the superintendent of York Factory. The HBC rejected
the charges and Radisson was removed. Thereafter he lived in England on an HBC pension which was irregularly
paid. He died in 1710. In 1729 the company voted ten pounds to his third wife, "she being ill and in great want."
Radisson wrote his Voyages in 1668/9 in England after a storm prevented him from joining the first expedition into
Hudson Bay. The original has been lost but an English translation was found among the papers of Samuel Pepys and
now resides in the Bodleian Library. It is known to be inaccurate in part.
Cultural references
The towns Radisson, Quebec, Radisson, Saskatchewan, and Radisson, Wisconsin, as well as a street and Metro
station in Montreal and the Radisson provincial electoral district in Manitoba, are named after him.
The Radisson Hotels group, starting with the Radisson hotel in Minneapolis in 1909, is also named after him.
Sinclair Lewis wrote several novels about Grand Republic, the seat of the fictitious Radisson County, Minnesota.
The Canadian Coast Guard also has a vessel named the CCGS Pierre Radisson.
Radisson was portrayed by Paul Muni in the 1941 film Hudson's Bay.
The CBC Television series Radisson (1957–1958) was based on the explorer's life.
Sources
• Arthur S. Morton, 'A History of the Canadian West to 1870-71', no date, but circa 1940
• Peter C. Newman, 'Empire of the Bay', 1998
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online [3]
• Works by Pierre-Esprit Radisson [4] at Project Gutenberg
• Voyages Of Peter Esprit Radisson [5] ; The narratives of Pierre Espirit Radisson; Project Gutenberg edition.
• CBC Television Series "Radisson" (1957-58) [6]
• The Voyages of Pierre-Esprit Radisson [7] Edited by Germaine Warkentin. Slated to be published by The
• http:/ / www3. sympatico. ca/ goweezer/ canada/ z16radgross2. htm
Champlain Society in 2010
[1] Morton, page 38
[2] Dictionary of Canadian Biography
[3] http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=1052

Pierre-Esprit Radisson 10
[4] http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Pierre+ Esprit+ Radisson
[5] http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ ebooks/ 6913
[6] http:/ / www. film. queensu. ca/ CBC/ R. html
[7] http:/ / www. champlainsociety. ca/

11
Médard des Groseilliers
Des Groseilliers
Médard des Groseilliers
Médard Chouart, sieur Des Groseillers à Trois-Rivières
Born 1618
France
Died 1696 (aged 77–78)
Occupation
Known for
coureur des bois
Starting the Hudson Bay Company
Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618–1696) was a French explorer and fur trader in Canada. He is often paired
with his brother-in-law Pierre-Esprit Radisson who was about 20 years his junior. Their decision to enter the English
service led to the foundation of the Hudson's Bay Company which in turn was a major factor in making western
Canada English.
He was born at Charly-sur-Marne in France and later called himself Sieur des Groseilliers after a farm his parents
managed in Bassevelle. Some English documents call him Mr. Gooseberry which is the translation of his name. He
came to Quebec about 1641 and became a donné or lay helper at the Jesuit missions in the Huron country. Here he
learned the skills of a coureur des bois. In 1647 he married Helène, the daughter of Abraham Martin whose land later
became famous as the Plains of Abraham. In 1653 he married his second wife, the widowed step-sister of
Pierre-Esprit Radisson, Marguerite Hayet. After the Iroquois destroyed the Huron missions he worked to re-establish
trade, especially in the Lake Superior region. He and Radisson went to Lake Superior in 1658/60 where they were
among the first Europeans to contact the Sioux who then lived near the lake. From Cree traders they came to
understand that the main source of furs lay northwest of the lake. In 1661/63 they journeyed to an uncertain location
(guesses range from Lake Winnipeg to Rupert House). On their return they were fined most of their profits because
they had left Quebec without a license. (The French in Canada had to choose between two policies. They could
either build up a dense European settlement on the Saint Lawrence and let Indians bring furs to them, or spread out
into a wilderness too large to administer or protect. Groseilliers was caught when the first policy was in effect).

Médard des Groseilliers 12
Groseilliers went to France to appeal, without success. From France he seems to have tried to organize an expedition
into Hudson Bay. Disgusted with the French authorities, he and Radisson went to Boston where they organized
another expedition into the bay which was turned back by the ice. At Boston in 1665 they met George Cartwright
who had been involved in the 1664 British conquest of New York. Cartwright passed them to Sir George Carteret in
England. Captured by Dutch privateers, they were put ashore in Spain. Reaching England, they were presented to
King Charles and entered the circle of the Duke of York and Prince Rupert and General Monck. This combination of
wilderness knowledge and political backing led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. Plans were made,
but nothing could be done because of the Dutch war. On June 3, 1668 two ships left England for Hudson Bay: the
Nonsuch with Groseilliers and the Eaglet with Radisson. The Eaglet was caught in a storm and had to return. On 25
September the Nonsuch reached the mouth of the Rupert River where they built a fort for the winter. They left the
following June and reached England in October 1669 with a rich cargo of furs. The Hudson's Bay Company was
founded in May 1670. In 1670 Radisson and Groseilliers returned to the bay, claiming Port Nelson and trading at
Rupert House They seem to have made several more trips. In 1674 he was at Rupert House when Father Charles
Albanel arrived from Quebec to interfere with the English. The priest was taken into custody and sent to England on
the same ship as Radisson and Grosseilliers. Father Albanel, and an offer of money, induced them to return to the
French service.
Having twice betrayed their masters, they hoped for favorable treatment in France but did not find it. They were
shipped back to Canada where Frontenac was also suspicious. Groseilliers returned home to Trois-Rivieres and
Radisson went to France. Without occupation, Radisson became a midshipman under Jean II d'Estrées and was
nearly drowned at Las Aves. He went to England in an attempt to retrieve his wife, but her father would not allow
her to go to France. He made feelers to rejoin the HBC, but these were rejected. In 1681 in Paris Radisson was
approached by Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye and the following year they formed the Compaignie du Nord or
Compaignie de la Baie D'Hudson to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company by tapping the richer furs northwest
of the English posts on James Bay. The English had the same idea. In 1682 the brothers-in-law arrived at the mouth
of the Hayes River and settled in. Six days earlier an unofficial expedition had arrived from Boston at the mouth of
the Nelson River (Benjamin Guillam in the Bachelor's Delight). The French became aware of the Bostonians when
they fired a cannon for a funeral. France and England not being at war, the Radisson and Gillam made a truce.
Returning from his meeting with Guillam, Radisson saw two more ships. These were the official Hudson's Bay
Company ships (Prince Rupert and Albemarle under Zachariah Gillam). Lighting a signal fire to keep the two
English groups from meeting, Radisson made a second truce. On 21 October the Prince Rupert was lost in a storm.
Later the two French ships were crushed by the ice and one had to be repaired by cannibalizing the other. The
following February the Boston party was captured by the French. The HBC men were captured, probably in early
summer when the Albemarle left for James Bay. On 27 July 1683 the French left for Quebec in the Bachelor's
Delight with 2000 pelts. Most of the English were sent to the English posts in the repaired French ship. Groseilliers'
son Jean-Baptiste Chuart and seven men were left at Port Nelson. In August the Albemarle returned from James Bay.
It is not clear what happened, but both sides were able to trade for furs. [Parts of this story do not make sense. Most
of it comes from Radisson's account which is known to be inaccurate in places.]
When the brothers-in-law reached Quebec the authorities had a problem. England and France were at peace. Further
the Catholic Duke of York was now governor of Hudson's Bay Company and was expected to become king and rule
in the French interest. The Bachelor's Delight was either confiscated [1] or sent back to Boston with Benjamin
Guillam. [2] The brothers-in-law were made to pay the regular Quebec tax which was questionable since it was not
certain that Hudson Bay was in Quebec. In 1684, for diplomatic reasons, France compensated the Hudson's Bay
Company for its losses. Radisson went to France to straighten out the legal problems. Newman says that Groseilliers,
now 65, retired in disgust to a small seigneury at Trois-Rivières and died in 1696. Morton says that he went to
France with Radisson and separated from his brother-in-law when the latter rejoined the English. The Dictionary of
Canadian Biography says that his fate is uncertain.

Médard des Groseilliers 13
Sources
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online [3]
• Arthur S. Morton, A History of the Canadian West to 1870-71, no date, but circa 1940 (University of Toronto
Press; 2d edition 1973 ISBN 978-0-8020-4033-6)
• Peter C. Newman, Empire of the Bay, 1998 ISBN 978-0-14-027488-2
References
[1] Newman,page 102
[2] Morton, page 93
[3] http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=131

14
La Verendrye
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La
Vérendrye
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes,
sieur de La Vérendrye
Born November 17, 1685
Trois-Rivières, Quebec
Died December 5, 1749
(aged 64)
Montreal, Quebec
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye (November 17,
1685 – December 5, 1749) was a French Canadian military officer, fur
trader and explorer. In the 1730s he and his four sons opened up the
area west of Lake Superior and thus began the process that added
Western Canada to the original New France in the Saint Lawrence
basin. He was also the first European to reach North Dakota and the
upper Missouri River. In the 1740s two of his sons crossed the prairie
as far as Wyoming and were the first Europeans to see the Rocky
Mountains.
Early life
La Verendrye explored the area from Lake
Born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Pierre was the youngest son of René Superior to the mouth of the Saskatchewan River.
Gaultier de Varennes, who came to Canada as a soldier in 1665, and He also reached North Dakota and his sons
reached Wyoming.
Marie, the daughter of Pierre Boucher, the first Governor of
Trois-Rivières. The Gaultier family were minor nobility or landowners
and came from the Anjou area of France. Varennes and La Vérendrye were two of their estates.
Pierre's father died when he was six and he was educated at the Jesuit seminary in Ontario. At the age of 14 he
received a cadet’s commission in the colonial regulars. In 1704 and 1705 he took part in Queen Anne's War and was
present at the Raid on Deerfield. This involved a 300-mile journey through the wilderness to attack the inhabitants of
a sleeping village. The next year he participated in an unsuccessful attack on Saint Johns, Newfoundland.
At 22 years of age, he enlisted in the French Army, fought in Flanders during the War of the Spanish Succession and
was seriously wounded at the Battle of Malplaquet. After recovering from his injuries and being paroled as a
prisoner of war, Gaultier returned to Canada and married in 1712. For the next 15 years he supported his family by
farming and fur-trading along the Saint Lawrence. By 1726 he was in his early 40s and had accomplished little of
note.

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye 15
Explorations
In 1726 his fortunes changed when his brother Jacques-René was appointed commander of the poste du Nord. This
was the north shore of Lake Superior with three main posts: Fort Kaministiquia which became the start of the main
route west; a post at the mouth of the Nipigon River and one near Wawa, Ontario which had river connections to
James Bay. Pierre began trading in the area and in 1728 became commandant when his brother left to fight the Fox
Indians.
Here he became involved with the quest for a route to the Pacific. The
1713 Treaty of Utrecht had given Hudson Bay to the English and
thereby blocked the French from any possible northwest passage. At
this time it was thought that not far to the west was an inlet from the
Pacific called the mer du couchant similar to the equally mythical
Strait of Annian. Further it was thought that one could cross the height
of land and find a River of the West that flowed into the Pacific. (For
the area to be explored see Early Canadian canoe routes, Nelson River
Basin). In 1688 Jacques de Noyon had reached Rainy Lake. In 1717
Zacharie Robutel de La Noue tried to reach Rainy Lake but only
succeeded in establishing Fort Kaministiquia. The English on Hudson
Bay heard reports of coureurs des bois west of Lake Superior, but they
left no records in the French archives. Morton [1] thinks they may have
gotten as far as Lake Winnipeg. In 1716 a memoir drawn up by
Governor Vaudreuil showed lakes and portages as far as Lake of the
Woods from which flowed a river to the Sea of the West. [2] This
implies that there had been Frenchmen west of Lake Superior before
Vérendrye. La Vérendrye questioned the Indians who came to trade.
He learned of the Mandan country on the upper Missouri. These people
were described as white men who lived in big houses. A Cree guide,
Auchagah, made a map of the canoe routes between Lake Superior and
Lake Winnipeg based on his and other Cree experience. [] La Vérendrye
judged correctly that Lake Winnipeg was the geographic key which
must be reached to allow further exploration.
Jean Bailleul's Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur
de La Vérendrye sculpture in front of Parliament
Building (Quebec)
In 1730 he met Governor Beauharnois at Quebec and worked out a plan. La Vérendrye would build a post on Lake
Winnipeg. The expedition would be paid for by Quebec merchants who hoped to profit from the resulting fur trade.
This method of finance later caused problems because the merchants lacked the capital and organization to
efficiently move supplies so far to the west. An additional goal was to divert furs away from the English on Hudson
Bay. In the absence of government funds the fur trade was necessary to pay for the exploration. It is not clear
whether La Verendrye was genuinely interested in exploration or whether exploration was a pretext for expansion of
the fur trade. Maurepas, the French Minister of Marine, was very interested in exploration, but would not provide
funds. The French-Canadians, naturally, were interested in the fur trade.
In 1731 La Verendrye, three of his sons and 50 engagés left Montreal. That autumn his son Jean-Baptiste built Fort
St. Pierre on Rainy Lake. Next year they built Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods which became his headquarters
for the next several years. In 1733 Jean-Baptiste got within 20 miles of Lake Winnipeg, but was blocked by ice and
lack of supplies. In 1734 Lake Winnipeg was reached and Jean-Baptiste built Fort Maurepas (Canada) near the
mouth of the Red River at the southern end of the lake. In 1734 La Verendrye went to Quebec to reorganize the
finances and returned the following spring. In 1735 over half the beaver pelts reaching Quebec came from La
Verenedrye's posts. By 1736 it was clear that the supply system was not working and Jean-Baptiste was forced to go

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye 16
to Lake Superior for supplies. He and eighteen other Frenchmen were killed by the Sioux at a place called Massacre
Island on Lake of the Woods. La Verendrye restrained the local Cree from a war of revenge in order to protect the
fur trade. In 1737 La Verendrye returned to Quebec on business.
In Paris Maurepas was pushing for more exploration. By this time
there were two candidates for the 'River of the West'. The correct one
was the Saskatchewan River which flows east into Lake Winnipeg.
The other was the Missouri River in the Mandan country in what is
now North Dakota. The Mandans were said to live in big houses and
resemble Frenchmen. La Verendrye picked the Missouri. In September
1738 he reached Fort Maurepas on Lake Winnipeg and ascended the
Assiniboine River to Portage La Prairie where he built Fort La Reine
just south of Lake Manitoba (October 1738). Joining a large band of
Assiniboins, he pushed southwest across the prairie and reached a
Mandan village probably somewhere near the modern New Town,
Map of canoe routes west of Lake Superior,
drawn by Auchagah for La Vérendrye in 1728 or
1729. It shows the two routes from Lake Superior
(Grand Portage and Kaministiquia River) and
exaggerated Lake of the Woods and a distorted
Lake Winnipeg
North Dakota about 70 miles east of the Montana border. Oddly, he did not push on to the Missouri, but sent his son
Louis-Joseph to do it for him. In order to get rid of their numerous Assiniboine guests, the Mandans claimed that
there was a Sioux war party in the area. The Assiniboines fled, taking with them the Cree interpreter. Unable to talk
to the Mandans, he left two Frenchmen to learn the language and returned to Fort La Reine (January 1739). In 1740
he returned to Quebec on business and in 1741 started on his fourth and last journey west. From Fort La Reine he
sent his son Louis-Joseph exploring westward as far as, probably, the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming (1742–43).
He worked to consolidate his hold on the chain of lakes that looks like a single lake west of Lake Winnipeg,
establishing Fort Dauphin (Manitoba), Fort Bourbon and Fort Paskoya. Back in France, Maurepas was growing
increasing irritated with La Verendrye, who he thought was trading in furs when he should be exploring. In 1742
Maurepas suggested that he be replaced and in 1743 La Verendrye resigned. He returned to New France and led the
life of a gentleman while doing a considerable business since his sons remained in the west. In 1746 he was
reappointed to his old post. He was planning a fifth expedition, this time up the Saskatchewan River, when he died in
December 1749. Shortly before his death he was awarded the Order of Saint Louis. []
Afterwards
To continue the story a bit further: From 1744 to 1746 La Vérendrye's position in the west was held by
Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont who accomplished little. After the elder La Verendrye's death the new
governor Jonquière forced his sons out of their father's patrimony and control of the west was given to Jacques
Legardeur de Saint-Pierre (1750–53). He built Fort La Jonquière somewhere on the Saskatchewan, but failed in an
attempt to ascend that river. He was followed by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne (1753-1756). He built Fort
de la Corne on the Saskatchewan. In 1756 the western command was given to Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La
Vérendrye, but he was unable to travel to the west. During the French and Indian War (1754-1763) the western posts
were gradually abandoned. With the end of the war control passed to the English.

