Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 83<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد؟ يک خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم، که<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>قف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز "حتی" ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
هيچ چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>طع چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک حتی فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong>ه چه شکل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>چگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک خط فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> دهد، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د! ي<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ديديد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
"ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ق میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک، يک هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست که ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> گذشته <strong>ا</strong>ست".<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>می ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی (فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ر</strong>ده ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه يکی ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> متعدد<strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه کل خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>يژگیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز خصلت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
که همه هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
ميل، ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. چه، <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم (هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج.<strong>ا</strong>. ميل) که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ) که م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
–<br />
–<br />
٥٢<br />
–<br />
(diesseits)<br />
، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
A<br />
-A<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م جمله <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:
Change language