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فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 97<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" علم "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>قتی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، "<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه کل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م حقيقت علمی) ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه شخص <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ا</strong>خ، د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>")، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هستيم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" ("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>")<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong>ک ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مقدمه مهم د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل<br />
میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد ("<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م کل<strong>ا</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>")، ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
خط عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د). <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ي<strong>ا</strong>، کمی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
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