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye 17
Legacy
La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve, Quebec
Joseph-Émile Brunet's statue of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de
La Vérendrye in Saint Boniface, Manitoba. Numerous places were
named in his honor:
• La Vérendrye Provincial Park in Ontario
• La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve in Québec
• Boulevard de La Vérendrye in Montreal, Québec
• Boulevard La Vérendrye in Gatineau, Québec
• The neighbourhood of Varennes in the St. Vital district of
Winnipeg, and rue La Vérendrye and Parc La Vérendrye in the
Saint Boniface district in Winnipeg.
• Verendrye, North Dakota
• La Vérendrye Hospital in Fort Frances, Ontario
• École Secondaire Catholique de LaVérendye, Thunder Bay, Ontario
La Vérendrye Provincial Park
References
Dakota History, 1965, Vol. 32 Issue 2, pp 117–129
• "Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye [3] ". Dictionary
of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
1979–2005.
• The Vérendryes and Their Successors, 1727-1760 [4]
• Russell Reid, "Verendrye's Journey to North Dakota in 1738," North
• Grace Flandrau, The Verendrye Overland Quest Of the Pacific - has a translation of his journal of his visit to the
Mandans
• G. Hubert Smith, The Explorations of the La Verendryes in the Northern Plains, 1738–43, 1951, edited by W.
Raymond Smith 1980, has a translation of the journal with commentary.
[1] Arthur Morton, "A History of Western Canada" no date,pages 162,169
[2] Morton, page 164
[3] http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=1366
[4] http:/ / www. mhs. mb. ca/ docs/ transactions/ 3/ verendryes. shtml

18
Henday
Anthony Henday
Anthony Henday (fl. 1750–1762) was one of the first European men
to explore the interior of the Canadian northwest.
Henday was from the Isle of Wight, he may have been baptised in
Shorwell on 24 December 1725. [1]
His explorations were authorized and funded by the Hudson's Bay
Company because of their concern with La Vérendrye and the other
western commanders who were funnelling fur trade from the northwest
to their forts. Henday volunteered to undertake an expedition into this
territory. He was a native of the Isle of Wight who was a convicted
smuggler [2] and joined the HBC in 1750 as a net-maker and labourer.
Henday had gained some experience in inland travel after arriving at
Anthony Henday's route in green.
York Factory. On June 26, 1745, he set out with a group of Plains Indians. It is documented that they passed the
French Fort Paskoya where he may have met La Corne, the western commander at that time.
In October 1754 he and his group came to what is now Alberta from York Factory with a mission to meet the
Blackfoot and perhaps trade with them.
After receiving an indefinite answer from the Blackfoot (which Henday took as a “no”), Henday traveled back to
York Factory with news that he had explored the area and had met with the Blackfoot. Since the answer had been
unsure, there were no more expeditions to Alberta.
This trip, and later ones, took Henday across much of the prairies of what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta and
although his journal cannot always be put in a modern context, it is evident that he brought much trade to York
Factory. Records show that some of the trade also went to the French at Fort Saint-Louis (Fort de la Corne) and Fort
Paskoya which were on the route to Hudson Bay. He left the service of the HBC in 1762 largely because his efforts
for the company, at least in his estimation, had not been properly recognized.
Anthony Henday Drive, a large ring road in Edmonton, is named in his honour.
References
[1] (http:/ / mspace. lib. umanitoba. ca/ bitstream/ 1993/ 1753/ 1/ MQ52736. pdf)
[2] Calgary & Southern Alberta (http:/ / www. ucalgary. ca/ applied_history/ tutor/ calgary/ henday. html)
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e.
php& id_nbr=1400)

19
Hearne
Samuel Hearne
Samuel Hearne
Samuel Hearne
Born February 1745
London, England
Died
Occupation
November 1792 (aged
47)
London, England
Explorer
Samuel Hearne (1745 – 1792) was an English explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist. He was the first European
to make an overland excursion across northern Canada to the Arctic Ocean, actually Coronation Gulf, via the
Coppermine River. In 1774, Hearne built Cumberland House for the Hudson’s Bay Company, its first interior trading
post and the first permanent settlement in present Saskatchewan.
Biography
Samuel Hearne was born in February 1745 in London, England. Hearne’s father was a senior engineer of the London
Bridge Water Works but he died in 1748. His mother's name was Diana, and his sister's name was Sarah, three years
younger than Samuel Jr. Hearne joined the British Royal Navy in 1756 at the age of 12 as midshipman under the
fighting captain Samuel Hood. He remained with Hood during the Seven Years' War, seeing considerable action
during the conflict, including the bombardment of Le Havre. At the end of the Seven Years' War, having served in
the English Channel and then the Mediterranean, he left the navy in 1763. His activities during the next three years
are unknown.
In February 1766, he joined the Hudson’s Bay Company as a mate on the sloop Churchill, which was then engaged
in the Inuit trade out of Prince of Wales Fort, Churchill, Manitoba. Two years later he became mate on the brigantine
Charlotte and participated in the company’s short-lived black whale fishery. in 1767 he found the remains of James

Samuel Hearne 20
Knight's expedition. In 1768, he examined portions of the Hudson Bay coasts with a view to improving the cod
fishery. During this time he gained a reputation for snowshoeing.
Hearne was able to improve his navigational skills by observing William Wales who was at Hudson Bay during
1768–1769 after being commissioned by the Royal Society to observe the Transit of Venus with Joseph Dymond.
Exploration
The English on Hudson Bay had long known that the Indians to the
northwest used native copper, as indicated by such words as
Yellowknife. When, in 1768, a northern Indian (some say it was
Matonabbee) brought lumps of copper to Churchill, the governor,
Moses Norton, decided to send Hearne in search of a possible copper
mine. The basic theme of Hearne's three journeys is the Englishmen's
ignorance of the methods of travel through this very difficult country
and their dependence on Indians who knew the land and how to live off
of it.
First Journey: Since there was no canoe route to the northwest, the
plan was to go on foot over the frozen winter ground. Without canoes,
they would have to carry as much food as possible and then live off the
land. Hearne planned to join a group of northern Indians that had come
to trade at Churchill and somehow induce them to lead him to the
copper mine. He left Churchill on 6 November 1769 along with two
company employees, two Cree hunters and a band of Chipewyans and
went north across the Seal River, an east-west river north of Churchill.
By the 19th their European provisions gave out and their hunters had
found little game (Hearne had left too late in the season and the
Caribou had already left the Barren Grounds for the shelter of the
forested country further south). They headed west and north, finding
only a few ptarmigan, fish and three stray Caribou. The Indians, who
knew the country, had better sense than to risk starvation in this way
and began deserting. When the last Indians left, Hearne and his
European companions returned to the sheltered valley of the Seal
River, where he was able to find venison, and reached Churchill on 11
December.
Map of Samuel Hearne's second and third
expeditions (red)
Map created by Samuel Hearne of his expedition.
Out of his three voyages, his third one was
successful and the others were not.
Second Journey: Since he could not control the northern Indians, Hearne proposed to try again using 'home guards',
that is, Cree who lived around the post and hunted in exchange for European supplies. He left Churchill on 23
February. Reaching the Seal River, he found good hunting and followed it west until he reached a large lake,
probably Sethnanei Lake. Here he decided to wait for better weather and live by fishing. In April the fish began to
give out. On the 24th a large body of Indians, mostly women, arrived from the south for the annual goose hunt. On
the 19th of May the geese arrived and there was now plenty to eat. They headed north and east past Baralzone Lake.
By June the geese had flown further north and they were again threatened with famine. At one point they killed three
Muskoxen and had to eat them raw because it was too wet to light a fire. They crossed the Kazan River above
Yathkyed Lake where they found good hunting and fishing and then went west to Lake Dubawnt which is about 450
miles northwest of Churchill. On the 14th of August his quadrant was destroyed, which accounts for the inaccuracy
of latitudes on the remainder to this and the next journey. At this point the sources become vague, but Hearne
returned to Churchill in the autumn. On his return journey he met Matonabbee who was to be his guide on the next

Samuel Hearne 21
journey. Matonabbee may well have saved him from freezing or starving to death. Most of the land Hearne crossed
on his second journey is very desolate and was not properly explored again until Joseph Tyrrell in 1893.
Third Journey: Hearne contrived to travel as the only European with a group of Chipewyan guides led by
Matonabbee. [1] The group also included eight of Matonabbee's wives to act as beasts of burden in the sledge traces,
camp servants, and cooks. This third expedition set out in December 1770, to reach the Coppermine River in
summer, by which he could descend to the Arctic in canoes.
Matonabbee kept a fast pace, so fast they reached the great caribou traverse before provisions dwindled and in time
for the spring hunt. Here Northern Indian (Dene) hunters gathered to hunt the vast herds of caribou migrating north
for the summer. A store of meat was laid up for Hearne's voyage and a band of "Yellowknife" Dene joined the
expedition. Matonabbee ordered his women to wait for his return in the Athabasca country to the west.
The Dene were generally a mild and peaceful people, however, they were in a state of conflict with the Inuit. A great
number of Yellowknife Indians joined Hearne's party to accompany them to the Coppermine River with intent to
murder Inuit, who were understood to frequent that river in considerable numbers. [2]
On 14 July 1771, they reached the Coppermine River, a small stream flowing over a rocky bed in the "Barren Lands
of the Little Sticks". A few miles down the river, just above a cataract, were the domed wigwams of an Eskimo
camp. At 1 am on 17 July 1771 Matonabbee and the other Indians fell upon the sleeping "Esquimaux" in a ruthless
massacre. Approximately twenty men, women, and children were killed; this would be known as the Massacre at
Bloody Falls.
... a young girl, seemingly about eighteen years of age, [was] killed so near me, that when the first spear
was stuck into her side she fell down at my feet, and twisted round my legs, so that it was with difficulty
that I could disengage myself from her dying grasps. As two Indian men pursued this unfortunate
victim, I solicited very hard for her life; but the murderers made no reply till they had stuck both their
spears through her body ... even at this hour I cannot reflect on the transactions of that horrid day
without shedding tears. [3]
A few days later Hearne was the first European to reach the shore of the Arctic Ocean by an overland route. By
tracing the Coppermine River to the Arctic Ocean he had established there was no northwest passage through the
continent at lower latitudes.
This expedition also proved successful in its primary goal by discovering copper in the Coppermine River basin;
however, an intensive search of the area yielded only one four-pound lump of copper and commercial mining was
not considered viable.
Matonabbee led Hearne back to Churchill by a wide westward circle past Bear Lake[4] in Athabasca Country. In
midwinter he became the first European to see and cross Great Slave Lake. Hearne returned to Fort Prince of Wales
on 30 June 1772 having walked some 5,000 miles (8,000 km) and explored more than 250,000 square miles
(650,000 km 2 ).
Later life
Hearne was sent to Saskatchewan to establish Fort Cumberland, the second inland trading post for the Hudson's Bay
Company in 1774 (the first being Henley House, established in 1743, 200 km up the Albany River). Having learned
to live off the land, he took minimal provisions for the eight Europeans and two Home Guard Crees who
accompanied him.
After consulting some local chiefs, Hearne chose a strategic site on Pine Island Lake in the Saskatchewan River, 60
miles (97 km) above Fort Paskoya. The site was linked to both the Saskatchewan River trade route and the Churchill
system.
He became governor of Fort Prince of Wales on 22 January 1776. On 8 August 1782 Hearne and his complement of
38 civilians were confronted by a French force under the comte de La Pérouse composed of three ships, including

