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مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 9<br />
مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جدی عليه<br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم دست زده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> مدتی کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>يم س<strong>ا</strong>ل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>قف حمله<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کُت<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> (؟ - صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> گفته میشد "عليه") فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم (س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،<br />
١٩٠٨)، سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>می متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>، گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ؛ دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جديد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف.<br />
هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د که<br />
علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت شديد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت سي<strong>ا</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک متحد<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
"تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "عتيقه" شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که<br />
گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ديهی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گ ج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ا</strong>خ، که مغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جديد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"، "فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" (ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>")، "فلسفه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی "فلسفه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محض می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی!) معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک همي<strong>ن</strong> که مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ص<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس می<strong>ر</strong>سد، تم<strong>ا</strong>می شه<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مح<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم: د<strong>ر</strong> يک کل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
طف<strong>ر</strong>ه زد<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی حد، ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> عده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong>طع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تحليل مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ت<strong>و</strong>صيف شد، حقيقتً<strong>ا</strong> "ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>". <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong>حشت، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> "تصفيه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
–<br />
١١<br />
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١٣<br />
١٢<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی -<br />
میدهد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت می<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
A
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