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A<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>يلی سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذشته تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه<br />
میدهد که م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يستيم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم"<br />
حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميتت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، زمي<strong>ن</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" يک ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که <strong>و</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>يف "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>کزی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد! شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ک<strong>و</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
زمي<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> کمک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> کل ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، م<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
B<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت. ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دفعه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،<br />
"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد" <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً يک "ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی س<strong>ا</strong>زد. م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف (<strong>و</strong>يلی م) میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه عقل سليم <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی که چه <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک!). ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که <strong>ن</strong>ه! <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تکهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟... <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يم: همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عشق <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> لحظه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
،(Augenblick لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>ی، لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
–<br />
ergreife den<br />
)<br />
(Mitmenschen)<br />
-<br />
–<br />
–<br />
C<br />
(٧٣<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
۴<br />
!<br />
(١٧٧ – ٨<br />
خ<strong>ب</strong>، ح<strong>ب</strong>! ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>و</strong>قتی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد.<br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم سه غي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />
ج<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> حف<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه فيشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong>فت. [<strong>و</strong>يلی که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز شکست "ک<strong>ر</strong>م"<br />
<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
A - Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie Bd. 20 1896, S. 72<br />
gegen die<br />
- B<br />
،(Schulweisheit ،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧٨ ١٧٣<br />
- C<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
["عليه حکمت مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی"]<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: (عليه عقل مکت<strong>ب</strong>.<br />
مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:
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