Samuel Hearne 22
one of 74 guns, and 290 soldiers. As a veteran Hearne recognized hopeless odds and surrendered without a shot.
Hearne and some of the other prisoners were allowed to sail back to England from Hudson Strait in a small sloop.
Hearne returned the next year but found trade had deteriorated. The Indian population had been decimated by
smallpox and starvation due to the lack of normal hunting supplies of powder and shot. Matonabbee had committed
suicide and the rest of Churchill’s leading Indians had moved to other posts. Hearne's health began to fail and he
delivered up command at Churchill on 16 August 1787 and returned to England.
In the last decade of his life he used his experiences on the barrens, on the northern coast, and in the interior to help
naturalists like Thomas Pennant in their researches. His friend William Wales was a teacher at Christ's Hospital and
he assisted Hearne to write A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean. This was
published in 1795, three years after Hearne's death of dropsy in November 1792 at the age of 47. [5]
Legacy
On 1 July 1767 he chiseled his name on smooth, glaciated stone at Sloop's Cove near Fort Prince of Wales where it
remains today.
One of Wales's pupils, the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, made a brief notebook entry where he mentioned Hearne's
book. Hearne may have been one of the inspirations for the Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Hearne's journals and maps were proven correct by Sir John Franklin when he verified the discovery of the massacre
at Bloody Falls during his own Coppermine Expedition of 1819-1822. He wrote:
Several human skulls which bore the marks of violence, and many bones were strewed about the
encampment, and as the spot exactly answers the description, given by Mr. Hearne, of the place... [6]
Hearne is mentioned by Charles Darwin in the sixth chapter of The Origin of Species:
In North America the black bear was seen by Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus
catching, like a whale, insects in the water. [7]
There is a Junior/Senior High School that was built and named after him in Inuvik, Northwest Territories. A school
in Toronto, Ontario was also built in his name in 1973.
References
[1] Hearne, Samuel. (1745-1792) A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne. Surrey, BC:TouchWood Editions.
[4] http:/ / toolserver. org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. pypage=Samuel_Hearne& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/
Press.
editintro& client=Template:Dn
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hearne, Samuel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Samuel Hearne 23
Further reading
1. A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne by Samuel Hearne. Foreword by Ken
McGoogan. Published by TouchWood Editions, 2007.
2. Ancient Mariner: The Arctic Adventures of Samuel Hearne, the Sailor Who Inspired Coleridge's Masterpiece by
Ken McGoogan. Published by Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004.
3. Coppermine Journey: An Account of Great Adventure Selected from the Journals of Samuel Hearne by Farley
Mowat. Published by McClelland & Stewart, 1958.
4. Samuel Hearne and the North West Passage by Gordon Speck. Published by Caxton Printers, Ltd, 1963.
5. Northern Wilderness by Ray Mears. Published by Hodder & Stoughton, 2009 Chapters 4-6
6. A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort ... to the Northern Ocean by Samuel Hearne. 1795. PDF download at
http:/ / northernwaterways. com/ library/ content/ view/ 71/ 46/ (44MB)
7. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, Artikel " HEARNE, SAMUEL (http:// www. biographi. ca/
009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=1943)"

24
Mackenzie
Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)
Sir Alexander Mackenzie
Alexander Mackenzie painted by Thomas Lawrence (c.1800), courtesy National Gallery of Canada
Born 1764
Stornoway, Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland
Died 12 March 1820 (aged 55–56)
near Dunkeld, Scotland, United Kingdom
Cause of death
Occupation
Bright's Disease
explorer
Signature
Sir Alexander Mackenzie (or MacKenzie, Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair MacCoinnich, 1764 – 12 March 1820) was a
Scottish explorer. He is known for his overland crossing of what is now Canada to reach the Pacific Ocean in 1793.
This was the first east to west crossing of North America north of Mexico and predated the Lewis and Clark
expedition by 10 years.
Early life
In 1764, Mackenzie was born at Luskentyre House in Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis. [1][2] He was the third of the
four children born to Kenneth 'Corc' Mackenzie (1731-1780) and his wife Isabella MacIver, from another prominent
mercantile family in Stornoway. [3] When only fourteen years old, Mackenzie's father served as an Ensign to protect
Stornaway during the Jacobite rising of 1745. He later became a merchant and held the tack of Melbost; his
grandfather being a younger brother of Murdoch Mackenzie, 6th Laird of Fairburn. [4][5]
Educated at the same school as Colin Mackenzie, in 1774 his mother died and he sailed to New York to join his
father and an uncle, John Mackenzie. [6] In 1776, during the American War of Independence, his father and uncle
resumed their military duties and joined the King's Royal Regiment of New York as Lieutenants. By 1778, to escape

Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) 25
the ravages of war, young Mackenzie was either sent, or accompanied by two aunts, to Montreal. [4] By 1779 (a year
before his father's death at Carleton Island), Mackenzie had a secured apprenticeship with Finlay, Gregory & Co.,
one of the most influential fur trading companies at Montreal, which was later administered by Archibald Norman
McLeod. In 1787, the company merged with the rival North West Company.
Explorations
1789 Mackenzie River expedition to the Arctic Ocean
On behalf of the North West Company Mackenzie travelled to Lake Athabasca where, in 1788, he was one of the
founders of Fort Chipewyan. He had been sent to replace Peter Pond, a partner in the North West Company. From
Pond, he learned that the First Nations people understood that the local rivers flowed to the northwest. Acting on this
information, he set out by canoe on the river known to the local Dene First Nations people as the Dehcho,
(Mackenzie River) on July 10, 1789 following it to its mouth in the hope of finding the Northwest Passage to the
Pacific Ocean. As he ended up reaching the Arctic Ocean on July 14, [7][8] it is conjectured that he named the river
"Disappointment River" as it did not lead to Cook Inlet in Alaska as he had expected. [9] The river was later renamed
the Mackenzie River in his honor.
1792-1793 Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean
In 1791, Mackenzie returned to Great Britain to study the new advance
in the measurement of longitude. Upon his return in 1792, he set out
once again to find a route to the Pacific. Accompanied by two native
guides (one named Cancre), his cousin Alexander MacKay, and six
Canadian voyageurs (Joseph Landry, Charles Ducette, Francois
Beaulieux, Baptiste Bisson, Francois Courtois, and Jacques
Beauchamp) and a dog simply called "Our Dog". Mackenzie left from
Fort Chipewyan on 10 October 1792 and travelled via the Pine River to
the Peace River. From there he travelled to a fork on the Peace River
arriving 1 November where he and his cohorts built a fortification that
they resided in over the winter. This later became known as Fort
Fork. [12]
Inscription on a stone at the end of Alexander
Mackenzie's 1792-1793 Canada crossing from the
Peace River to the Pacific Ocean coast; located at
52°22′43″N 127°28′14″W [10][11]
Mackenzie left Fort Fork on 9 May 1793 following the route of the Peace River. [12] He crossed the Great Divide and
found the upper reaches of the Fraser River but was warned by the local natives that the Fraser Canyon to the south
was unnavigable and populated by belligerent tribes. [13] He was instead directed to follow a grease trail by ascending
the West Road River, crossing over the Coast Mountains and descending the Bella Coola River to the sea. He
followed this advice and reached the Pacific coast on the 20th of July in 1793 at Bella Coola, British Columbia, on
North Bentinck Arm, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean. Thus, he completed the first recorded transcontinental crossing of
North America north of Mexico. He had unknowingly missed meeting George Vancouver at Bella Coola by 48 days.
He had wanted to continue westward out of a desire to reach the open ocean, but was stopped by the hostility of the
Heiltsuk people. Hemmed in by Heiltsuk war canoes, he wrote a message on a rock near the water's edge of Dean
Channel, using a reddish paint made of vermilion and bear grease, and turned back east. The inscription read: "Alex
MacKenzie / from Canada / by land / 22 d July 1793" (at the time the name Canada was an informal term for the
former French territory in what is now southern Quebec.) []:418 The words were later inscribed permanently by
surveyors. The site is now Sir Alexander Mackenzie Provincial Park and is designated a National Historic Site of
Canada. [14]
In his journal Mackenzie recorded the Carrier language for the first time. [15]

Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) 26
Later life and family
In 1801 the journals of his exploratory journeys were published. [16][17] He was knighted for his efforts in the
following year and served in the Legislature of Lower Canada from 1804 to 1808.
In 1812, Mackenzie returned to England where he married the fourteen year old Geddes Mackenzie, heiress of
Avoch. Her grandfather, Captain John Mackenzie of Castle Leod (great-grandson of George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of
Seaforth) purchased the estate of Avoch with money left to him by his first cousin and brother-in-law, Admiral
George Geddes Mackenzie. Lady Mackenzie's father was a first cousin of the father of Sir George Simpson,
Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Alexander and Geddes lived between Avoch and London. He died in 1820
of Bright's disease, at an age ranging from 55 to 56 (his exact date of birth unknown). He is buried at Avoch, on the
Black Isle.'
Legacy
The Alexander Mackenzie rose (explorer series), developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his
honour. [18]
The Mackenzie River is named for him.
Many othersWikipedia:Avoid weasel words have set out to replicate his famous crossing of Canada by canoe.
There are schools in St. Albert, Alberta and Toronto, Ontario named after him. [19]
References
[1] Stornoway Historical Society (http:/ / www. stornowayhistoricalsociety. org. uk/ more-feature-articles/ 58-amackenzie. html)
[2] Encyclopedia Britannica: Sir Alexander Mackenzie. (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 354833/ Sir-Alexander-Mackenzie)
[3] Dictionary of Canadian Biography (http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. phpBioId=36643)
[4] First Across the Continent: Sir Alexander MacKenzie (1997) by Barry M. Gough
[5] Genealogy of Sir Alexander Mackenzie (http:/ / freepages. genealogy. rootsweb. ancestry. com/ ~coigach/ siralex. htm)
[6] Avoch Heritage Association (http:/ / www. avoch. org/ content/ mackenzie)
[7] * Crowsnest Highway Timeline (http:/ / www. crowsnest-highway. ca/ timeline. pl)
[8] * Alexander Mackenzie Becomes the First European to Cross the Continent of North America at Its Widest Part (http:/ / www. bookrags.
com/ research/ alexander-mackenzie-becomes-the-fir-scit-041/ )
[10] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. phppagename=Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)&
params=52_22_43_N_127_28_14_W_scale:5000000
[11] Alex MacKenzie From Canada by Land 22d July 1793 (http:/ / www. johnharveyphoto. com/ MidCoast/ CascadeInlet/ Alex. html)
[12] Alexander Mackenzie. (2001) The Journals of Alexander Mackenzie. Santa Barbara, CA:Narrative Press. p 198ff.
[13] Journey of Sir Alexander Mackenzie - Bella Coola Grizzly Tours - Mackenzie Heritage Trail, BC (http:/ / www. bcgrizzlytours. com/ index.
aspp=102)
[15] Poser, William J. 2004. "The first record of the Carrier language" in Gary Holton and Siri Tuttle (eds.) Working Papers in Athabaskan
Languages. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. Working Papers #4.
[16] Alexander Mackenzie, (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ ebooks/ 35658) Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to
the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793 Vol. I (1902 ed.)
[17] Alexander Mackenzie, (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ ebooks/ 35659) Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to
the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793 Vol. II (1903 ed.)
[18] http:/ / www. canadianrosesociety. org/ index. phpoption=com_content& view=article& id=63& Itemid=55 Alexander Mackenzie rose

Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) 27
External links
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mackenzie, Sir Alexander". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
• "Biography" (http:// www. assnat. qc. ca/ en/ deputes/ mackenzie-alexander-4277/ index. html). Dictionnaire des
parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.

28
Thompson
David Thompson (explorer)
David Thompson
Born April 30, 1770
Westminster, London, England
Died February 10, 1857 (aged 86)
Longueuil, Canada East
Occupation Explorer and Map Maker
Spouse(s)
Charlotte Small
Children Fanny (1801), Samuel (1804), Emma (1806), John (1808), Joshuah (1811), Henry (1813), Charlotte (1815), Elizabeth (1817),
William (1819), Thomas (1822), George (1824), Mary (1827), Eliza (1829)
Parents
David and Ann Thompson
Signature
David Thompson (April 30, 1770 – February 10, 1857) was a British-Canadian fur trader, surveyor, and
map-maker, known to some native peoples as "Koo-Koo-Sint" or "the Stargazer". Over his career he mapped over
3.9 million square kilometers of North America and for this has been described as the "greatest land geographer who
ever lived." [1]
Biography
Early life
Thompson was born in Westminster to recent Welsh migrants, David and Ann Thompson. When Thompson was
two, his father died and the financial hardship of this occurrence resulted in his and his brother's placement in the
Grey Coat Hospital, a school for the disadvantaged of Westminster. [2] He eventually graduated to the Grey Coat
mathematical school and was introduced to basic navigation skills which would form the basis of his future career. In
1784, at the age of 14, he entered a seven-year apprenticeship with the Hudson's Bay Company. He set sail on May
28 of that year, and left England forever. [3]

David Thompson (explorer) 29
The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC)
He arrived in Churchill (now in Manitoba) and was put to work copying the personal papers of the governor of Fort
Churchill, Samuel Hearne. The next year he was transferred to nearby York Factory, and over the next few years
spent time as a clerk at Cumberland House and South Branch House before arriving at Manchester House in 1787.
On December 23, 1788, Thompson seriously fractured his leg, forcing him to spend the next two winters at
Cumberland House convalescing. It was during this time he greatly refined and expanded his mathematical,
astronomical and surveying skills under the tutelage of Hudson's Bay Company surveyor Philip Turnor. It was also
during this time that he lost sight in his right eye. [4]
In 1790 with his apprenticeship nearing its end, Thompson made the unusual request of a set of surveying tools in
place of the typical parting gift of fine clothes offered by the company to those completing their indenture. He
received both. He then entered the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company as a fur trader and in 1792 completed his
first significant survey, mapping a route to Lake Athabasca (presently straddling the Alberta/Saskatchewan border).
In recognition of his map-making skills, the company promoted him to surveyor in 1794. Thompson continued
working for the Hudson's Bay Company until May 23, 1797 when, frustrated with the Hudson's Bay Company's
policies, he left and walked 80 miles in the snow to enter the employ of the competition, the North West Company
where he continued to work as a fur trader and surveyor.
North West Company
Thompson's decision to defect to the North West Company in
1797 without providing the customary one-year notice was not
well received by his former employers. However, joining the
North West Company allowed Thompson to pursue his interest in
surveying and work on mapping the interior of what was to
become Canada. In 1797, Thompson was sent south by his
employers to survey part of Canada-U.S. boundary along the water
routes from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods to satisfy
unresolved questions of territory arising from the Jay Treaty
between Great Britain and the United States. By 1798 Thompson
had completed a survey of 6,750 km (4,190 mi) from Grand
Portage, through Lake Winnipeg, to the headwaters of the
Assiniboine and Mississippi Rivers, as well as two sides of Lake
Superior. [3] In 1798, the company sent him to Red Deer Lake (in
present-day Alberta) to establish a trading post. Thompson spent
the next few seasons trading based in Fort George (now in
Alberta), and during this time led several expeditions into the
Rocky Mountains.
An artist's impression of Thompson based on historical
accounts
In 1804, at the annual meeting of the North West Company in Kaministiquia, Thompson was made a full partner of
the company and spent the next few seasons based there managing the fur trading operations but still finding time to
expand his surveys of the waterways around Lake Superior. However, a decision was made at the 1806 company
meeting to send Thompson back out into the interior. Concern over the American-backed expedition of Lewis and
Clark prompted the North West Company to charge Thompson with the task of finding a route to the Pacific in order
to open up the lucrative trading territories of the Pacific Northwest.

