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6 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣<br />
-۴<br />
١<br />
ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
"فلسفه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک، "تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>" ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تقسيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> حد ف<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ متزلزل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد؟<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"<br />
صفحه ٢٨، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک، قسمت<br />
صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
١٨٨۶، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ۶ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>يش جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عليت، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
٢٠، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش سه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش شش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت.)<br />
<strong>و</strong> قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی ۴ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تقديم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؟ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مد<strong>ا</strong>فع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل يک م<strong>ر</strong>تجع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست، ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد؟<br />
٩- چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زش (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست، سک<strong>و</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه تقليد <strong>ر</strong>حمت<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک، که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ۴<br />
،۴۵<br />
–<br />
٤<br />
–<br />
(Clericatism)<br />
، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ<br />
٥<br />
"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت")<br />
٣<br />
–<br />
(Schuppe)<br />
–<br />
،١٨٨۶<br />
(<br />
٧<br />
–<br />
١٠٣ –<br />
٢١<br />
٦<br />
٢<br />
(<br />
–<br />
-۵<br />
-۶<br />
-٧<br />
-٨
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