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فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 91<br />
" یف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد. جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
("د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د" ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه") ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل (د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د) ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت" <strong>ا</strong>ست، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د" تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که چه غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "تف<strong>و</strong>قی"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ّه<strong>ء</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خلق شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ن</strong>يز محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>هم، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ معهذ<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد، م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م کلی ’ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت‘ مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد، م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
،(Naturwesen) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
an sich<br />
(Wesen)<br />
(zuletzt)<br />
(Bilder)<br />
An sich<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د" Werke) ،Band VIII, <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ١٩٠٣ صفحه ۵١۶)<br />
..."<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش، ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
عص<strong>ب</strong> چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>مک هست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د که مزه <strong>ن</strong>مک مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مک ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ن</strong>يز هست<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />
<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د صفحه <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>: "ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مزه، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ا</strong>ست" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵١۴)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ. <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
sich) ،(an und für <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
des ohne Empfindung )<br />
"...(gedachten Salzes
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