David Thompson (explorer) 30
Columbia travels
After the general meeting in 1806, Thompson travelled to Rocky Mountain House and prepared for an expedition to
follow the Columbia River to the Pacific. In June 1807 Thompson crossed the Rocky Mountains and spent the
summer surveying the Columbia basin and continuing to survey the area over the next few seasons. Thompson
mapped and established trading posts in Northwestern Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Western Canada. Trading
posts he founded included Kootenae House, Kullyspell House and Saleesh House; the latter two of which were the
first trading posts west of the Rockies in Idaho and Montana, respectively. [4] These posts established by Thompson
extended North West Company fur trading territory into the Columbia Basin drainage area. The maps he made of the
Columbia River basin east of the Cascade Mountains were of such high quality and detail that they continued to be
regarded as authoritative well into the mid-20th century.
In early 1810, Thompson was
returning eastward towards Montreal
but while on route at Rainy Lake,
received orders to return to the Rocky
Mountains and establish a route to the
mouth of the Columbia. This was a
response by the North West Company
to the plans of John Jacob Astor to
send a ship around the Americas to
establish a fur trading post. During his
return, Thompson was delayed by an
angry group of Peigan natives which
ultimately forced him to seek a new
route across the Rocky Mountains
through the Athabasca Pass.
David Thompson was the first
European to navigate the full length of
the Columbia River. During
Thompson's 1811 voyage down the
Columbia River he camped at the
junction with the Snake River on July
9, 1811, and erected a pole and a
David Thompson navigated the entire length of Columbia River in 1811. Map of
Columbia and its tributaries showing modern political boundaries
notice claiming the country for Great Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a trading
post at the site. This notice was found later that year by Astorians looking to establish an inland fur post, contributing
to their selection of a more northerly site at Fort Okanogan. The North West Company's Fort Nez Percés was
established near the Snake River junction several years later. Continuing down the Columbia, Thompson passed the
barrier of The Dalles with much less difficulty than experienced by Lewis and Clark, as high water obscured Celilo
Falls and many of the rapids. On July 14, 1811, Thompson reached the partially constructed Fort Astoria at the
mouth of the Columbia, arriving two months after the Pacific Fur Company's ship, the Tonquin. [5]
Before returning upriver and across the mountains, Thompson hired Naukane, a Native Hawaiian laborer brought to
Fort Astoria by the Pacific Fur Company's ship Tonquin. Naukane, known as Coxe to Thompson, accompanied
Thompson across the continent to Lake Superior before journeying on to England.
Thompson wintered at Saleesh House before beginning his final journey back to Montreal in 1812.
In his published journals, Thompson recorded seeing large footprints near what is now Jasper, Alberta, in 1811. It
has been suggested that these prints were similar to what has since been called the sasquatch. However, Thompson

David Thompson (explorer) 31
noted that these tracks showed "a small Nail at the end of each [toe]", and stated that these tracks "very much
resembles a large Bear's Track". [6]
Appearance and Personality
In 1820, the English geologist, John Jeremiah Bigsby, attended a
dinner party given by The Hon. William McGillivray at his home,
Chateau St. Antoine, one of the early estates in Montreal's Golden
Square Mile. He describes the party and some of the guests in his
entertaining book The Shoe and Canoe, giving an excellent description
of David Thompson:
David Thompson late in life
I was well placed at table between one of the Miss McGillivray's and a
singular-looking person of about fifty. He was plainly dressed, quiet,
and observant. His figure was short and compact, and his black hair
was worn long all round, and cut square, as if by one stroke of the
shears, just above the eyebrows. His complexion was of the gardener's
ruddy brown, while the expression of his deeply-furrowed features was
friendly and intelligent, but his cut-short nose gave him an odd look.
His speech betrayed the Welshman, although he left his native hills
when very young. I might have been spared this description of Mr
David Thompson by saying he greatly resembled Curran the Irish
Orator...
I afterwards travelled much with him, and have now only to speak of him with great respect, or, I ought to say, with
admiration... No living person possesses a tithe of his information respecting the Hudson's Bay countries... Never
mind his Bunyan-like face and cropped hair; he has a very powerful mind, and a singular faculty of picture-making.
He can create a wilderness and people it with warring savages, or climb the Rocky Mountains with you in a
snow-storm, so clearly and palpably, that only shut your eyes and you hear the crack of the rifle, or feel the
snow-flakes melt on your cheeks as he talks. [7]
Marriage and children
He married Charlotte Small on June 10, 1799 at Île-à-la-Crosse, a mixed-blood child of a Scottish fur trader Patrick
Small and a Cree mother. Their marriage was formalized at the Scotch Presbyterian Church in Montreal on October
30, 1812. He and Charlotte had 13 children together; five of them were born before he left the fur trade. The family
did not adjust easily to life in Eastern Canada and two of the children, John (aged 5) and Emma (aged 7) died of
round worms, a common parasite. [3] Their marriage lasted 58 years, the longest Canadian pre-Confederation
marriage known. [3]

David Thompson (explorer) 32
Map of the North-West Territory of the Province
of Canada, stretching from the Fraser River on
the west to Lake Superior on the east. By David
Thompson, 1814.
Later years
Upon his arrival back in Montreal, Thompson retired with a generous
pension from the North West Company. He settled in nearby
Terrebonne and worked on completing his great map, a summary of his
lifetime of exploring and surveying the interior of North America. The
map covered the wide area stretching from Lake Superior to the
Pacific, and was given by Thompson to the North West Company.
Thompson's 1814 map, his greatest achievement, was so accurate that
100 years later it was still the basis for many of the maps issued by the
Canadian government. It now resides in the Archives of Ontario. [8]
In 1815, Thompson moved his family to Williamstown, Upper Canada
and a few years later was employed to survey the newly established borders with the United States from Lake of the
Woods to the Eastern Townships of Quebec, established by Treaty of Ghent after the War of 1812. In 1843
Thompson completed his atlas of the region from Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean.
Afterwards, Thompson returned to a life as a land owner, but soon financial misfortune would ruin him. By 1831 he
was so deeply in debt he was forced to take up a position as a surveyor for the British American Land Company to
provide for his family. His luck continued to worsen and he was forced to move in with his daughter and son-in-law
in 1845. He began work on a manuscript chronicling his life exploring the continent, but this project was left
unfinished when his sight failed him completely in 1851.
Death and afterward
The land mass mapped by Thompson amounted to 3.9 million
square kilometres of wilderness (one-fifth of the continent). His
contemporary, the great explorer Alexander Mackenzie, remarked
that Thompson did more in ten months than he would have
thought possible in two years.
Despite these significant achievements, Thompson died in
Montreal in near obscurity on February 10, 1857, his
accomplishments almost unrecognized. He never finished the book
of his 28 years in the fur trade, based on his 77 field notebooks,
before he died. In the 1890s geologist J.B. Tyrrell resurrected
Thompson's notes and in 1916 published them as David
Thompson's Narrative. [9]
Postage stamp commemorating David Thompson's life

David Thompson (explorer) 33
Thompson's body was interred in Montreal's Mount Royal
Cemetery in an unmarked grave. It was not until 1926 that efforts
by J.B. Tyrell and the Canadian Historical Society resulted in the
placing of a tombstone to mark his grave.
David Thompson Memorial, Verendrye, North Dakota
In 1957, one hundred years after his death, the Canadian
government honoured him with his image on a Canadian postage
stamp. The David Thompson Highway in Alberta was named in
his honour, along with David Thompson High School situated on
the side of the highway near Leslieville, Alberta. His prowess as a
geographer is now well-recognized. He has been called "the
greatest land geographer who ever lived." [1][3]
There is a monument dedicated to David Thompson (maintained
by the state of North Dakota) near the former town site of the
ghost town, Verendrye, North Dakota, located approximately two
miles north and one mile west of Karlsruhe, North Dakota.
Thompson Falls, Montana and British Columbia's Thompson
River are also named after the explorer.
The year 2007 marked the 150th year of Thompson's death and the
200th anniversary of his first crossing of the Rocky Mountains.
Commemorative events and exhibits were planned across Canada
and the United States from 2007 to 2011 as a celebration of his
accomplishments. [10]
Thompson was the subject of a 1964 National Film Board of
Canada short film David Thompson: The Great Mapmaker , [11] as
well as the BBC2 programme Ray Mears' Northern Wilderness
(Episode 5), broadcast in November 2009. [12]
David Thompson and two guides on the shore of Lac la
Biche, which he discovered, in Lac La Biche, Alberta.
Works
• 1814: Map of the North-West Territory of the Province of Canada
• 1897: New light on the early history of the greater Northwest: the manuscript journals of Alexander Henry, fur
trader of the North West Company, and of David Thompson, official geographer and explorer of the same
company, 1799–1814 : exploration and adventure among the Indians on the Red, Saskatchewan, Missouri and
Columbia Rivers [13] (edited by Elliott Coues)
• 1916: David Thompson's narrative of his explorations in western America, 1784–1812 [14] (edited by J.B. Tyrell)
• 1950: David Thompson's journals relating to Montana and adjacent regions, 1808–1812 (edited by M. Catherine
White)
• 1962: David Thompson's narrative, 1784–1812 [15] (edited by Richard Glover)
• 1974: David Thompson's journal of the international boundary survey, 1817–1827 : western Lake Erie,
August–September 1819 (edited by Clarke E. Leverette)
• 1993: Columbia Journals (edited by Barbara Belyea)
• 2006: "Moccasin Miles – The Travels of Charlotte Small Thompson 1799–1812 [16] " Contemporary and
Historical Maps: Charlotte Small (S. Leanne Playter/Andreas N. Korsos|Publisher: Arcturus Consulting)
• 2006/2007: "David Thompson in Alberta 1787–1812"; "David Thompson on the Columbia River 1807–1812";
"The Explorations and Travels of David Thompson 1784–1812"; "Posts and Forts of the North American Fur

David Thompson (explorer) 34
Trade 1600–1870" [16] Contemporary and Historical Maps: David Thompson (Andreas N. Korsos|Publisher:
Arcturus Consulting)
References
[1] David Thompson's narrative of his explorations in western America, 1784–1812 (http:// link. library. utoronto. ca/ champlain/ item_record.
cfmIdno=9_96855& lang=eng& query=thompson AND david& searchtype=Author& startrow=1& Limit=All) (edited by J.B. Tyrell)
[2] Hudson's Bay Company (http:// www. hbcheritage. ca/ hbcheritage/ history/ people/ explorers/ david-thompson). Retrieved 9 January 2013.
[3] Aritha Van Herk, Travels with Charlotte, Canadian Geographic Magazine, July/August 2007
[4] J. & A. Gottfred, "Art. I. The Life of David Thompson"
[6] Thompson, David. Columbia Journals. Edited by Barbara Belyea. McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994, p. 135
[8] David Thompson Records Held by the [[Archives of Ontario (http:// www. archives. gov. on. ca/ english/ exhibits/ thompson/ records. htm)]]
[9] Rick Boychuk, David Thompson's living legacy, Canadian Geographic Magazine, July/August 2007, p. 13
[10] David Thompson Bicentennials (http:// www. davidthompson200. org/ )
[11] David Thompson: The Great Mapmaker , National Film Board of Canada (http:// www. nfb. ca/ film/
david_thompson_the_great_mapmaker/ )
[12] BBC Wales news report (http:// news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ wales/ 8354658. stm). Retrieved 25 November 2009.
[13] http:/ / www. canadiana. org/ ECO/ ItemRecordid=3de1bded3c9598b4
[14] http:/ / link. library. utoronto. ca/ champlain/ item_record. cfmIdno=9_96855& lang=eng& query=thompson%20AND%20david&
searchtype=Author& startrow=1& Limit=All
[15] http:/ / link. library. utoronto. ca/ champlain/ item_record. cfmIdno=9_96867& lang=eng& query=9_96867& searchtype=Bibrecord&
startrow=1& Limit=All
[16] http:/ / www. arcturusconsulting. net/ products. htm
Notes
• "Thompson, David" (http:// www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=4218). Dictionary of
Canadian Biography Online. Library and Archives Canada. 2000. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
• Jenish, D'Arcy (2003). Epic wanderer: David Thompson and the mapping of the Canadian West. Toronto:
Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-65973-4.
• Thompson, David (1994). Columbia Journals. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
ISBN 978-0-7735-0989-4.
• "David Thompson Canada's greatest Geographer" (http:// www. davidthompsonthings. com/ geog1. html). David
Thompson Things. David Thompson Things. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
• Arcturus Consulting (2007). The Explorations and Travels of David Thompson 1784–1812 (http:// www.
arcturusconsulting. net/ shop. htm) (Map). ISBN 978-0-9783707-2-5.
• 2006: " Moccasin Miles – The Travels of Charlotte Small Thompson 1799–1812 (http:// www.
arcturusconsulting. net/ products. htm)" Contemporary and Historical Maps: Charlotte Small (S. Leanne
Playter/Andreas N. Korsos|Publisher: Arcturus Consulting)
Further reading
• Flandrau, Grace (1925). Koo-koo-sint, the Star Man: a chronicle of David Thompson. Great Northern Railway.
Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (http:// www.
secstate. wa. gov/ history/ publications_detail. aspxp=86)
• Haywood, Carl W. (2008). Sometime Only Horses to Eat: David Thompson; The Saleesh House Period
1807–1812: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America. Stonydale Press Publishing Co.
• Jenish, D'Arcy (2003). Epic Wanderer: David Thompson and the Mapping of the Canadian West. Doubleday
Canada.
• McCart, Joyce and Peter (2000). On the Road with David Thompson. Fifth House.
• Nisbet, Jack (1994). Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America. Sasquatch
Books.

