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ف-<br />
فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 77<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی هست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم؟"<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د"، که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه فصل <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مطلق هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تحقق يک "<strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
مطلق" ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> مطلق" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
"عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک س<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مهم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت" ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓفز<strong>ا</strong>يد:<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>سمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل، ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓس، لي<strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>، گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong>يده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ء</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
٣٣<br />
A<br />
٤٧<br />
٤٦<br />
–<br />
١٨٨٨<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت ٢)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>يف می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد ، که ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می "مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د! ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه جسد مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
مدته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د شده ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>فِ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>فهميد که د<strong>ر</strong>ست همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
B<br />
١۵<br />
.<br />
،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ١٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه ، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
١٢، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف لغت (يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه میک<strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> م)<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س" صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>صه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضعيف شده" متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م Spiegelbild (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
–<br />
A<br />
-B<br />
<strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>يلي<strong>ن</strong>، "مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ضی"، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک، س<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ، ١٩٠٨، صفحه ١٩۵.
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