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عق<strong>ا</strong><br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 73<br />
et<br />
"<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "فلسفه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، مقدمه "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه<br />
(seq.,xii<br />
ديکس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ا</strong>ست که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت، می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تمثيل، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ح<strong>ر</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم تفسي<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>دمی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>دد! "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه تم<strong>ا</strong>م شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تخيل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم، که... ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مشکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه" <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م جد<strong>ا</strong>ً شک ک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ن</strong>يست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ده علم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی میک<strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ علم<strong>ا</strong>ی متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ا</strong><br />
میدهد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م عقيده يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> گفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> م) يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />
عليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه مقيد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يتی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده که<br />
مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم يک قدم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، مشخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> حسی ، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
که کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کليه<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذشته د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
A<br />
B<br />
–<br />
–<br />
، صفحه ،١٣٢<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
- A "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، ٢١ ژ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ،١٨٩٢ صفحه .٢۶٩<br />
"Populare Schriften"<br />
- B<br />
،١٨٧ ،١۶٨ ،١٧٧ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د"، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