David Thompson (explorer) 35
• Elle Andra-Warner,2010. David Thompson: A Life of Adventure and Discovery. Heritage House Publishing
Co.Ltd.
External links
• Complete text of David Thompson's Narrative (Tyrrell edition) (http:// link. library. utoronto. ca/ champlain/
item_record. cfmIdno=9_96855& lang=eng& query=thompson AND david& searchtype=Author& startrow=1&
Limit=All) Champlain Society digital collection
• Complete text of David Thompson's Narrative (Glover edition) (http:// link. library. utoronto. ca/ champlain/
item_record. cfmIdno=9_96867& lang=eng& query=thompson AND david& searchtype=Author& startrow=1&
Limit=All) Champlain Society digital collection
• Contemporary and Historical Maps (http:// www. arcturusconsulting. net/ products. htm) Maps depicting David
Thompson's travels, Charlotte Small's travels, Posts and Forts of the Canadian Fur Trade 1600–1870, and other
explorations
• David Thompson (http:// www. oregonencyclopedia. org/ entry/ view/ thompson_david/ ) in the Oregon
Encyclopedia
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (http:// www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e.
php& id_nbr=4218)
• "The greatest land geographer who ever lived: A short history" by J.B. Tyrell (http:// www.
davidthompsonthings. com/ geog1. html)
• David Thompson Canadian Fur Trader and Mapmaker (http:// www. thefurtrapper. com/ david_thompson. htm)
• DavidThompson200 (http:// www. davidthompson200. org): bicentennial commemorations of Thompson's
explorations
• The Writings of David Thompson (http:// www. champlainsociety. ca) edited by William E. Moreau. Three
volumes. This edition of the works of Thompson has been in preparation for the past nine years, and is to be
published by The Champlain Society with McGill-Queen's University Press and the University of Washington
Press.
• David Thompson Papers, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library (http:// www. library. utoronto. ca/ fisher/
collections/ findaids/ thompson_david. pdf)
• Find a Grave: David Thompson (http:// www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgipage=gr& GRid=2662)

36
Harmon
Daniel Williams Harmon
Daniel Williams Harmon (February 19, 1778 – April 23, 1843) was a fur trader and diarist.
Harmon was born in Bennington, Vermont on February 19, 1778, son of Daniel and Lucretia (Dewey) Harmon and
died April 23, 1843, in Sault-au-Récollet (Montreal North), Lower Canada. He took as a common-law wife Elizabeth
(Lizzette) Laval or Duval (ca. 1790 - February 14, 1862) on October 5, 1805, at South Branch House, Northwest
Territory, British America (he legally married August 19, 1819, at Fort William, Ontario, Canada) and had 12
children.
Harmon joined the North West Company in 1800 and gradually moved westward, finally arriving in British
Columbia in 1809. There he served for ten years at Fort Saint James and Fort Fraser.
Harmon was not one of the well known names in fur-trading history. He served mostly in subordinate positions and
carried out no explorations. His fame rests solely on his published journal, which documents his experience in the
Canadian frontier. The journal was heavily edited and rewritten for publication by the Reverend Daniel Haskel of
Burlington, Vermont, and appeared with the title, "A journal of voyages and travels in the interior of North America,
between the 47th and 58th degrees of north latitude, extending from Montreal nearly to the Pacific Ocean, a distance
of about 5,000 miles, including an account of the principal occurrences, during a residence of nineteen years, in
different parts of the country. . ." (Andover, Mass., 1820). In addition to a description of life in the fur trade during
the early years of the 19th century the work is notable for its account of the moral dilemmas Harmon confronted in
the context his lingering Puritan morality and the sexual customs in the frontier. Harmon took a Native American
Indian wife but refused the traders' practice of abandoning them and instead returned with her to Vermont and formal
marriage.
The full journal consists of three parts In addition to the diary proper, there are two lengthy appendices, one on the
Indians East of the Rockies (basically the Cree) and one on the Indians West of the Rockies (basically the
Carrier).The latter contains the first substantial source of information about the Carrier language, in the form of a list
of about 300 words. The appendices are omitted from at least one recent edition.
Further reading
Biographies on Daniel Williams Harmon and his family
• John Spargo, Two Bennington-born explorers and makers of modern Canada (1950)
• Walter O'Meara, The Grand Portage (1951)
• Artemas C. Harmon, Harmon Genealogy (1920)
Selected publications by Daniel Williams Harmon
• Daniel Williams Harmon, "A Journal of Voyages and Travels in the interior of North America between the 47th
and 58th degree of North latitude, extending from Montreal nearly to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of about 5000
miles, including an account of the Principal occurrences during a residence of nearly nineteen years in different
parts of that country. To which are added A Concise Description of the face of the Country, Its Inhabitants, their
manners, customs, laws, etc." Burlington, Vermont, 1820 (1905 ed.).

Daniel Williams Harmon 37
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online [1]
References
[1] http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=3428

38
Simon Fraser (explorer)
Fraser
Simon Fraser
A portrait of Simon Fraser, undated.
Born May 20, 1776
Mapletown, New York
Died August 18, 1862 (aged 86)
St. Andrews West, Canada
Occupation
Spouse(s)
Children
Parents
Partner in the North West Company
Catherine McDonnell
9 altogether, one died at infancy
Isaballa Grant and Simon Fraser
Simon Fraser (20 May 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a fur trader and an explorer who charted much of what is now
the Canadian province of British Columbia. Fraser was employed by the Montreal-based North West Company. By
1805, he had been put in charge of all the company's operations west of the Rocky Mountains. He was responsible
for building that area's first trading posts, and, in 1808, he explored what is now known as the Fraser River, which
bears his name. Simon Fraser's exploratory efforts were partly responsible for Canada's boundary later being
established at the 49th parallel (after the War of 1812), since he as a British subject was the first European to
establish permanent settlements in the area. According to historian Alexander Begg, Fraser "was offered a
knighthood but declined the title due to his limited wealth" [1]

Simon Fraser (explorer) 39
Early life
Simon was born on 20 May 1776 in the village of Mapletown,
Hoosick, New York. [2] He was the eighth and youngest child of
Captain Simon Fraser (d.1779), of the 84th Highland Regiment, and
Isabella Grant, daughter of the Laird of Daldregan. Captain Simon
Fraser grew up at his family's seat, Guisachan, as the second son of
William Fraser (d.1755), 8th Laird of Guisachan and 3rd Laird of
Culbokie, by his wife Margaret, daughter of John MacDonell, 4th
Laird of Ardnabie. [3] The Frasers of Guisachan and Culbokie were
descended from a younger brother of the 10th Chief of the Frasers of
Lovat. [4]
Simon's father came with his regiment to North America in 1773 and
died in prison after being captured during the Battle of
This historic marker is located in front of Fraser's
birthplace home. The home is still standing in
Mapletown, NY, one-half mile north of NY
Route 7 on Rensselaer County Rt. 102.
Bennington. [2][2] After the war ended, Simon's mother was assisted by her brother-in-law, Captain John Fraser, who
had been appointed Chief Justice of the Montreal district, and was settled near present-day Cadillac, Quebec. After
the death of Simon's father, she married a Colonel Thompson. [3]
Fur Trade
At the age of 14, Fraser moved to Montreal for additional schooling, where two of his uncles were active in the fur
trade, in which his kinsman, Simon McTavish, was the undisputed leading figure. In 1790, unsurprisingly, he was
apprenticed to the North West Company.
Between 1792 and 1805, it would appear that Fraser spent most of his time working in the company's Athabasca
Department. While little is known of his activities during this time, Fraser seems to have done well, as he was made
a full partner of the company in 1801 at the relatively young age of 24.
Exploration west of the Rockies
In 1789, the North West Company had commissioned Alexander Mackenzie to find a navigable river route to the
Pacific Ocean. The route he discovered in 1793 — ascending the West Road River and descending the Bella Coola
River — opened up new sources of fur but proved to be too difficult to be practicable as a trading route to the
Pacific. Fraser was thus given responsibility for extending operations to the country west of the Rockies in 1805.
Mackenzie’s expeditions had been primarily reconnaissance trips, while Fraser’s assignment, by contrast, reflected a
definite decision to build trading posts and take possession of the country, as well as to explore travel routes.
Ascending the Peace River and establishing posts
In the autumn of 1803, Fraser began ascending the Peace River, establishing the trading post of Rocky Mountain
Portage House (present day Hudson's Hope) just east of the Peace River Canyon of the Rocky Mountains. That
winter Fraser and his crew pushed through the mountains and ascended the Parsnip and Pack Rivers, establishing
Trout Lake Fort (later renamed Fort McLeod) at present-day McLeod Lake. This was the first permanent European
settlement west of the Rockies in present-day Canada. The name given by Fraser to this territory was New
Caledonia, given in honour of his ancestral homeland of Scotland. Further explorations by Fraser's assistant James
McDougall resulted in the discovery of Carrier Lake, now known as Stuart Lake. In the heart of territory inhabited
by the aboriginal Carrier or Dakelh nation, this area proved to be a lucrative locale for fur trading, so a post — Fort
St. James — was built on its shore in 1806. From here, Fraser sent another assistant John Stuart west to Fraser Lake.
Later the two men would build another post there which is now known as Fort Fraser.

Simon Fraser (explorer) 40
Delays and the founding of Fort George (Prince George)
Fraser had found out from the aboriginal people that the Fraser River, the route by which Mackenzie had ascended
the West Road River, could be reached by descending the Stuart River, which drained Stuart Lake, and then
descending the Nechako River to its confluence with the Fraser. It had been Fraser's plan to navigate the length of
the river which now bears his name. Fraser and others believed that this was, in fact, the Columbia River, the mouth
of which had been explored in 1792 by Robert Gray.
Unfortunately, Fraser's plan to begin the journey in 1806 had to be abandoned due to a lack of men and supplies as
well as the occurrence of a local famine. Fraser would not be resupplied until the autumn of 1807, meaning that his
journey could not be undertaken until the following spring. In the interval Fraser contented himself with a journey to
the confluence of the Nechako and Fraser Rivers. There he established a new post named Fort George (now known
as Prince George), which would become the starting point for his trip downstream.
Descent of the Fraser River
From the outset, the aboriginal inhabitants warned Fraser that the river below was nearly impassable. A party of
twenty-three left Fort George in four canoes on May 28, 1808. They passed the West Road River where Alexander
Mackenzie (explorer) had turned west and on the first of June ran the rapids of the Cottonwood Canyon where a
canoe became stranded and had to be pulled out of the canyon with a rope. They procured horses from the Indians to
help with the portages, but the carrying-places were scarcely safer than the rapids. They passed the mouth of the
Chilcotin River on the 5th and entered a rapide couvert where the river was completely enclosed by cliffs. The next
day the river was found to be completely impassable. The canoes and superfluous goods were cached and on the
11th the party set out on foot, each man carrying about 80 pounds. On the 14th they reached a large village, possibly
near Lillooet where they were able to trade for two canoes. On the 19th they reached a village at the mouth of the
Thompson River, where they obtained canoes for the rest of the party. After more rapids and portages, and losing
one canoe but no men, they reached North Bend, British Columbia where they again had to abandon their canoes. In
places they used an Indian path made by poles set on the side of the gorge (probably somewhere near Hells Gate,
British Columbia). On the 28th they left the Fraser Canyon near Yale, British Columbia where the river becomes
navigable. Escorted by friendly Indians and well-fed on salmon, they reached the sea on the second of July. Fraser
took the latitude as 49°. Since he knew that the mouth of the Columbia was at 46° it was clear that the river he was
following was not the Columbia.
Fraser proved adept at establishing friendly relations with the tribes he met, being careful to have them send word to
tribes downstream of his impending arrival and good intentions. For the most part, this tactic was effective, but
Fraser encountered a hostile reception by the Musqueam people as he approached the lower reaches of the river at
present day Vancouver. Their hostile pursuit of Fraser and his men meant that Fraser was not able to get more than a
glimpse of the Strait of Georgia on July 2, 1808. A dispute with the neighbouring Kwantlen people led to a pursuit of
Fraser and his men that was only broken off near present day Hope.
Returning to Fort George proved to be an even more perilous exercise, as the hostility Fraser and his crew
encountered from the aboriginal communities near the mouth of the river spread upstream. The ongoing hostility and
threats to the lives of the Europeans resulted in a near mutiny by Fraser's crew, who wanted to escape overland.
Quelling the revolt, Fraser and his men continued north upstream from present-day Yale, arriving in Fort George on
August 6, 1808. The journey upstream took thirty-seven days. In total it took Fraser and his crew two-and-a-half
months to travel from Fort George to Musqueam and back.

Simon Fraser (explorer) 41
Fraser and the Battle of Seven Oaks
Fraser was just thirty-two years old when he completed the establishment of a permanent European settlement in
New Caledonia through the epic journey to the mouth of the river that would one day bear his name. He would go on
to spend another eleven years actively engaged in the North West Company's fur trade, and was reassigned to the
Athabasca Department, where he remained until 1814. For much of this time, he was in charge of the Mackenzie
River District. After this, he was assigned to the Red River Valley area, where he was caught up in the conflict
between the North West Company and Thomas Douglas, Lord Selkirk, a controlling shareholder of the Hudson's
Bay Company who had established the Red River Colony. The conflict culminated in the Battle of Seven Oaks in
June 1816, resulting in the death of the colony's governor, Robert Semple, and nineteen others. Though not involved
in the attack, Fraser was one of the partners arrested by Lord Selkirk at Fort William. He was taken in September to
Montreal where he was promptly released on bail. Fraser was back at Fort William in 1817 when the North West
Company regained possession of the post, but this was evidently his last appearance in the fur trade. The following
year, Fraser and five other partners were acquitted of all charges related to the incident in the dead colony.
Later life
Fraser settled on land near present day Cornwall, Ontario and married Catherine McDonnell on June 2, 1820. He
spent the remainder of his life pursuing various enterprises, none with much success. He served as captain of the 1st
Regiment of the Stormont Militia during the Rebellions of 1837. According to historian Alexander Begg, Fraser
"was offered a knighthood but declined the title due to his limited wealth" [1]
He had 9 children all together, one died in infancy. Fraser was one of the last surviving partners of the North West
Company when he died on August 18, 1862. His wife died the next day, and they were buried in a single grave in the
Roman Catholic cemetery at St. Andrew's West. Begg quotes Sandford Fleming in an address to the Royal Society
of Canada in 1889 as saying that Fraser died poor.
An account of Fraser's explorations can be found in his published journals: W. Kaye Lamb, The Letters and Journals
of Simon Fraser, 1806-1808. Toronto, The MacMillan Company of Canada Limited, 1960.
List of British Columbia communities founded by Fraser
• Hudson's Hope (Rocky Mountain Portage)- (1805)
• McLeod Lake (Fort McLeod) - (1805)
• Fort St. James - (1806)
• Fort Fraser - (1806)
• Fort George (Prince George) - (1807)

Simon Fraser (explorer) 42
List of placenames, institutions and other named for Fraser
• The Fraser River, named for him by the explorer David Thompson.
• Fraser Lake, a lake in north-central British Columbia and a
community on the lake's western shore.
• Fort Fraser, just east of Fraser Lake.
• Simon Fraser University, in Burnaby, British Columbia
• The Simon Fraser Bridge in Prince George over the Fraser River
along Highway 97.
• Numerous schools, neighbourhoods and roads
• The Simon Fraser Rose, (explorer series) developed by Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his honour. [5]
References
[1] History of British Columbia from its earliest discovery to the present time, p. 97
(http:// www. nosracines. ca/ e/ page. aspxid=491176), Alexander Begg, publ.
William Briggs, Toronto, 1894.
A bust of Fraser, located by the river that bears
[2] http:/ / www. sfu. ca/ archives/ history-SFU/ SF-expl. html
his name, New Westminster, British Columbia
[3] Family of Simon Fraser (http:// www. rootsweb. ancestry. com/ ~onglenga/
SimonFraser/ frasersimontree. jpg)
[4] THE FRASERS OF GUISACHAN (http:// wc. rootsweb. ancestry. com/ cgi-bin/ igm. cgiop=GET& db=maclaren& id=I75737)
[5] http:/ / www. canadianrosesociety. org/ index. phpoption=com_content& view=article& id=80& Itemid=55 Simon Fraser rose
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (http:// www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e.
php& id_nbr=4437)
• Simon Fraser, Canadian Explorer (http:// reference. allrefer. com/ encyclopedia/ F/ FraserSCan. html)
• Biography at Discover Vancouver (http:// www. discovervancouver. com/ GVB/ simonsfr. asp)
• Ontario Plaques - Simon Fraser (http:// ontarioplaques. com/ Plaque_Stormont32. html)

43
Simpson
George Simpson (administrator)
Sir George Simpson (1786 or 1787 [1] or 1792 [2] – 7 September 1860)
was the Canadian governor of the Hudson's Bay Company during the
period of its greatest power. During this period (1820-1860) he was in
practice, if not in law, the British viceroy for the whole of Western
Canada. His efficient administration of the west was a precondition for
the confederation of western and eastern Canada. He was noted for his
grasp of administrative detail and his physical stamina in travelling
through the wilderness. During his administration the HBC often
returned a 10 percent profit. Excepting voyageurs and their Siberian
equivalents few men have spent as much time traveling in the
wilderness. He was also the first person to have "circumnavigated" the
world by land.
Early life
George Simpson (Manitoba Museum)
Born circa 1787 at Dingwall in Scotland, he was the illegitimate son of
George Simpson (b.1759), Writer to the Signet, and an unknown
mother. He was raised by two aunts and his paternal grandmother Isobel (Mackenzie) Simpson (1731-1821),
daughter of George Mackenzie, 2nd Laird of Gruinard (grandson of George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth) and
Elizabeth, daughter of Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden. Simpson's father was a first cousin of Sir Alexander
Mackenzie's father-in-law.
In 1808 he was sent to London to work in the sugar brokerage business run by his uncle, Geddes Mackenzie
Simpson (1775-1848). When his uncle's firm merged with that of Andrew Colvile in 1812, Simpson came into
contact with the Hudson's Bay Company since Colvile was a director of the HBC and the brother-in-law of Thomas
Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. He must have shown great ability, for in 1820 Colvile appointed him
Governor-in-Chief, locum tenens of Rupert's Land.
Career
This was at the time of conflict between the HBC and the Northwest Company. Governor William Williams, who
had been sent out in 1818, had arrested or captured several Northwest Company men. The Nor'Westers replied with
a Quebec warrant for Williams' arrest. The London governors were unhappy with Williams' clumsy management and
both companies were under British pressure to settle their differences. The "locum tenens" in Simpson's title meant
that if Williams had been arrested Simpson would take his place
He went by ship to New York, by boat and cart to Montreal and left by the usual route for York Factory on Hudson
Bay. He met Williams at Rock Depot on the Hayes River. Since Williams had not been arrested he was William's
subordinate and was sent west to Fort Wedderburn on Lake Athabaska. There he spent the winter learning about, and
reorganizing, the fur trade. On his return journey in 1821 he learned that the two companies had merged. This put an
end to a ruinous and sometimes violent competition and converted the HBC monopoly into an informal government
for western Canada. He escorted that year's furs to Rock Depot and returned upriver to Norway House for the first

George Simpson (administrator) 44
meeting of the merged companies. There he learned that he had been made governor of the Northern (that is,
western) Department and Williams had been made his equal in the Southern Department south of Hudson Bay. (In
December 1821 the HBC monopoly was extended to the Pacific coast.) After the meeting he returned downstream to
take up his duties at York Factory. In December 1821 he set out on snowshoes for Cumberland House and then the
Red River Colony. By July 1822 he was back at York Factory for the second meeting of the Northern Council, the
first that he chaired. After the meeting he went by water to Lac Île-à-la-Crosse and then by dog sled to Fort
Chipewyan and Fort Resolution on the Great Slave Lake. He then went south to Fort Dunvegan on the Peace River
and then Fort Edmonton and after the thaw, back to York Factory.
In August 1824 he left York Factory for the Pacific, taking the unorthodox Nelson River - Burntwood River route
and ascended the Churchill River and Athabasca Rivers to Jasper House at the east side of Athabasca Pass. He
crossed the pass on horseback to Boat Encampment and then down the Columbia River reaching its mouth at Fort
George on November 8. This 80-day journey was 20 days faster than the previous record. He moved the
headquarters of the Columbia District to Fort Vancouver, guessing that the south side of the river might fall to the
Americans. He left in March 1825 and crossed the snow-covered Athabasca Pass. From Fort Assiniboine he went on
horseback 80 miles south to Fort Edmonton on the North Saskatchewan River. (He had ordered this new road laid
out on his outward voyage. It was a major saving over the old Methye Portage route.) He went overland 500 miles on
horseback from Fort Carlton to the Red River settlements and then by boat to York Factory. During this trip his
servant, Tom Taylor, became separated on a hunting trip. After searching for half a day, Simpson left Taylor to his
fate. Taylor reached the Swan River post after 14 days in the wilderness with no proper equipment.
In 1825 he returned to Britain and learned that William Williams had retired, thereby adding the eastern area to his
domain. Returning to Montreal, he went to the Red River settlements, Rock Depot for the annual meeting, the posts
on James Bay to inspect his new domain, and back to Montreal. In May 1828 he started his second trip to the Pacific
along with his dog, mistress and personal piper, going first to York Factory and then using the Peace River route.
This 5000-mile trip remains the longest North American canoe journey ever made in one season. [3] He returned via
Athabasca Pass to Moose Factory and Montreal and immediately went south to New York and took ship to
Liverpool. After a brief courtship he married his first cousin, Francis Ramsay Simpson (February 1830) and returned
with his new wife to New York, Montreal, Michipicoten, Ontario for the annual meeting, York Factory and Red
River. Here his wife gave birth to his first legitimate child, who soon died. In May 1833 he suffered a mild stroke.
He and his wife returned to Scotland, where she remained for the next five years and gave birth to a baby girl who
lived. In the spring of 1834 he returned to Canada and attended the Southern Council at Moose Factory in May and
the Northern Council at York Factory in June, inspected posts on the Saint Lawrence and arrived in England in
October 1835. In the summer of 1838 he went to Saint Petersburg and negotiated with Ferdinand von Wrangel of the
Russian-America Company. The Russians recognized the HBC posts and the HBC agreed to supply the Russian
posts. He then went to Montreal, Red River, Moose Factory, Montreal, the Saint Lawrence posts, Montreal and down
the Hudson to New York and took ship to England where he received from Queen Victoria the title of Knight
Bachelor which made him a non-hereditary "Sir" (January 1841).
Circumnavigation: He left London in March 1841 and went by canoe to Fort Garry (Winnipeg). On this part of the
trip he was accompanied by James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon who left to hunt on the prairie and published a
journal. Travelling on horseback to Fort Edmonton he passed a wagon train heading for the Oregon country - a sign
of what would soon destroy his fur trade empire. Instead of taking the usual route he went to what is now Banff,
Alberta and made the first recorded passage of Simpson Pass (August 1841) and went down the Kootenay River to
Fort Vancouver. Guessing that the 49th parallel border would be extended to the Pacific and considering the
difficulties of the Columbia Bar he proposed to move the HBC headquarters to what is now Victoria, British
Columbia, a move that earned him the enmity of John McLoughlin who had done much to develop the Columbia
district. He took the Beaver (steamship) to the Russian post at Sitka, Alaska and then another boat as far south as
Santa Barbara, California stopping at the HBC post of Yerba Buena, California on San Francisco Bay. At some point
he met Mariano Vallejo. He sailed to the HBC post in Hawaii (February 1842) and back to Sitka where he took a

George Simpson (administrator) 45
Russian ship to Okhotsk (June 1842). He went on horseback to Yakutsk, up the Lena River by horse-drawn boat,
visited Lake Baikal, went by horse and later carriage to Saint Petersburg and reached London by ship at the end of
October 1842. This trip was documented in his book, An overland journey round the world. [4]
Later years: By this time Simpson and his wife had a large house on the Lachine Canal across from the depot from
which the fur brigades started west. He began investing in railroads and canals. In the spring of 1845 he went to
Washington, DC to discuss the Oregon boundary with the Americans, something he had already done with Sir
Robert Peel. In 1846 the Oregon Treaty established the current border. His wife contracted tuberculosis in 1846 and
died in 1853. His annual trips west need not be listed. In 1854 he was able to travel by rail to Chicago before
boarding his voyageur canoe at Sault Ste. Marie. In 1855 he was in Washington DC discussing Oregon affairs and in
1857 defended the HBC monopoly in London. In May, 1860 he went by rail to Saint Paul, Minnesota, decided that
his health would not bear the trip to Red River, and returned to Lachine. In August 1860 he entertained the Prince of
Wales at Lachine. Shortly after he suffered a massive stroke and died six days later.
Hawaii
During his visit to Hawaii Simpson, along with Timoteo Haʻalilio and William Richards were commissioned as joint
Ministers Plenipotentiary on April 8, 1842. Simpson, shortly thereafter, left for England, via Alaska and Siberia,
while Haʻalilio and Richards departed for the United States, via Mexico, on July 8, 1842. The Hawaiian delegation,
while in the United States, secured the assurance of U.S. President John Tyler on December 19, 1842 of its
recognition of Hawaiian independence, and then proceeded to meet Simpson in Europe and secure formal
recognition by Great Britain and France. On March 17, 1843, King Louis-Philippe of France recognized Hawaiian
independence at the urging of King Leopold I of Belgium, and on April 1, 1843, Lord Aberdeen on behalf of Queen
Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation that: "Her Majesty's Government was willing and had determined to
recognize the independence of the Sandwich Islands under their present sovereign."
Children
Simpson sired at least eleven children by at least seven women, only one of whom was his wife. [5] While in London
he produced two daughters by two unknown women. When he left for Canada they were sent to Scotland to be cared
for by his relatives. The eldest, Mary Louisa Simpson, was given a £500 dowry on her marriage and moved to
Canada. She has at least 111 descendents, including Shelagh Rogers. The other daughter died early. In 1817 he
produced a daughter by this half-Cree "washerwoman" Betsy Sinclair. Betsy Sinclair was soon passed to an
accountant whom he promoted. The daughter married an English botanist and died in a canoe accident on her
honeymoon. James Keith Simpson (1823-1901) is poorly documented. Ann Simpson, born in Montreal in 1828, is
known only from her baptismal record. Simpson fathered two sons, George Stewart 1827 and John Mackenzie 1829,
with Margaret (Marguerite) Taylor. Soon after the birth of John Mackenzie, Simpson left Margaret to marry his
cousin. Simpson shocked peers by neglecting to notify Margaret of his marriage or make any arrangements for the
future of his two sons. [6] The sons have at least 423 descendents in Western Canada and California. By his legal wife
between 1831 and 1850 he had five children. After his wife's death he impregnated a servant and married her off to
his manservant.

George Simpson (administrator) 46
Sources
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online [7]
• Hudson's Bay Company Biography [8]
• Raffan, James, "Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay
Company", 2007
• Cranny, Michael (1999). Horizons: Canada Moves West. Prentice Hall Gin Canada, p. 148-149. ISBN
0-13-012367-
• Arthur Silver Morton (2008) [1944]. Sir George Simpson: overseas governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, a
pen picture of a man of action [9] . Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4367-0665-0.
• John S. Galbraith (1976). The little emperor: Governor Simpson of the Hudson's Bay company [10] . Macmillan of
Canada. ISBN 978-0-7705-1389-4.
• Peter C. Newman (2010). Mavericks: Canadian Rebels, Renegades and Antiheroes. HarperCollins Publishers,
p. 45-78. ISBN 978-1-55468-420-5
• Lahey, D. T. (2011). George Simpson : Blaze of Glory. Publishers: Dundurn Press Limited. ISBN
978-1-55488-773-6
[1] Dictionary of Canadian Biography
[2] Raffan, page 26
[3] Raffan, page 243
[5] Raffan, page 432
[6] Van Kirk, Sylvia. Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870. University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. Pgs. 186-187.
[7] http:/ / www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e. php& id_nbr=4188
[8] http:/ / www. hbc. com/ hbcheritage/ history/ people/ builders/ simpson. asp
[9] http:/ / books. google. com/ bookscd=3& id=h4ACAAAAMAAJ
[10] http:/ / books. google. com/ booksid=hoACAAAAMAAJ
Preceded by
William Williams
Governor of Rupert's
Land
1821-1861
Succeeded by
A.G. Dallas

47
Vancouver
George Vancouver
George Vancouver
A portrait from the late 18th century by an unknown artist believed to depict George Vancouver
Born 22 June 1757
King's Lynn, Norfolk, England
Died 10 May 1798 (aged 40)
Petersham, Surrey, England
Occupation
Parents
Naval Officer
John Jasper Vancouver and Bridget Berners [1]
Signature
Captain George Vancouver (22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was an English officer of the British Royal Navy, best
known for his 1791-95 expedition, which explored and charted North America's northwestern Pacific Coast regions,
including the coasts of contemporary Alaska, British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. He also explored the
Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia.
Vancouver Island, Canada; the cities of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Vancouver, Washington, US;
Mount Vancouver on the Yukon/Alaska border and New Zealand's fourth highest mountain [] are named after him.
Early career
Vancouver's first naval service was as a midshipman aboard HMS Resolution, on James Cook's second voyage
(1772–1775) searching for Terra Australis. He also accompanied Cook's third voyage (1776–1778), this time aboard
Resolution's sister ship, Discovery and the first European sighting and exploration of the Hawaiian Islands. Upon his
return to Britain in 1779, Vancouver was commissioned as a lieutenant and posted aboard the sloop Martin
surveying coastlines.
In the late 1780s the Spanish empire commissioned an expedition to the Pacific Northwest. However, the 1789
Nootka Crisis intervened. Spain and Britain came close to war over ownership of the Nootka Sound on
contemporary Vancouver Island, and of greater importance, the right to colonize and settle the Pacific Northwest
coast. Henry Roberts and Vancouver joined Britain's more warlike vessels. Vancouver went with Joseph Whidbey to
HMS Courageux. When the first Nootka Convention ended the crisis in 1790, Vancouver was given command of

George Vancouver 48
Discovery to take possession of Nootka Sound and to survey the coasts. [2]
Vancouver's explorations
The Vancouver Expedition
Departing England with two ships in April 1791,
Vancouver commanded an expedition charged with
exploring the Pacific region. In its first year the
expedition travelled to Cape Town, Australia, New
Zealand, Tahiti, and China, collecting botanical
samples and surveying coastlines along the way.
Proceeding to North America, Vancouver followed the
coasts of present day Oregon and Washington
northward. In April 1792 he encountered American
Captain Robert Gray off the coast of Oregon just prior
to Gray's sailing up the Columbia River.
Vancouver entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between
Vancouver Island and the Washington state mainland
on 29 April 1792. His orders included a survey of every
inlet and outlet on the west coast of the mainland, all
the way north to Alaska. Most of this work was in
small craft propelled by both sail and oar; maneuvering
larger sail-powered vessels in uncharted waters was
generally impractical and dangerous.
Vancouver was the first European to enter Burrard Inlet
A life sized statue covered in gold of George Vancouver on top of
the British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria
on 13 June 1792, naming it after his friend Sir Harry Burrard. It is the present day main harbour area of the City of
Vancouver beyond Stanley Park. He surveyed Howe Sound and Jervis Inlet over the next nine days. [3] Then, on his
35th birthday on 22 June 1792, he returned to Point Grey, the present day location of the University of British
Columbia. Here he unexpectedly met a Spanish expedition led by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y
Flores. Vancouver was "mortified" (his word) to learn they already had a crude chart of the Strait of Georgia based
on the 1791 exploratory voyage of José María Narváez the year before, under command of Francisco de Eliza. For
three weeks they cooperatively explored the Georgia Strait and the Discovery Islands area before sailing separately
towards Nootka Sound.
After the summer surveying season ended, in November 1792 Vancouver went to Nootka, then the region's most
important harbour, on contemporary Vancouver Island. Here he was to receive any British buildings and lands
returned by the Spanish from claims by Francisco de Eliza for the Spanish crown. The Spanish commander, Juan
Francisco Bodega y Quadra, was very cordial and he and Vancouver exchanged the maps they had made, but no
agreement was reached; they decided to await further instructions. At this time, they decided to name the large island
on which Nootka was now proven to be located as Quadra and Vancouver Island. Years later, as Spanish influence
declined, the name was shortened to simply Vancouver Island. [4]
While at Nootka Sound Vancouver acquired Robert Gray's chart of the lower Columbia River. Gray had entered the
river during the summer before sailing to Nootka Sound for repairs. Vancouver realized the importance of verifying
Gray's information and conducting a more thorough survey. In October 1792, he sent Lieutenant William Robert
Broughton with several boats up the Columbia River. Broughton got as far as the Columbia River Gorge, sighting
and naming Mount Hood. []

George Vancouver 49
Vancouver sailed south along the coast of Spanish Alta California, visiting Chumash villages at Point Conception
and near Mission San Buenaventura. [5] Vancouver spent the winter in continuing exploration of the Sandwich
Islands, the contemporary islands of Hawaii.
Further explorations
The next year, 1793, he returned to British Columbia and proceeded further north, unknowingly missing the overland
explorer Alexander Mackenzie by only 48 days. He got to 56°30'N, having explored north from Point Menzies in
Burke Channel to the northwest coast of Prince of Wales Island. He sailed around the latter island, as well as
circumnavigating Revillagigedo Island and charting parts of the coasts of Mitkof, Zarembo, Etolin, Wrangell, Kuiu
and Kupreanof Islands. [] With worsening weather, he sailed south to Alta California, hoping to find Bodega y
Quadra and fulfill his territorial mission, but the Spaniard was not there. He again spent the winter in the Sandwich
Islands.
In 1794, he first went to Cook Inlet, the northernmost point of his exploration, and from there followed the coast
south. Boat parties charted the east coasts of Chichagof and Baranof Islands, circumnavigated Admiralty Island,
explored to the head of Lynn Canal, and charted the rest of Kuiu Island and nearly all of Kupreanof Island. [] He then
set sail for Great Britain by way of Cape Horn, returning in September 1795, thus completing a circumnavigation.
Later life
Vancouver faced difficulties when he returned home to England. The
accomplished and politically well-connected naturalist Archibald
Menzies complained that his servant had been pressed into service
during a shipboard emergency; sailing master Joseph Whidbey had a
competing claim for pay as expedition astronomer; and Thomas Pitt,
2nd Baron Camelford, whom Vancouver had disciplined for numerous
infractions and eventually sent home in disgrace, proceeded to harass
him publicly and privately.
Pitt's allies, including his cousin, Prime Minister William Pitt the In The Caneing in Conduit Street (1796), James
Younger, attacked Vancouver in the press. However, Pitt took a more Gillray caricatured Pitt's streetcorner assault on
Vancouver.
direct role; on 29 August 1796 he sent Vancouver a letter heaping
many insults on the head of his former captain, and challenging him to
a duel. Vancouver gravely replied that he was unable "in a private capacity to answer for his public conduct in his
official duty" and offered instead to submit to formal examination by flag officers. Pitt chose instead to stalk
Vancouver, ultimately assaulting him on a London street corner. The terms of their subsequent legal dispute required
both parties to keep the peace, but nothing stopped Vancouver's civilian brother Charles from interposing and giving
Pitt blow after blow until onlookers restrained the attacker. Charges and counter-charges flew in the press, with the
wealthy Camelford faction having the greater firepower until Vancouver, ailing from his long naval service, died.
Captain George Vancouver, one of Britain's greatest explorers and navigators, died in obscurity on 10 May 1798 at
the age of 40, less than three years after completing his voyages and expeditions. His modest grave lies in St. Peters
churchyard, Petersham, Surrey, in southern England.

George Vancouver 50
Legacy
Navigation
Vancouver determined that the Northwest Passage did not exist at the latitudes that had long been suggested. His
charts of the North American northwest coast were so extremely accurate that they served as the key reference for
coastal navigation for generations. Robin Fisher, the academic Vice President of Mount Royal University in Calgary
and author of two books on Vancouver, states:
"He [Vancouver] put the northwest coast on the map...He drew up a map of the north-west coast that was
accurate to the 9th degree,' to the point it was still being used into the modern day as a navigational aid. That's
unusual for a map from that early a time." [6]
However, Vancouver failed to discover two of the largest and most important rivers on the Pacific coast, the Fraser
River and the Columbia River. He also missed the Skeena River near Prince Rupert in northern British Columbia.
Vancouver did eventually learn of the river before he finished his survey—from Robert Gray, captain of the
American merchant ship that conducted the first Euroamerican sailing of the Columbia River on 11 May 1792, after
first sighting it on an earlier voyage in 1788. However it and the Fraser River never made it onto Vancouver's charts.
Stephen R. Bown, noted in Mercator's World magazine (November/December 1999) that:
"How Vancouver could have missed these rivers while accurately charting hundreds of comparatively
insignificant inlets, islands, and streams is hard to fathom. What is certain is that his failure to spot the
Columbia had great implications for the future political development of the Pacific Northwest...." [7][8]
While it is difficult to comprehend how Vancouver missed the Fraser River, much of this river's delta was subject to
flooding and summer freshet which prevented the captain from spotting any of its great channels as he sailed the
entire shoreline from Point Roberts, Washington to Point Grey in 1792. [9] The Spanish expeditions to the Pacific
Northwest, with the 1791 Francisco de Eliza expedition preceding Vancouver by a year, had also missed the Fraser
River although they knew from its muddy plume that there was a major river located nearby. [9]
Indigenous peoples
Vancouver generally established a good rapport with both Indians and European trappers. Captain Vancouver played
an undeniable role in the subsequent series of upheavals and losses in the lives and homelands of the Indians on the
North American Pacific Coast, since his explorations opened up the region to European colonization of the New
World. Historical records show Vancouver enjoyed good relations with native leaders both in Hawaii – where King
Kamehameha I ceded Hawaii to Vancouver in 1794 – as well as the Pacific Northwest and California. [10]
Vancouver's journals exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to natives. He wrote of meeting the Chumash people, [5] and
of his exploration of a small island on the Alaskan coast on which an important burial site was marked by a
sepulchre of "peculiar character" lined with boards and fragments of military instruments lying near a square box
covered with mats. [10] Vancouver states:
This we naturally conjectured contained the remains of some person of consequence, and it much excited the
curiosity of some of our party; but as further examination could not possibly have served any useful purpose,
and might have given umbrage and pain to the friends of the deceased, should it be their custom to visit the
repositories of their dead, I did not think it right that it should be disturbed. [10]
Vancouver also displayed contempt in his journals towards unscrupulous western traders who provided guns to
natives by writing:
I am extremely concerned to be compelled to state here, that many of the traders from the civilised world have
not only pursued a line of conduct, diametrically opposite to the true principles of justice in their commercial
dealings, but have fomented discords, and stirred up contentions, between the different tribes, in order to
increase the demand for these destructive engines... They have been likewise eager to instruct the natives in

George Vancouver 51
the use of European arms of all descriptions; and have shewn by their own example, that they consider gain as
the only object of pursuit; and whether this be acquired by fair and honourable means, or otherwise, so long as
the advantage is secured, the manner how it is obtained seems to have been, with too many of them, but a very
secondary consideration. [10]
Robin Fisher notes that Vancouver's "relationships with aboriginal groups were generally peaceful; indeed, his
detailed survey would not have been possible if they had been hostile." [10] While there were hostile incidents at the
end of Vancouver's last season – the most serious of which involved a clash with Tlingits at Behm Canal in southeast
Alaska in 1794 – these were the exceptions to Vancouver's exploration of the U.S. and Canadian Northwest coast. [10]
Despite a long history of warfare between Britain and Spain, Vancouver maintained excellent relations with his
Spanish counterparts and even feted a Spanish sea captain aboard his ship Discovery during his 1792 trip to the
Vancouver region. [6]
Memorials
• Various locations have been named after George Vancouver,
notably:
• Vancouver Island, Canada
• Hudson's Bay Company's 1825 Fort Vancouver
• Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• Vancouver, Washington, USA
• Vancouver Peninsula, Australia
• Mount Vancouver, eighth highest mountain in Canada
• Vancouver Bay in Jervis Inlet was named after him when Capt.
G.H. Richards resurveyed the area in 1860.
• Vancouver Maritime Museum
• Vancouver Arm of Breaksea Sound, Fiordland, South Island, New Zealand.
Statue of George Vancouver in King's Lynn.
• Statues of Vancouver are located in front of Vancouver City Hall, in King's Lynn and on top of the dome of the
British Columbia Parliament Buildings.
• The Vancouver Quarter Shopping Centre bears his name in his home town of King's Lynn, England.
• Canada Post issued a pair of 14-cent stamps to mark the 200th anniversary of Captain Cook's arrival at Nootka
Sound on Vancouver Island on 26 April 1978. George Vancouver was a crewman on this voyage.
• "Gate to the Northwest Passage"; a commemorative statue by Vancouver artist Alan Chung Hung was
commissioned by Parks Canada and installed at the mouth of False Creek in Vanier Park near the Vancouver
Maritime Museum in 1980.
• Canada Post issued a 37-cent stamp inscribed Vancouver Explores the Coast on 17 March 1988. It was one of a
set of four stamps issued to honour Exploration of Canada – Recognizers.
• The George Vancouver Rose, named in his honour and hybridized by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. [11]
• Virgin Trains British Rail Class 221 unit 221129 is named in his honour.
Many collections were made on the voyage: one was donated by Archibald Menzies to the British Museum 1796;
another made by surgeon George Goodman Hewett (1765–1834) was donated by A. W. Franks to the British
Museum in 1891. An account of these has been published: see J. C. H. King 1994. 'Vancouver's Ethnography'
Journal of the History of Collections. 6(1):35–58.

George Vancouver 52
250th birthday commemorations
Canada Post issued a $1.55 postage stamp to commemorate the 250th
anniversary of Vancouver's birth, on 22 June 2007. The stamp has an
embossed image of Vancouver seen from behind as he gazes forward
towards a mountainous coastline. This may be the first Canadian stamp
not to show the subject's face. [12]
The City of Vancouver in Canada organized a celebration to
commemorate the 250th anniversary of Vancouver's birth, in June 2007
at the Vancouver Maritime Museum. [13] The one-hour festivities
included the presentation of a massive 63 by 114 centimetre carrot cake,
the firing of a gun salute by the Royal Canadian Artillery's 15th Field
Regiment and a performance by the Vancouver Firefighter's Band. [13]
Vancouver's mayor, Sam Sullivan, officially declared 22 June 2007 to be "George Day". [13]
1980 Commemorative Statue to Capt. George
Vancouver by Vancouver artist Alan Chung
The Musqueam native elder Larry Grant attended the festivities and acknowledged that some of his people might
disapprove of his presence, but also noted:
"Many people don't feel aboriginal people should be celebrating this occasion...I believe it has helped the
world and that's part of who we are. That's the legacy of our people. We're generous to a fault. The legacy is
strong and a good one, in the sense that without the first nations working with the colonials, it [B.C.] wouldn't
have been part of Canada to begin with and Britain would be the poorer for it." [13]
Hung
Origins of the family name
There has been some debate about the origins of the Vancouver name. It is now commonly accepted that the name
Vancouver derives from the expression van Coevorden, meaning "(originating) from Coevorden", a city in the
northeast of the Netherlands. This city is apparently named after the "Coeverden" family of the 13 – 15th century.
An alternative theory [14] is that Vancouver is a misspelling or anglicized version of Van Couwen, a Dutch name. [15]
In the 16th century, a number of businessmen from the Coevorden area (and the Netherlands in general) did move to
England. Some of them were known as Van Coeverden. Others adopted the surname Oxford, as in oxen fording (a
river), which is approximately the English translation of Coevorden. However this is not the exact name of the noble
family mentioned in the history books that claim Vancouver's noble lineage: that name was Coeverden not
Coevorden.
In the 1970s, Adrien Mansvelt, a former Consul General of the Netherlands based in Vancouver, published a
collation of information in both historical and genealogical journals and in the Vancouver Sun newspaper. [16][17][18]
Mansvelt's theory was later presented by the city during the Expo 86 World's Fair, as historical fact.
Mr. Mansvelt's theories, however, are based on many assumptions and possibilities that may be flawed. Genealogy is
the study or investigation of ancestry and family history, with undeniable proof of traceability through family lineage
of birth, marriage and death records. Mansveld bases his research on no such proof and uses the words "assumed",
"possible" and "may" time and again throughout his essay. (see Mansvelts essay [19] ) This problematic information
was then used as rock solid proof for Mr. W. Kaye Lamb to write his book A Voyage of Discovery to the North
Pacific Ocean and Round the World, 1791–1795.
W. Kaye Lamb, in summarizing Mansvelt's unsubstantiated 1973 research, suggests evidence of close family ties
between the Vancouver family of Britain and the Van Coeverden family of Holland as well as George Vancouver's
own words from his diaries in referring to his Dutch ancestry:
As the name Vancouver suggests, the Vancouvers were of Dutch origin. Popular theory suggests that they
were descended from the titled van Coeverden family, one of the oldest in the Netherlands. By the twelfth

George Vancouver 53
century, and for many years thereafter, their castle at Coevorden, in the Province of Drenthe, was an important
fortress on the eastern frontier. George Vancouver was aware of this. In July 1794, he named the Lynn Canal
"after the place of my nativity" and Point Couverden (which he spelt incorrectly) "after the seat of my
ancestors". Vancouver's great grandfather, Reint Wolter van Couverden, was probably the first of the line to
establish an English connection. While serving as a squire at one of the German courts he met Johanna (Jane)
Lilingston, an English girl who was one of the ladies in waiting. They were married in 1699. Their son, Lucas
Hendrik van Couverden, married Vancouver's grandmother, Sarah. In his later years he probably anglicized
his name and spent most of his time in England. By the eighteenth century, the estates of the van Couverdens
were mostly in the Province of Overijssel, and some of the family were living in Vollenhove, on the Zuider
Zee. The English and Dutch branches kept in touch, and in 1798 (the date of Vancouver's death) George
Vancouver's brother Charles would marry a kinswoman, Louise Josephine van Couverden, of Vollenhove.
Both were great-grandchildren of Reint Wolter van Couverden." [20]
George Vancouver named the south point of what is now Couverden Island, Alaska as Point Couverden during his
exploration of the North American Pacific coast, supposedly in honour of what is presumed to be his family's
hometown of Coevorden. [21] It is located at the western point of entry to Lynn Canal in southeastern Alaska. [22]
Works by George Vancouver
• Voyage Of Discovery To The North Pacific Ocean, And Round The World In The Years 1791–95, by George
Vancouver ISBN 0-7812-5100-1. Original written by Vancouver and completed by his brother John and
published in 1798.Vol 1 [23] , Vol 2 [24] , Vol 3 [25] , alternative link Vol 1 [26]
• Edited in 1984 by W. Kaye Lamb and renamed The Voyage of George Vancouver 1791–1795; published by
the Hakluyt Society of London, England.
Affiliations
• HMCS Vancouver (FFH 331) Halifax-class frigate of the Royal Canadian Navy
• TS Vancouver, Australian Navy Cadets
• 47 RCSCC CAPTAIN VANCOUVER, Royal Canadian Sea Cadets [27]
References
[1] http:/ / www. west-norfolk. gov. uk/ Default. aspxpage=23074
[2] Robert J. King, “George Vancouver and the contemplated settlement at Nootka Sound”, The Great Circle, vol.32, no.1, 2010, pp.6–34;
name="Allen">
[3] Little, Gary. George Vancouver 1757–2007: 250th Birth Anniversary, Survey of the Southwest Coast of BC, June 1792 (http:// www.
garylittle. ca/ van250. html)
[4] The Voyage of George Vancouver 1791–1795, Volume 1, ed: W. Kaye Lamb, Hakluyt Society, 1984, p.247
[5] http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ history/ online_books/ chis/ chumash. pdf pp. 139–40 (98–99) Accessed 18 June 2010
[6] Larry Pynn, "Charting the Coast", The Vancouver Sun, 30 May 2007, p.B3
[9] Stephen Hume, "The Birth of Modern British Columbia Part 7", The Vancouver Sun, 17 November 2007, p.D9
[10] Larry Pynn, "Peaceful Encounters" , The Vancouver Sun, 29 May 2007, p.B3
[11] http:/ / www. canadianrosesociety. org/ index. phpoption=com_content& view=article& id=80& Itemid=55 canadianrosesociety.org
"George Vancouver Rose"
[12] Mystery man:The Canada Post stamp honouring Captain George Vancouver has created a buzz with collectors (http:// www. canada. com/
victoriatimescolonist/ news/ story. htmlid=9a727afd-5ae5-4ffe-98ff-65f52dcea471& k=40125), By Larry Pynn, Vancouver Sun, Published:
Thursday, 24 May 2007
[13] Larry Pynn, "Native elder embraces captain's legacy," The Vancouver Sun, 23 June 2007, p.B9
[14] telus.net (http:// www3. telus. net/ public/ rkaauwen/ captainvancouver_eng. htm)
[15] "The story of a Norfolk Sailor" (pamphlet) by G.H. Anderson, Published in King's Lynn in 1923 (copy available at Vancouver Public
Library (http:// www. vpl. ca))

George Vancouver 54
[16] "The Vancouver – Van Coeverden Controversy" by Adrien Mansvelt, The British Columbia Genealogist (published February 1975 Vol 4
No.1,2,3)
[17] "Vancouver: A lost branch of the van Coeverden Family" by Adrien Mansvelt, BC Historical News, VI (1973) 20–23
[18] 'Solving the Captain Vancouver mystery', and "The Original Vancouver in Old Holland" by Adrien Mansvelt, Vancouver Sun, Published 1
September 1973
[19] http:/ / www3. telus. net/ public/ rkaauwen/ mansveldtheory. htm
[20] The Voyage of George Vancouver 1791–1795, Volume 1, editor: W. Kaye Lamb, Hakluyt Society, 1984. p.3
[21] History of Metropolitan Vancouver (http:// www. chuckdavis. ca/ archives_coevorden. htm)
[22] Couverden Island (http:// www. dnr. state. ak. us/ mlw/ planning/ areaplans/ nseap/ maps/ 13_haines_couverden. pdf)
[23] http:/ / books. google. com/ booksid=45tHyQzPu8cC
[24] http:/ / books. google. com/ booksid=gGfcQAAACAAJ
[25] http:/ / books. google. com/ booksid=c-hKAAAAcAAJ
[26] http:/ / books. google. com/ booksid=qwol8bPaYxsC
[27] http:/ / www. 47rcscc. com/ home/
Further reading
• Madness, Betrayal and the Lash: The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver by Stephen R. Bown. Published
by Douglas & McIntyre 2008.
• Vancouver A Life: 1757–1798 by George Godwin. Published by D. Appleton and Company, 1931.
• Adventures in Two Hemispheres Including Captain Vancouver's Voyage by James Stirrat Marshall and Carrie
Marshall. Published by Telex Printing Service, 1955.
• The Life and Voyages of Captain George Vancouver by Bern Anderson. Published by University of Washington
Press, 1966.
• Captain Vancouver: A Portrait of His Life by Alison Gifford. Published by St. James Press, 1986.
• Journal of the Voyages of the H.M.S. Discovery and Chatham by Thomas Manby. Published by Ye Galleon Press,
1988.
• Vancouver's Voyage: Charting the Northwest Coast, 1791–1795 by Robin Fisher and Gary Fiegehen. Published
by Douglas & McIntyre, 1992.
• On Stormy Seas, The Triumphs and Torments of Captain George Vancouver by B. Guild Gillespie. Published by
Horsdal & Schubart, 1992.
• Captain Vancouver: North-West Navigator by E.C. Coleman. Published by Tempus, 2007.
• Sailing with Vancouver: A Modern Sea Dog, Antique Charts and a Voyage Through Time by Sam McKinney.
Published by Touchwood Editions, 2004.
• The Early Exploration of Inland Washington Waters: Journals and Logs from Six Expeditions, 1786–1792 edited
by Richard W. Blumenthal. Published by McFarland & Company, 2004.
• A Discovery Journal: George Vancouver's First Survey Season – 1792 by John E. Roberts. Published by Trafford
Publishing, 2005.
• With Vancouver in Inland Washington Waters: Journals of 12 Crewmen April–June 1792 edited by Richard W.
Blumenthal. Published by McFarland & Company, 2007.

George Vancouver 55
External links
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (http:// www. biographi. ca/ 009004-119. 01-e.
php& id_nbr=2195)
• George Vancouver (1757–1798), Explorer (http:// www. npg. org. uk/ live/ search/ person. aspsearch=ss&
sText=vancouver& LinkID=mp04600), illustrations in the National Portrait Gallery.
• Discoverers Web (http:// www. win. tue. nl/ ~engels/ discovery/ vancouver. html)
• The True Meaning of Vancouver (http:// www. library. ubc. ca/ jones/ vanety. html) – Etymology of his name.
• Gary Little's interactive Google map showing the path Vancouver followed during his 11-day survey of the
southwest coast of British Columbia (http:// www. garylittle. ca/ van250. html)
• Coevorden: What connection does Vancouver have with Coevorden, an industrial town of about 20,000 in the
northeast Netherlands (http:// www. vancouverhistory. ca/ archives_coevorden. htm)- The History of
Metropolitan Vancouver website. (Retrieved on 11 June 2007)
• George Vancouver at Find a Grave. (http:// www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgipage=gr& GRid=4947)
Laughton, John Knox (1899). "Vancouver, George". In Sidney Lee. Dictionary of National Biography 58.
London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Article Sources and Contributors 56
Article Sources and Contributors
Henry Hudson Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phpoldid=545802615 Contributors: (jarbarf), -1g, 2z, 7, A Softer Answer, A. Parrot, A8UDI, Absconditus, ActivExpression, AdRock,
Adambro, Addihockey10, Addshore, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajraddatz, Alandeus, Alansohn, Aldaron, Ale And Quail, Ale jrb, AlexR, Alexandria, Alexf, Alexius08, AlexiusHoratius, Alias Flood,
Alison, Allens, Alsandro, Amartcur, Amherst5282, Amitch, Anaxial, Andonic, Andrea105, Andrew7898, Andy M. Wang, AngelOfSadness, Anger22, Antandrus, Argo Navis, Arlettydj, Arnon
Chaffin, Artemis11, Asdf;lkjgh, Astuishin, Audball911, Autocracy, BBrad31, BOSS412, Baily'sMacomb, Bald Zebra, Balph Eubank, Bambambelow, Bardak, Barek, Barneca, Bcorr, Bearcat,
Ben iarwain, Bencherlite, Benjamin Trovato, Bentley4, Bevo, Bhadani, Bhu z Crecelu, Big iron, BigCow, Bigturtle, BillFlis, Bizwhiz22, Blanchardb, Blastioserox2, BlueMoonlet,
Bluesquareapple, BoH, Bob Burkhardt, Bobo192, Boleyn, Boleyn3, Bongwarrior, Bookscene, Bostonian Mike, Bradboss283, Bremerenator, BrentS, Brichcja, Bronger, Bruce Hall, Buckbeck,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 58
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:HenryHudson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:HenryHudson.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Infrogmation
File:Henry Hudson Map 26.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Henry_Hudson_Map_26.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Jon
Platek
File:Halve Maen front.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Halve_Maen_front.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jan Arkesteijn, Xenon2
Image:Henry Hudson map.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Henry_Hudson_map.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Jeangagnon
Image:Last Voyage Of Henry Hudson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Last_Voyage_Of_Henry_Hudson.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andre Engels,
Badseed, Bukk, Dcoetzee, Ham, Joelloughead, Kilom691, Mattes, 6 anonymous edits
File:Pierre-Esprit Radisson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Pierre-Esprit_Radisson.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was BlueCanoe at
en.wikipedia
File:Arrival of Radisson in an Indian camp 1660 Charles William Jefferys.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Arrival_of_Radisson_in_an_Indian_camp_1660_Charles_William_Jefferys.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dessiné par Charles
William Jefferys
File:PlaqueDesGroseillers1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:PlaqueDesGroseillers1.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Daniel Robert
File:Nelsonrivermap.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Nelsonrivermap.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Kmusser
File:Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Verendrye.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes_et_de_la_Verendrye.JPG License: Creative
Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: sculpteur:Jean Bailleul / photo: Jean Gagnon
Image:La Vérendrye Map.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:La_Vérendrye_Map.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was BlueCanoe at
en.wikipedia
File:La Verendrye Reserve.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:La_Verendrye_Reserve.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: P199
File:Panneau algonquin.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Panneau_algonquin.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Zorion
File:Hudson Bay Exploration Western Interior map de.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Hudson_Bay_Exploration_Western_Interior_map_de.png License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Alexrk2
File:Samuel Hearne - Project Gutenberg etext 20110.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Samuel_Hearne_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: Androstachys, Carl Steinbeißer, Skeezix1000, Tagishsimon
File:A Map of Part of the Inland Country to the North West of Prince of Wales Fort Hudon's, Bay Samuel Hearne 1772 (1969).jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:A_Map_of_Part_of_the_Inland_Country_to_the_North_West_of_Prince_of_Wales_Fort_Hudon's,_Bay_Samuel_Hearne_1772_(1969).jpg
License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: , flickr upload by
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, MichaelMaggs, NielsF,
Rei-artur, Rocket000
File:PD-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:PD-icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz, PBS,
Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous edits
File:Alexander MacKenzie by Thomas Lawrence (c.1800).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_(c.1800).jpg License:
Public Domain Contributors: Andre Engels, AndreasPraefcke, Boo-Boo Baroo, Feydey, Gump Stump, Laura1822, Razr, Skeezix1000, WeHaKa
File:Sir Alexander Mackenzie Signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie_Signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sir
Alexander Mackenzie
File:Alex MacKenzie from Canada by land.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Alex_MacKenzie_from_Canada_by_land.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation
License Contributors: User:Frank Schulenburg
File:David Thompson (1770-1857).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:David_Thompson_(1770-1857).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Parsica
File:David Thompson signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:David_Thompson_signature.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Hydrox
File:David Thompson (explorer).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:David_Thompson_(explorer).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US National Park
Service
File:Columbiarivermap.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Columbiarivermap.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Kmusser
File:DavidThompson.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:DavidThompson.png License: Public Domain Contributors: . Original uploader was CooperDB at
en.wikipedia
File:1814ThompsonMap.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:1814ThompsonMap.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ccscott, Geagea, Mircea, P199, Papatt,
Skeezix1000, YUL89YYZ
File:Stamp-Thompson-1957.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Stamp-Thompson-1957.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Canada Post
File:David Thompson Monument.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:David_Thompson_Monument.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
Original uploader was Elcajonfarms at en.wikipedia
File:LLB Thompson statue.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:LLB_Thompson_statue.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
117Avenue
File:Simon Fraser (explorer).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Simon_Fraser_(explorer).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Parsica, Zeitlupe
File:FraserMarker.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:FraserMarker.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Hosickhistory
File:Simon Fraser bust.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Simon_Fraser_bust.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Fishhead64
Image:Gsimpson.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Gsimpson.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Kilom691, Nicor, Skeezix1000
File:Probably George Vancouver from NPG.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Probably_George_Vancouver_from_NPG.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
User:Dcoetzee
File:George Vancouver Signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:George_Vancouver_Signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Connormah, George
Vancouver
File:Gold covered George Vancouver statue.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Gold_covered_George_Vancouver_statue.png License: Creative Commons Attribution
2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was H at en.wikipedia
File:The caneing in Conduit Street. Dedicated to the flag officers of the British Navy.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:The_caneing_in_Conduit_Street._Dedicated_to_the_flag_officers_of_the_British_Navy.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Eubulides,
Petrusbarbygere
File:George Vancouver Statue Kings Lynn.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:George_Vancouver_Statue_Kings_Lynn.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Contributors: Igors Jefimovs
File:Gate-to-the-Northwest-Passage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=File:Gate-to-the-Northwest-Passage.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader
was Ehofbauer at en.wikipedia

License 59
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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